一、在.proto文件中定義消息格式html
二、使用protobuf編譯器java
三、使用c++ api來讀寫消息ios
0、爲什麼使用protobuf?c++
一、原始內存數據結構,能夠以二進制方式sent/saved.這種方式須要相同的內存佈局和字節序。json
二、以ad-hoc方式將數據項編碼成一個簡單字符串----好比,將4個int類型編碼成"12:3:-23:67"。這種方式簡靈活。適用於簡單數據。api
三、將數據序列化爲XML。這種方式很流行,由於xml可讀性好,編碼解碼方便,性能也好。僅僅XML dom樹比較複雜。數組
protobuf能夠很好的解決上述問題。你編寫一個.proto文件來描述數據結構。protobuf編譯器使用它建立一個類,使用二進制方式自動編碼/解碼該數據結構。生成的類提供getter/setter方法。數據結構
最重要的是,protobuf支持在此基礎上進行格式擴展。多線程
示例dom
一、定義協議格式
package tutorial; message Person { required string name = 1; required int32 id = 2; optional string email = 3; enum PhoneType { MOBILE = 0; HOME = 1; WORK = 2; } message PhoneNumber { required string number = 1; optional PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME]; } repeated PhoneNumber phone = 4; } message AddressBook { repeated Person person = 1; }
該結構與c++或java很像.
.proto文件以包聲明開始,防止名字衝突。
簡單類型:bool, int32, float, double, string.
其它類型:如上述的Person, PhoneNumber
類型能夠嵌套。
「=1」, 「=2」標識惟一「tag」.tag數1-15須要至少一個字節。
required: 必須設置它的值
optional: 能夠設置,也能夠不設置它的值
repeated: 能夠認爲是動態分配的數組
google工程師認爲使用required威害更大, 他們更喜歡使用optional, repeated.
二、編譯你的協議
運行protoc 來生成c++文件:
protoc -I=$SRC_DIR --cpp_out=$DST_DIR $SRC_DIR/addressbook.proto
生成的文件爲:
addressbook.pb.h,
addressbook.pb.cc
三、protobuf API
生成的文件中有以下方法:
// name inline bool has_name() const; inline void clear_name(); inline const ::std::string& name() const; inline void set_name(const ::std::string& value); inline void set_name(const char* value); inline ::std::string* mutable_name(); // id inline bool has_id() const; inline void clear_id(); inline int32_t id() const; inline void set_id(int32_t value); // email inline bool has_email() const; inline void clear_email(); inline const ::std::string& email() const; inline void set_email(const ::std::string& value); inline void set_email(const char* value); inline ::std::string* mutable_email(); // phone inline int phone_size() const; inline void clear_phone(); inline const ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >& phone() const; inline ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >* mutable_phone(); inline const ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber& phone(int index) const; inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* mutable_phone(int index); inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* add_phone();
四、枚舉與嵌套類
生成的代碼包含一個PhoneType枚舉。Person::PhoneType, Person:MOBILE, Person::HOME, Person:WORK.
編譯器生成的嵌套類稱爲Person::PhoneNumber. 實際生成類爲Person_PhoneNumber.
五、標準方法
bool IsInitialized() const: 確認required字段是否被設置
string DebugString() const: 返回消息的可讀表示,用於調試
void CopyFrom(const Person& from): 使用給定消息值copy
void Clear(): 清除全部元素爲空狀態
六、解析與序列化
bool SerializeToString(string* output) const: 序列化消息,將存儲字節的以string方式輸出。注意字節是二進制,而非文本;
bool ParseFromString(const string& data): 解析給定的string
bool SerializeToOstream(ostream* output) const: 寫消息給定的c++ ostream中
bool ParseFromIstream(istream* input): 從給定的c++ istream中解析出消息
七、protobuf和 oo設計
不要繼承生成類並在此基礎上添加相應的行爲
八、寫消息
示例:它從一個文件中讀取AddressBook,基於io添加一個新的Person,並將新的AddressBook寫回文件。
#include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <string> #include "addressbook.pb.h" using namespace std; // This function fills in a Person message based on user input. void PromptForAddress(tutorial::Person* person) { cout << "Enter person ID number: "; int id; cin >> id; person->set_id(id); cin.ignore(256, '\n'); cout << "Enter name: "; getline(cin, *person->mutable_name()); cout << "Enter email address (blank for none): "; string email; getline(cin, email); if (!email.empty()) { person->set_email(email); } while (true) { cout << "Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): "; string number; getline(cin, number); if (number.empty()) { break; } tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber* phone_number = person->add_phone(); phone_number->set_number(number); cout << "Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? "; string type; getline(cin, type); if (type == "mobile") { phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::MOBILE); } else if (type == "home") { phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::HOME); } else if (type == "work") { phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::WORK); } else { cout << "Unknown phone type. Using default." << endl; } } } // Main function: Reads the entire address book from a file, // adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same // file. int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against. GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION; if (argc != 2) { cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl; return -1; } tutorial::AddressBook address_book; { // Read the existing address book. fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary); if (!input) { cout << argv[1] << ": File not found. Creating a new file." << endl; } else if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) { cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl; return -1; } } // Add an address. PromptForAddress(address_book.add_person()); { // Write the new address book back to disk. fstream output(argv[1], ios::out | ios::trunc | ios::binary); if (!address_book.SerializeToOstream(&output)) { cerr << "Failed to write address book." << endl; return -1; } } // Optional: Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf. google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary(); return 0; }
注意使用GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION宏。每個.pb.cc文件在啓動時都將自動調用該宏。
注意在程序結尾處調用ShutdownProtobufLibrary()。
九、讀消息
#include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <string> #include "addressbook.pb.h" using namespace std; // Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them. void ListPeople(const tutorial::AddressBook& address_book) { for (int i = 0; i < address_book.person_size(); i++) { const tutorial::Person& person = address_book.person(i); cout << "Person ID: " << person.id() << endl; cout << " Name: " << person.name() << endl; if (person.has_email()) { cout << " E-mail address: " << person.email() << endl; } for (int j = 0; j < person.phone_size(); j++) { const tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber& phone_number = person.phone(j); switch (phone_number.type()) { case tutorial::Person::MOBILE: cout << " Mobile phone #: "; break; case tutorial::Person::HOME: cout << " Home phone #: "; break; case tutorial::Person::WORK: cout << " Work phone #: "; break; } cout << phone_number.number() << endl; } } } // Main function: Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all // the information inside. int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against. GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION; if (argc != 2) { cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl; return -1; } tutorial::AddressBook address_book; { // Read the existing address book. fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary); if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) { cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl; return -1; } } ListPeople(address_book); // Optional: Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf. google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary(); return 0; }
十、擴展protobuf
若是但願向後兼容,必須遵循:
a、沒必要更改tag數
b、沒必要添加或刪除任何required字段
c、能夠刪除optional或repeated字段
d、能夠添加新的optional或repeated字段,但你必須使用新的tag數。
十一、優化
c++的protobuf庫,已經極大地優化了。合理使用能夠改善性能。
a、若是可能,複用message對象。
b、關於多線程的內存分配器
十二、高級用法
protobuf的消息類的一個關鍵特性是,反射(reflection)。可使用xml或json來實現。參考。
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常見問題:
一、undefined reference to `pthread_once'
使用-lpthread:
二、error while loading shared libraries: libprotobuf.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
使用-Wl,-Bstatic -lprotobuf -Wl,-Bdynamic -lpthread