JPA是Java Persistence API的簡稱,是一套Sun官方提出的Java持久化規範。其設計目標主要是爲了簡化現有的持久化開發工做和整合ORM技術,它爲Java開發人員提供了一種ORM工具來管理Java應用中的關係數據。 簡而言之,JPA提供了使用面向對象的方式操做數據庫的功能。JPA充分吸取了現有Hibernate,TopLink,JDO等ORM框架的優點,具備易於使用、伸縮性強等優勢。html
Spring Data JPA是Spring基於Spring Data框架對於JPA規範的一套具體實現方案,使用Spring Data JPA能夠極大地簡化JPA 的寫法,幾乎能夠在不寫具體實現的狀況下完成對數據庫的操做,而且除了基礎的CRUD操做外,Spring Data JPA還提供了諸如分頁和排序等經常使用功能的實現方案。合理的使用Spring Data JPA能夠極大的提升咱們的平常開發效率和有效的下降項目開發成本。java
接下來,咱們就經過實際案例來說解Spring Data JPA的整合,以及提供JPA相關操做的一些示例。mysql
爲方便咱們初始化項目,Spring Boot給咱們提供一個項目模板生成網站。git
1. 打開瀏覽器,訪問:https://start.spring.io/web
2. 根據頁面提示,選擇構建工具,開發語言,項目信息等。spring
3. 點擊 Generate the project,生成項目模板,生成以後會將壓縮包下載到本地。sql
4. 使用IDE導入項目,我這裏使用Eclipse,經過導入Maven項目的方式導入。數據庫
清理掉不須要的測試類及測試依賴,添加 Maven 相關依賴,這裏須要添加上WEB和Swagger和JPA的依賴,Swagger的添加是爲了方便接口測試。apache
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>2.1.5.RELEASE</version> <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository --> </parent> <groupId>com.louis.springboot</groupId> <artifactId>demo</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <name>demo</name> <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description> <properties> <java.version>1.8</java.version> </properties> <dependencies> <!-- web --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <!-- swagger --> <dependency> <groupId>io.springfox</groupId> <artifactId>springfox-swagger2</artifactId> <version>2.9.2</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>io.springfox</groupId> <artifactId>springfox-swagger-ui</artifactId> <version>2.9.2</version> </dependency> <!-- jpa --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId> </dependency> <!-- mysql --> <dependency> <groupId>mysql</groupId> <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> <!-- 打包時拷貝MyBatis的映射文件 --> <resources> <resource> <directory>src/main/java</directory> <includes> <include>**/sqlmap/*.xml</include> </includes> <filtering>false</filtering> </resource> <resource> <directory>src/main/resources</directory> <includes> <include>**/*.*</include> </includes> <filtering>true</filtering> </resource> </resources> </build> </project>
1.添加數據源配置api
將application.properties文件更名爲application.yml ,並在其中添加MySQL數據源鏈接信息。
注意:
這裏須要首先建立一個MySQL數據庫,並輸入本身的用戶名和密碼。這裏的數據庫是springboot。
另外,若是你使用的是MySQL 5.x及之前版本,驅動配置driverClassName是com.mysql.jdbc.Driver。
application.yml
server: port: 8080 spring: datasource: driverClassName: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/springboot?useUnicode=true&zeroDateTimeBehavior=convertToNull&autoReconnect=true&characterEncoding=utf-8 username: root password: 123456 jpa: show-sql: true # 默認false,在日誌裏顯示執行的sql語句 database: mysql hibernate.ddl-auto: update #指定爲update,每次啓動項目檢測表結構有變化的時候會新增字段,表不存在時會新建,若是指定create,則每次啓動項目都會清空數據並刪除表,再新建 properties.hibernate.dialect: org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect database-platform: org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect hibernate: naming: implicit-strategy: org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.ImplicitNamingStrategyLegacyJpaImpl #指定jpa的自動錶生成策略,駝峯自動映射爲下劃線格式 #physical-strategy: org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl
2. 添加swagger 配置
添加一個swagger 配置類,在工程下新建 config 包並添加一個 SwaggerConfig 配置類。
SwaggerConfig.java
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import springfox.documentation.builders.ApiInfoBuilder; import springfox.documentation.builders.PathSelectors; import springfox.documentation.builders.RequestHandlerSelectors; import springfox.documentation.service.ApiInfo; import springfox.documentation.spi.DocumentationType; import springfox.documentation.spring.web.plugins.Docket; import springfox.documentation.swagger2.annotations.EnableSwagger2; @Configuration @EnableSwagger2 public class SwaggerConfig { @Bean public Docket createRestApi(){ return new Docket(DocumentationType.SWAGGER_2).apiInfo(apiInfo()) .select() .apis(RequestHandlerSelectors.any()) .paths(PathSelectors.any()).build(); } private ApiInfo apiInfo(){ return new ApiInfoBuilder() .title("SpringBoot API Doc") .description("This is a restful api document of Spring Boot.") .version("1.0") .build(); } }
首先,編寫一個實體類,並添加相關注解,具體註解說明參見代碼。
SysUser.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.model; import javax.persistence.Column; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; import javax.persistence.GenerationType; import javax.persistence.Id; import javax.persistence.Index; import javax.persistence.Table; @Entity // @Entity: 實體類, 必須 // @Table: 對應數據庫中的表, 必須, name=表名, Indexes是聲明表裏的索引, columnList是索引的列, 同時聲明此索引列是否惟一, 默認false @Table(name = "sys_user", indexes = {@Index(name = "id", columnList = "id", unique = true), @Index(name = "name", columnList = "name", unique = true)}) public class SysUser { @Id // @Id: 指明id列, 必須 @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY) // @GeneratedValue: 代表是否自動生成, 必須, strategy也是必寫, 指明主鍵生成策略, 默認是Oracle private Long id; @Column(name = "name", nullable = false) // @Column: 對應數據庫列名,可選, nullable 是否能夠爲空, 默認true private String name; private String password; private String email; public Long getId() { return id; } public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getPassword() { return password; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } public String getEmail() { return email; } public void setEmail(String email) { this.email = email; } }
而後,編寫一個SysUserDao並繼承JpaRepository,由此咱們已經繼承了大部分可用的CURD操做,針對基礎操做,DAO徹底不用寫任何方法。
SysUserDao.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.dao; import java.io.Serializable; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository; import com.louis.springboot.demo.model.SysUser; public interface SysUserDao extends JpaRepository<SysUser, Long>, Serializable { }
使用Spring Data JPA,能夠經過兩種方式使用 JPA 進行數據持久化。
方式一:使用Spring Data JPA 提供的接口默認實現,如上面咱們的DAO實現。
方式二:自定義符合Spring Data JPA規則的查詢方法,由框架將其自動解析爲SQL。
Spring Data JPA提供了一些實現了基本的數據庫操做的接口類,這些接口和類的關係以下。
其中CrudRepository是頂層CURD接口,提供了一些簡單的增刪查改功能,接口定義以下。
CrudRepository.java
package org.springframework.data.repository; import java.util.Optional; /** * Interface for generic CRUD operations on a repository for a specific type. * @author Oliver Gierke * @author Eberhard Wolff */ @NoRepositoryBean public interface CrudRepository<T, ID> extends Repository<T, ID> { /** * Saves a given entity. Use the returned instance for further operations as the save operation might have changed the * entity instance completely. * * @param entity must not be {@literal null}. * @return the saved entity will never be {@literal null}. */ <S extends T> S save(S entity); /** * Saves all given entities. * * @param entities must not be {@literal null}. * @return the saved entities will never be {@literal null}. * @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the given entity is {@literal null}. */ <S extends T> Iterable<S> saveAll(Iterable<S> entities); /** * Retrieves an entity by its id. * * @param id must not be {@literal null}. * @return the entity with the given id or {@literal Optional#empty()} if none found * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code id} is {@literal null}. */ Optional<T> findById(ID id); /** * Returns whether an entity with the given id exists. * * @param id must not be {@literal null}. * @return {@literal true} if an entity with the given id exists, {@literal false} otherwise. * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code id} is {@literal null}. */ boolean existsById(ID id); /** * Returns all instances of the type. * * @return all entities */ Iterable<T> findAll(); /** * Returns all instances of the type with the given IDs. * * @param ids * @return */ Iterable<T> findAllById(Iterable<ID> ids); /** * Returns the number of entities available. * * @return the number of entities */ long count(); /** * Deletes the entity with the given id. * * @param id must not be {@literal null}. * @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the given {@code id} is {@literal null} */ void deleteById(ID id); /** * Deletes a given entity. * * @param entity * @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the given entity is {@literal null}. */ void delete(T entity); /** * Deletes the given entities. * * @param entities * @throws IllegalArgumentException in case the given {@link Iterable} is {@literal null}. */ void deleteAll(Iterable<? extends T> entities); /** * Deletes all entities managed by the repository. */ void deleteAll(); }
PagingAndSortingRepository在繼承了CrudRepository基礎上實現了排序和分頁的方法。
PagingAndSortingRepository.java
package org.springframework.data.repository; import org.springframework.data.domain.Page; import org.springframework.data.domain.Pageable; import org.springframework.data.domain.Sort; /** * Extension of {@link CrudRepository} to provide additional methods to retrieve entities using the pagination and * sorting abstraction. * * @author Oliver Gierke * @see Sort * @see Pageable * @see Page */ @NoRepositoryBean public interface PagingAndSortingRepository<T, ID> extends CrudRepository<T, ID> { /** * Returns all entities sorted by the given options. * * @param sort * @return all entities sorted by the given options */ Iterable<T> findAll(Sort sort); /** * Returns a {@link Page} of entities meeting the paging restriction provided in the {@code Pageable} object. * * @param pageable * @return a page of entities */ Page<T> findAll(Pageable pageable); }
JpaRepository又在繼承PagingAndSortingRepository的基礎上,同時繼承了QueryByExampleExecutor接口,使其擁有了匹配指定樣例查詢的能力。
JpaRepository.java
package org.springframework.data.jpa.repository; import java.util.List; import javax.persistence.EntityManager; import org.springframework.data.domain.Example; import org.springframework.data.domain.Sort; import org.springframework.data.repository.NoRepositoryBean; import org.springframework.data.repository.PagingAndSortingRepository; import org.springframework.data.repository.query.QueryByExampleExecutor; /** * JPA specific extension of {@link org.springframework.data.repository.Repository}. * * @author Oliver Gierke * @author Christoph Strobl * @author Mark Paluch */ @NoRepositoryBean public interface JpaRepository<T, ID> extends PagingAndSortingRepository<T, ID>, QueryByExampleExecutor<T> { /* * (non-Javadoc) * @see org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository#findAll() */ List<T> findAll(); /* * (non-Javadoc) * @see org.springframework.data.repository.PagingAndSortingRepository#findAll(org.springframework.data.domain.Sort) */ List<T> findAll(Sort sort); /* * (non-Javadoc) * @see org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository#findAll(java.lang.Iterable) */ List<T> findAllById(Iterable<ID> ids); /* * (non-Javadoc) * @see org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository#save(java.lang.Iterable) */ <S extends T> List<S> saveAll(Iterable<S> entities); /** * Flushes all pending changes to the database. */ void flush(); /** * Saves an entity and flushes changes instantly. * * @param entity * @return the saved entity */ <S extends T> S saveAndFlush(S entity); /** * Deletes the given entities in a batch which means it will create a single {@link Query}. Assume that we will clear * the {@link javax.persistence.EntityManager} after the call. * * @param entities */ void deleteInBatch(Iterable<T> entities); /** * Deletes all entities in a batch call. */ void deleteAllInBatch(); /** * Returns a reference to the entity with the given identifier. Depending on how the JPA persistence provider is * implemented this is very likely to always return an instance and throw an * {@link javax.persistence.EntityNotFoundException} on first access. Some of them will reject invalid identifiers * immediately. * * @param id must not be {@literal null}. * @return a reference to the entity with the given identifier. * @see EntityManager#getReference(Class, Object) for details on when an exception is thrown. */ T getOne(ID id); /* * (non-Javadoc) * @see org.springframework.data.repository.query.QueryByExampleExecutor#findAll(org.springframework.data.domain.Example) */ @Override <S extends T> List<S> findAll(Example<S> example); /* * (non-Javadoc) * @see org.springframework.data.repository.query.QueryByExampleExecutor#findAll(org.springframework.data.domain.Example, org.springframework.data.domain.Sort) */ @Override <S extends T> List<S> findAll(Example<S> example, Sort sort); }
上面由於咱們的SysUserDao直接繼承了JpaRepository,因此上述全部的接口SysUserDao都是能夠直接使用的,固然,除了能夠直接使用默認提供的基礎接口外,Spring Data JPA還容許咱們自定義查詢方法,對於符合如下命名規則的方法,Spring Data JPA可以根據其方法名爲其自動生成SQL,除了使用示例中的 find 關鍵字,還支持的關鍵字有:query、get、read、count、delete等。
只要按照如下命名規範的定義的方法,Spring Data JPA都可以幫咱們自動生成SQL,無需本身實現。
接着編寫一個服務接口,添加用戶保存、刪除、查詢所有和分頁查詢的方法。
SysUserService.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.service; import java.util.List; import com.louis.springboot.demo.model.SysUser; import com.louis.springboot.demo.util.PageQuery; public interface SysUserService { /** * 保存用戶 * @param user */ public void save(SysUser user); /** * 刪除用戶 * @param id */ public void delete(SysUser user); /** * 查詢所有用戶 * @return */ public List<SysUser> findAll(); /** * 查詢分頁數據 * @return */ public Object findPage(PageQuery pageQuery); }
繼續編寫服務實現類並調用DAO實現相應功能,如下DAO方法都是繼承而來的,除此以後,JPA還提供了大量的API可用。
SysUserServiceImpl.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.service.impl; import java.util.List; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.data.domain.PageRequest; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import com.louis.springboot.demo.dao.SysUserDao; import com.louis.springboot.demo.model.SysUser; import com.louis.springboot.demo.service.SysUserService; import com.louis.springboot.demo.util.PageQuery; @Service public class SysUserServiceImpl implements SysUserService { @Autowired private SysUserDao sysUserDao; @Override public void save(SysUser user) { sysUserDao.save(user); } @Override public void delete(SysUser user) { sysUserDao.delete(user); } @Override public List<SysUser> findAll() { return sysUserDao.findAll(); } @Override public Object findPage(PageQuery pageQuery) { return sysUserDao.findAll(PageRequest.of(pageQuery.getPage(), pageQuery.getSize())); } }
接着編寫一個用戶控制器,調用服務接口實現對應功能。
SysUserController.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.controller; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import com.louis.springboot.demo.model.SysUser; import com.louis.springboot.demo.service.SysUserService; import com.louis.springboot.demo.util.PageQuery; @RestController @RequestMapping("user") public class SysUserController { @Autowired private SysUserService sysUserService; @PostMapping(value="/save") public Object save(@RequestBody SysUser user) { sysUserService.save(user); return 1; } @PostMapping(value="/delete") public Object delete(@RequestBody SysUser user) { sysUserService.delete(user); return 1; } @GetMapping(value="/findAll") public Object findAll() { return sysUserService.findAll(); } @PostMapping(value="/findPage") public Object findPage(@RequestBody PageQuery pageQuery) { return sysUserService.findPage(pageQuery); } }
上面對分頁請求進行了簡單的封裝,主要包含查詢頁碼和每頁數量兩個屬性。
PageQuery.java
package com.louis.springboot.demo.util; public class PageQuery { private int page; private int size; public int getPage() { return page; } public void setPage(int page) { this.page = page; } public int getSize() { return size; } public void setSize(int size) { this.size = size; } }
1. 右鍵項目 -> Run as -> Maven install,開始執行Maven構建,第一次會下載Maven依賴,可能須要點時間,若是出現以下信息,就說明項目編譯打包成功了。
2. 打開數據庫,建立一個springboot數據庫,而後右鍵文件 DemoApplication.java -> Run as -> Java Application,開始啓動應用,若是一開始數據庫沒有對應的表,在應用啓動時會建立,咱們能夠經過控制檯查看到對應的SQL語句。
3. 打開瀏覽器,訪問:http://localhost:8080/swagger-ui.html,進入swagger接口文檔界面。
4. 首先訪問findAll接口,此時並無數據,因此返回結果爲空。
而後調用save接口,分別插入如下三條數據。
{ "id": 1, "name": "111", "email": "111@qq.com", "password": "111" }
{ "id": 2, "name": "222", "email": "222@qq.com", "password": "222" }
{ "id": 3, "name": "333", "email": "333@qq.com", "password": "333" }
接着回來繼續調用findAll接口,能夠看到咱們已經成功的插入了三條數據。
接着測試分頁查詢接口findPage,輸入{ "page": 0, "size": 2 },標識查詢第一頁,每頁顯示兩條記錄,下面返回正確的分頁查詢數據。
最後咱們測試一下刪除接口delete,刪除掉id爲1的數據,再次調用findAll接口,咱們發現目標記錄已經成功被刪除。
項目主頁:https://spring.io/projects/spring-data-jpa
參考文檔:https://docs.spring.io/spring-data/jpa/docs/current/reference/html/
網上資料:http://www.360doc.com/content/17/0801/09/16915_675758662.shtml
網上資料:https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/opensource/os-cn-spring-jpa/index.html
碼雲:https://gitee.com/liuge1988/spring-boot-demo.git
做者:朝雨憶輕塵
出處:https://www.cnblogs.com/xifengxiaoma/
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