protobuf 實例2

 

一、在.proto文件中定義消息格式html

二、使用protobuf編譯器java

三、使用c++ api來讀寫消息ios

 

0、爲什麼使用protobuf?c++

 

一、原始內存數據結構,能夠以二進制方式sent/saved.這種方式須要相同的內存佈局和字節序。json

二、以ad-hoc方式將數據項編碼成一個簡單字符串----好比,將4個int類型編碼成"12:3:-23:67"。這種方式簡靈活。適用於簡單數據。api

三、將數據序列化爲XML。這種方式很流行,由於xml可讀性好,編碼解碼方便,性能也好。僅僅XML dom樹比較複雜。數組

 

protobuf能夠很好的解決上述問題。你編寫一個.proto文件來描述數據結構。protobuf編譯器使用它建立一個類,使用二進制方式自動編碼/解碼該數據結構。生成的類提供getter/setter方法。數據結構

 

最重要的是,protobuf支持在此基礎上進行格式擴展。多線程

 

示例dom

 

一、定義協議格式

 

 

package tutorial; message Person { required string name = 1; required int32 id = 2; optional string email = 3; enum PhoneType { MOBILE = 0; HOME = 1; WORK = 2; } message PhoneNumber { required string number = 1; optional PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME]; } repeated PhoneNumber phone = 4; } message AddressBook { repeated Person person = 1; }

 

 

該結構與c++或java很像.

 

.proto文件以包聲明開始,防止名字衝突。

簡單類型:bool, int32, float, double, string.

其它類型:如上述的Person, PhoneNumber

 

類型能夠嵌套。

「=1」, 「=2」標識惟一「tag」.tag數1-15須要至少一個字節。

 

required: 必須設置它的值

optional: 能夠設置,也能夠不設置它的值

repeated: 能夠認爲是動態分配的數組

google工程師認爲使用required威害更大, 他們更喜歡使用optional, repeated.

 

 

二、編譯你的協議

 

運行protoc 來生成c++文件:

protoc -I=$SRC_DIR --cpp_out=$DST_DIR $SRC_DIR/addressbook.proto

生成的文件爲:

addressbook.pb.h, 

addressbook.pb.cc

 

三、protobuf API

 

生成的文件中有以下方法:

// name
  inline bool has_name() const;
  inline void clear_name();
  inline const ::std::string& name() const;
  inline void set_name(const ::std::string& value);
  inline void set_name(const char* value);
  inline ::std::string* mutable_name();

  // id
  inline bool has_id() const;
  inline void clear_id();
  inline int32_t id() const;
  inline void set_id(int32_t value);

  // email
  inline bool has_email() const;
  inline void clear_email();
  inline const ::std::string& email() const;
  inline void set_email(const ::std::string& value);
  inline void set_email(const char* value);
  inline ::std::string* mutable_email();

  // phone
  inline int phone_size() const;
  inline void clear_phone();
  inline const ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >& phone() const;
  inline ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >* mutable_phone();
  inline const ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber& phone(int index) const;
  inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* mutable_phone(int index);
  inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* add_phone();

四、枚舉與嵌套類

 

生成的代碼包含一個PhoneType枚舉。Person::PhoneType, Person:MOBILE, Person::HOME, Person:WORK.

 

編譯器生成的嵌套類稱爲Person::PhoneNumber. 實際生成類爲Person_PhoneNumber.

 

五、標準方法

 

 

bool IsInitialized() const:                確認required字段是否被設置

string DebugString() const:                返回消息的可讀表示,用於調試

void CopyFrom(const Person& from):         使用給定消息值copy

void Clear():                              清除全部元素爲空狀態

 

六、解析與序列化

 

 

bool SerializeToString(string* output) const:        序列化消息,將存儲字節的以string方式輸出。注意字節是二進制,而非文本;

bool ParseFromString(const string& data):            解析給定的string     

bool SerializeToOstream(ostream* output) const:      寫消息給定的c++  ostream中

bool ParseFromIstream(istream* input):               從給定的c++ istream中解析出消息

七、protobuf和 oo設計

不要繼承生成類並在此基礎上添加相應的行爲

 

八、寫消息

 

示例:它從一個文件中讀取AddressBook,基於io添加一個新的Person,並將新的AddressBook寫回文件。

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include "addressbook.pb.h"
using namespace std;

// This function fills in a Person message based on user input.
void PromptForAddress(tutorial::Person* person) {
  cout << "Enter person ID number: ";
  int id;
  cin >> id;
  person->set_id(id);
  cin.ignore(256, '\n');

  cout << "Enter name: ";
  getline(cin, *person->mutable_name());

  cout << "Enter email address (blank for none): ";
  string email;
  getline(cin, email);
  if (!email.empty()) {
    person->set_email(email);
  }

  while (true) {
    cout << "Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ";
    string number;
    getline(cin, number);
    if (number.empty()) {
      break;
    }

    tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber* phone_number = person->add_phone();
    phone_number->set_number(number);

    cout << "Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ";
    string type;
    getline(cin, type);
    if (type == "mobile") {
      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::MOBILE);
    } else if (type == "home") {
      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::HOME);
    } else if (type == "work") {
      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::WORK);
    } else {
      cout << "Unknown phone type.  Using default." << endl;
    }
  }
}

// Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file,
//   adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same
//   file.
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
  // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
  // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
  GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;

  if (argc != 2) {
    cerr << "Usage:  " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  tutorial::AddressBook address_book;

  {
    // Read the existing address book.
    fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary);
    if (!input) {
      cout << argv[1] << ": File not found.  Creating a new file." << endl;
    } else if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
      cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Add an address.
  PromptForAddress(address_book.add_person());

  {
    // Write the new address book back to disk.
    fstream output(argv[1], ios::out | ios::trunc | ios::binary);
    if (!address_book.SerializeToOstream(&output)) {
      cerr << "Failed to write address book." << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Optional:  Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf.
  google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();

  return 0;
}

注意使用GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION宏。每個.pb.cc文件在啓動時都將自動調用該宏。

 

注意在程序結尾處調用ShutdownProtobufLibrary()。

 

九、讀消息 

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include "addressbook.pb.h"
using namespace std;

// Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.
void ListPeople(const tutorial::AddressBook& address_book) {
  for (int i = 0; i < address_book.person_size(); i++) {
    const tutorial::Person& person = address_book.person(i);

    cout << "Person ID: " << person.id() << endl;
    cout << "  Name: " << person.name() << endl;
    if (person.has_email()) {
      cout << "  E-mail address: " << person.email() << endl;
    }

    for (int j = 0; j < person.phone_size(); j++) {
      const tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber& phone_number = person.phone(j);

      switch (phone_number.type()) {
        case tutorial::Person::MOBILE:
          cout << "  Mobile phone #: ";
          break;
        case tutorial::Person::HOME:
          cout << "  Home phone #: ";
          break;
        case tutorial::Person::WORK:
          cout << "  Work phone #: ";
          break;
      }
      cout << phone_number.number() << endl;
    }
  }
}

// Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all
//   the information inside.
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
  // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
  // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
  GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;

  if (argc != 2) {
    cerr << "Usage:  " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  tutorial::AddressBook address_book;

  {
    // Read the existing address book.
    fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary);
    if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
      cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  ListPeople(address_book);

  // Optional:  Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf.
  google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();

  return 0;
}

十、擴展protobuf

 

若是但願向後兼容,必須遵循:

a、沒必要更改tag數

b、沒必要添加或刪除任何required字段

c、能夠刪除optional或repeated字段

d、能夠添加新的optional或repeated字段,但你必須使用新的tag數。

 

十一、優化

c++的protobuf庫,已經極大地優化了。合理使用能夠改善性能。

a、若是可能,複用message對象。

b、關於多線程的內存分配器

 

十二、高級用法

 

protobuf的消息類的一個關鍵特性是,反射(reflection)。可使用xml或json來實現。參考

 

 

================================================================

常見問題:

一、undefined reference to `pthread_once' 

使用-lpthread:

 

二、error while loading shared libraries: libprotobuf.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

使用-Wl,-Bstatic -lprotobuf -Wl,-Bdynamic -lpthread

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