Linux磁盤管理----分區格式化掛載fdisk、mkfs、mount

1,磁盤分區命令fdisknode

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l #查看磁盤分區狀況vim


Disk /dev/sda: 10.8 GB, 10837518250 bytesapp

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders編輯器

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280byteside

(這個硬盤的大小是10.8GB,有255個磁面,63個扇區,1305磁柱(cylinders)ui

每一個cylinder(磁柱)的容量是8225280 bytes=8225.280K(約爲)=8.225280M(約))this

Device Boot      Start       End      Blocks    Id  Systemspa

/dev/sda1  *       1         13      104391    83  Linux操作系統

/dev/sda2          14        1305     10377990   8e  Linux LVMcode

(ID和System表示的是分區類型,id看起來不太直觀,咱們要在fdisk建立一個分區時,能夠指定id來確認分區類型;好比7表示的就NTFS分區;這個在fdisk中要經過參數「t」來指定。)

硬盤分區的表示:在Linux是經過hd*x或sd*x表示的:

其中*表示的是a、b、c ... ...

另外x表示的數字一、二、3 ... ...

hd大可能是IDE硬盤;sd大可能是SCSI或移動存儲;引導(Boot):表示引導分區,在上面的例子中sda1是引導分區;

Start(開始):表示的一個分區從Xcylinder(磁柱)開始;

End(結束):表示一個分區到 Ycylinder(磁柱)結束;

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB,21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a validpartition table


[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda  #對磁盤sda進行分區

Thenumber of cylinders for this disk is set to 1305.

There isnothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,

and couldin certain setups cause problems with:

1) softwarethat runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)

2)booting and partitioning software from other OSs

   (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

(輸入m能夠獲得幫助信息)

Command(m for help):                   ---輸出幫助信息

Commandaction

   a  toggle a bootable flag               ---設置啓動分區

   b  edit bsd disklabel                 ---編輯分區標籤

   c  toggle the dos compatibility flag         ---切換dos兼容模式

   d  delete a partition                --刪除一個分區

   l  list known partition types            --列出分區類型

   m  print this menu                  --幫助

   n  add a new partition                --創建一個新的分區

   o  create a new empty DOS partition table      --建立一個新的空白DOS分區表

   p  print the partition table                 ---打印分區表

   q  quit without saving changes                ---退出不保存設置

   s   createa new empty Sun disklabel             ---建立新的sun磁盤標籤

   t   changea partition's system id              ---改變分區的ID

   u   changedisplay/entry units                 ---改變顯示的單位

   v   verifythe partition table                 ---檢查驗證分區表

   w  write table to disk and exit               ---保存分區表

   x  extra functionality (experts only)        ---擴展功能


Command (m for help): n (建立一個新分區)         

Command action

  e   extended

  p   primary partition (1-4)      ---指定分區類型  e爲擴展分區  p爲主分區

p (輸入p選擇建立主分區)

Partition number (1-4): 1 (建立第一個主分區,也便是後來的sda1) ---主分區最多隻能有四個

First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): 1   ---設定起始分區的位置

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1-2610, default 2610):2610

Using default value 2610            ---設定結束分區的位置

Command (m for help): w             ---保存剛纔的配置信息。

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.


刪除分區

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb   

The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problemswith:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs

  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): d    (---d 是表明刪除,而且會列出當前磁盤的分區數)

Selected partition 1     (1 是要刪除的分區編號)

Command (m for help): p    (---p 是表明刪除後,顯示磁盤還有幾個剩餘的分區)

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes

Device Boot     Start     End    Blocks  Id  System   已經沒有分區了

Command (m for help): w    (---w 保存剛纔的操做而且生效)

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.


經過fdisk 命令來建立一指定大小的分區並增長一個分區

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problemswith:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs

  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): n            ---建立分區

Command action

  e   extended

  p   primary partition (1-4)        

p                輸入p --指定分區類型爲主分區

Partition number (1-4): 1           --指定其實分區號

First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): 1      --指定起始柱面號

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1-2610, default 2610): 1024 ---指定終止柱面號

Command (m for help): w            ---保存分區配置信息

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition tablefailed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the nextreboot.

Syncing disks.


增長分區

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb      -----增長分區

 

The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problemswith:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs

  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

 

Command (m for help): n       ---分區類型

Command action

  e   extended

  p   primary partition (1-4)    ---仍是指定主分區

p

Partition number (1-4): 1          ---分區號,我指定1。

Partition 1is already defined.  Delete it beforere-adding it. 

–提示分區號1已經存在,刪除後操做

Command (m for help): n          --咱們從新建立分區

Command action

  e   extended

  p   primary partition (1-4)     --指定分區類型

p

Partition number (1-4): 2         ---由於分區1已經存在,因此咱們指定分區2,可經過。

First cylinder (1025-2610, default 1025):    ---指定起始礠柱號,默認是上一分區後一號。

Using default value 1025

Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1025-2610, default 2610): 2000 指定終止柱號。

Command (m for help): w                   ---保存分區配置

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition tablefailed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the nextreboot.

Syncing disks.

[root@localhost ~]#

經過fdisk命令來修改現有分區類型

fdisk 經過t參數來指定

查看分區類型

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb   查看分區信息,類型是Linux,id是83

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes

Device Boot      Start        End      Blocks  Id  System

/dev/sdb1          1        1024    8225248+  83  Linux

/dev/sdb2         1025         2000       7839720   83  Linux

修改分區類型

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.

There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,

and could in certain setups cause problemswith:

1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)

2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs

  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): t                       ---進入修改分區類型

Partition number (1-4): 1                     ---指定須要修改的分區號

Hex code (type L tolist codes): 6               ---指定分區號爲6,也就是FAT16

注意:查看分區類型的代碼,在這裏能夠輸入L查看就能夠了

Changed system type of partition 1 to 6(FAT16)

Command (m for help): w                           ---保存

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition tablefailed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table.

The new table will be used at the nextreboot.

WARNING: If you have created or modifiedany DOS 6.x

partitions, please see the fdisk manualpage for additional

information.

Syncing disks.

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb        ---咱們看到已經FAT16,而且ID也改爲6了

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes

 

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System

/dev/sdb1          1             1024    8225248+   6  FAT16

/dev/sdb2         1025             2000    7839720   83  Linux

[root@localhost ~]#

 

mkfs對分區進行格式化

對分區進行格式化的命令以下,mkfs後面所接的表明的是將要格式化成的文件系統類型:

mkfs.bfs

mkfs.ext3

mkfs.ext4

mkfs.jfs

mkfs.msdos

mkfs.vfat

mkfs.cramfs

mkfs.minix

mkfs.reiserfs

mkfs.xfs

 

格式化分區:

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1          ---格式化分區類型爲ext4

mke4fs 1.41.5(23-Apr-2009)

Filesystem label=                            ---咱們沒有指定卷標,就沒有

OS type: Linux                              ---操做系統類型

Block size=4096 (log=2)                        --單個塊的大小

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)                      --片大小

1310720 inodes, 5241198blocks

262059 blocks (5.00%)reserved for the super user

First data block=0     

Maximum filesystem blocks=0

160 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768fragments per group

8192 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912,819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,

        4096000

Writing inode tables:done                           

Creating journal (32768blocks): done

Writing superblocks andfilesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will beautomatically checked every 27 mounts or

180 days, whichever comesfirst.  Use tune4fs -c or -i to override.

 

mount掛載磁盤:(臨時掛載)

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir/data             --建立掛載目錄點

[root@localhost ~]# mount  /dev/sdb1 /data  --將/dev/sdb1掛載到/data

驗證是否成功掛載

[root@localhost ~]# df -h

Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00

                      7.7G  3.1G 4.2G  43% /

/dev/sda1        99M   12M  82M    13%  /boot

tmpfs           506M   0    506M   0%  dev/shm

/dev/sdb1         20G   16K  20G   1%  /data     --已經成功掛載了

[root@localhost ~]#

 

修改fstab表掛載磁盤(永久掛載)

經過vim編輯器編輯/etc/fstab文件,內容以下,(紅色部分是剛添加上去的):

掛載路徑    掛載的分區    文件系統  掛載參數    是否要備份   自檢順序

/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00/        ext3    defaults        1 1

LABEL=/boot     /boo          ext3    defaults        1 2

tmpfs         /dev/shm       tmpfs    defaults           0 0

devpts        /dev/pts       devpts  gid=5,mode=620        0 0

sysfs         /sys          sysfs   defaults           0 0

proc         /proc          proc    defaults        0 0

/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01swap      swap    defaults        0 0

/data        /dev/sdb1       ext4     defaults           0 0

保存後執行命令 mount -a 加載最新配置

第四列掛載參數:經過mount來查看

第五列是否要備份:(0爲不備份,1爲要備份,通常狀況下不用作備份)

第六列自檢程序  (0爲不自檢,1或2爲要自檢,若是是根分區要設置1,其它分區只能是2)

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