在MySQL管理軟件中,能夠經過SQL語句中的DML語言來實現數據的操做,包括mysql
1. 插入完整數據(順序插入) 語法一: INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n); 語法二: INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n); 2. 指定字段插入數據 語法: INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…); 3. 插入多條記錄 語法: INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n); 4. 插入查詢結果 語法: INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2 WHERE …;
語法: UPDATE 表名 SET 字段1=值1, 字段2=值2, WHERE CONDITION;
語法: DELETE FROM 表名 WHERE CONITION;
單表查詢語法: SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名 WHERE 條件 GROUP BY field HAVING 篩選 ORDER BY field LIMIT 限制條數 多表查詢語法: SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2 ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
SELECT DISTINCT <select_list> FROM <left_table> <join_type> JOIN <right_table> ON <join_condition> WHERE <where_condition> GROUP BY <group_by_list> HAVING <having_condition> ORDER BY <order_by_condition> LIMIT <limit_number>
(7) SELECT (8) DISTINCT <select_list> (1) FROM <left_table> (3) <join_type> JOIN <right_table> (2) ON <join_condition> (4) WHERE <where_condition> (5) GROUP BY <group_by_list> (6) HAVING <having_condition> (9) ORDER BY <order_by_condition> (10) LIMIT <limit_number>
company.employee 員工id id int 姓名 emp_name varchar 性別 sex enum 年齡 age int 入職日期 hire_date date 崗位 post varchar 職位描述 post_comment varchar 薪水 salary double 辦公室 office int 部門編號 depart_id int #建立表 create table employee( id int not null unique auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的 age int(3) unsigned not null default 28, hire_date date not null, post varchar(50), post_comment varchar(100), salary double(15,2), office int, #一個部門一個屋子 depart_id int ); #插入記錄 #三個部門:教學,銷售,運營 insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #如下是教學部 ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1), ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1), ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1), ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1), ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1), ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1), ('成龍','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#如下是銷售部門 ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2), ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2), ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2), ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('張野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #如下是運營部門 ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3), ('程咬銀','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3), ('程咬銅','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3), ('程咬鐵','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3) ; #ps:若是在windows系統中,插入中文字符,select的結果爲空白,能夠將全部字符編碼統一設置成gbk
#簡單查詢 SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id FROM employee; SELECT * FROM employee; SELECT name,salary FROM employee; #避免重複DISTINCT SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee; #經過四則運算查詢 SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee; #定義顯示格式 CONCAT() 函數用於鏈接字符串 SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee; CONCAT_WS() 第一個參數爲分隔符 SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee; 結合CASE語句: SELECT ( CASE WHEN NAME = 'egon' THEN NAME WHEN NAME = 'alex' THEN CONCAT(name,'_BIGSB') ELSE concat(NAME, 'SB') END ) as new_name FROM emp;
where字句中可使用:正則表達式
1. 比較運算符:> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之間
3. in(10,20,30) 值是10或20或30
4. like 'abc%'
%表示任意多字符
_表示一個字符
5. 邏輯運算符:在多個條件直接可使用邏輯運算符 not and or sql
#1:單條件查詢 SELECT name FROM employee WHERE post='sale'; #2:多條件查詢 SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000; #3:關鍵字BETWEEN AND SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; #4:關鍵字IS NULL(判斷某個字段是否爲NULL不能用等號,須要用IS) SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null ps: 執行 update employee set post_comment='' where id=2; 再用上條查看,就會有結果了 #5:關鍵字IN集合查詢 SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; #6:關鍵字LIKE模糊查詢 通配符’%’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'eg%'; 通配符’_’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'al__';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$'; 除了模糊查詢 還可使用正則表達式查詢 小結:對字符串匹配的方式 WHERE name = 'onclose'; WHERE name LIKE 'on%'; WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
#查看MySQL 5.7默認的sql_mode以下: mysql> select @@global.sql_mode; ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION #!!!注意 ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY的語義就是肯定select target list中的全部列的值都是明確語義,簡單的說來,在ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式下,target list中的值要麼是來自於彙集函數的結果,要麼是來自於group by list中的表達式的值。 #設置sql_mole以下操做(咱們能夠去掉ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式): mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION';
語法:數據庫
單獨使用GROUP BY關鍵字分組 SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post; 注意:咱們按照post字段分組,那麼select查詢的字段只能是post,想要獲取組內的其餘相關信息,須要藉助函數 GROUP BY關鍵字和GROUP_CONCAT()函數一塊兒使用 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照崗位分組,並查看組內成員名 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post; GROUP BY與聚合函數一塊兒使用 select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照崗位分組,並查看每一個組有多少人
#若是沒有設置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,也能夠有結果,默認都是組內的第一條記錄,但其實這是沒有意義的 mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> quit #設置成功後,必定要退出,而後從新登陸方可生效 Bye mysql> use db1; Database changed mysql> select * from emp group by post; #報錯 ERROR 1055 (42000): 'db1.emp.id' isn't in GROUP BY mysql> select post,count(id) from emp group by post; #只能查看分組依據和使用聚合函數
#強調:聚合函數聚合的是組的內容,如果沒有分組,則默認一組 示例: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1; SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee; SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee; SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
「Where」 是一個約束聲明,使用Where來約束來自數據庫的數據,Where是在結果返回以前起做用的,且Where中不能使用聚合函數。windows
「Having」是一個過濾聲明,是在查詢返回結果集之後對查詢結果進行的過濾操做,在Having中可使用聚合函數。ide
執行優先級從高到低:where > group by > having函數
注:用having就必定要用group by, 用group by不必定要有having。只要條件裏面的字段, 不是表裏面原先有的字段就須要用having。post
按單列排序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;#默認ASC升序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;#降序 按多列排序:先按照age排序,若是年紀相同,則按照薪資排序 SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age, salary DESC;
示例: SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 3; #默認初始位置爲0 ,查詢3條數據 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 0,5; #從第0開始,即先查詢出第一條,而後包含這一條在內日後查5條 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 5,5; #從第5開始,即先查詢出第6條,而後包含這一條在內日後查5條
SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2 ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
交叉鏈接返回左表中的全部行,左表中的每一行與右表中的全部行組合,結果集的行數是兩個表的行數的乘積。(效率最低)ui
mysql> select * from employee,department; +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | A | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技術 | | 1 | A | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 1 | A | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 銷售 | | 1 | A | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 運營 | | 2 | B | female | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技術 | | 2 | B | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 2 | B | female | 48 | 201 | 202 | 銷售 | | 2 | B | female | 48 | 201 | 203 | 運營 | | 3 | C | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技術 | | 3 | C | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 3 | C | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 銷售 | | 3 | C | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 運營 | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
INNER JOIN(內鏈接),也成爲天然鏈接,找兩張表共有的部分,至關於利用條件從笛卡爾積結果中篩選出了正確的結果,內鏈接是從結果中刪除其餘被鏈接表中沒有匹配行的全部行,因此內鏈接可能會丟失信息。編碼
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | id | name | age | sex | name | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | 1 | A | 18 | male | 技術 | | 2 | B | 48 | female | 人力資源 | | 3 | C | 38 | male | 人力資源 | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ #上述sql等同於 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
返回左表中的全部行,若是左表中行在右表中沒有匹配行,則結果中右表中的列返回空值。
select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
與左鏈接正好相反,返回右表中的全部行,若是右表中行在左表中沒有匹配行,則結果中左表中的列返回空值。
select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
在內鏈接的基礎上增長左邊有右邊沒有的,右邊有左邊沒有的。是左外鏈接和右外鏈接的並集。
注:mysql不支持全外鏈接full join 可是能夠用下面的方式實現(union與union all的區別:union會去掉相同的紀錄)
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id ;
#1:子查詢是將一個查詢語句嵌套在另外一個查詢語句中。 #2:內層查詢語句的查詢結果,能夠爲外層查詢語句提供查詢條件。 #3:子查詢中能夠包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等關鍵字 #4:還能夠包含比較運算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等
#查詢平均年齡在25歲以上的部門名 select id,name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); #查看技術部員工姓名 select name from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name='技術'); #查看不足1人的部門名(子查詢獲得的是有人的部門id) select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);
#查詢大於部門內平均年齡的員工名、年齡 select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1 inner join (select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
#department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture mysql> select * from employee -> where exists -> (select id from department where id=200); #department表中存在dept_id=205,False mysql> select * from employee -> where exists -> (select id from department where id=204); Empty set (0.00 sec)
#受權表 user #該表放行的權限,針對:全部數據,全部庫下全部表,以及表下的全部字段 db #該表放行的權限,針對:某一數據庫,該數據庫下的全部表,以及表下的全部字段 tables_priv #該表放行的權限。針對:某一張表,以及該表下的全部字段 columns_priv #該表放行的權限,針對:某一個字段
#查看本身的權限
show grants; #建立用戶 create user 用戶名@"主機地址" identified by "密碼"; create user 'A'@'1127.0.0.1' identified by '123'; create user 'B'@'192.168.1.%' identified by '123';#指定ip create user 'C'@'%' identified by '123';#任意用戶 #受權:對文件夾,對文件,對文件某一字段的權限 查看幫助:help grant 經常使用權限有:select,update,alter,delete all能夠表明除了grant以外的全部權限 語法: grant [權限的名稱 select insert.... | all ] on 數據庫.表名 to 用戶名@主機地址; 特色: 若是受權時,用戶不存在則直接自動建立用戶 #針對全部庫的受權:*.* grant select on *.* to 'A'@'localhost' identified by '123'; #只在user表中能夠查到A用戶的select權限被設置爲Y
沒有 Grant_priv(受權)的權限 #針對某一數據庫:db1.* grant select on db1.* to 'B'@'%' identified by '123'; #只在db表中能夠查到B用戶的select權限被設置爲Y #針對某一個表:db1.t1 grant select on db1.t1 to 'C'@'%' identified by '123'; #只在tables_priv表中能夠查到C用戶的select權限 #針對某一個字段: grant select (id,name),update (age) on db1.t3 to 'D'@'localhost' identified by '123'; #能夠在tables_priv和columns_priv中看到相應的權限 #刪除權限 revoke 權限的名稱 on 數據庫.表名 from 用戶名@"主機名" ; revoke select on db1.* from 'A'@'%'; #刪除用戶 drop user 用戶名@"主機地址";
注:添加權限以後,要記得刷新權限
flush privileges;
若是要讓用戶擁有全部權限,能夠執行下面的命令:
grant [權限的名稱 select insert.... | all ] on 數據庫.表名 to 用戶名@主機地址 with grant option; with grant option 這個用戶能夠將他有的權限授予別的帳戶