Tomcat在SpringBoot中是如何啓動的

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前言

咱們知道SpringBoot給咱們帶來了一個全新的開發體驗,咱們能夠直接把web程序達成jar包,直接啓動,這就得益於SpringBoot內置了容器,能夠直接啓動,本文將以Tomcat爲例,來看看SpringBoot是如何啓動Tomcat的,同時也將展開學習下Tomcat的源碼,瞭解Tomcat的設計。java

從 Main 方法提及

用過SpringBoot的人都知道,首先要寫一個main方法來啓動web

@SpringBootApplication
public class TomcatdebugApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(TomcatdebugApplication.class, args);
    }

}

咱們直接點擊run方法的源碼,跟蹤下來,發下最終 的run方法是調用ConfigurableApplicationContext方法,源碼以下:spring

public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) {
		StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
		stopWatch.start();
		ConfigurableApplicationContext context = null;
		Collection<springbootexceptionreporter> exceptionReporters = new ArrayList&lt;&gt;();
		//設置系統屬性『java.awt.headless』,爲true則啓用headless模式支持
		configureHeadlessProperty();
		//經過*SpringFactoriesLoader*檢索*META-INF/spring.factories*,
       //找到聲明的全部SpringApplicationRunListener的實現類並將其實例化,
       //以後逐個調用其started()方法,廣播SpringBoot要開始執行了
		SpringApplicationRunListeners listeners = getRunListeners(args);
		//發佈應用開始啓動事件
		listeners.starting();
		try {
		//初始化參數
			ApplicationArguments applicationArguments = new DefaultApplicationArguments(args);
			//建立並配置當前SpringBoot應用將要使用的Environment(包括配置要使用的PropertySource以及Profile),
        //並遍歷調用全部的SpringApplicationRunListener的environmentPrepared()方法,廣播Environment準備完畢。
			ConfigurableEnvironment environment = prepareEnvironment(listeners, applicationArguments);
			configureIgnoreBeanInfo(environment);
			//打印banner
			Banner printedBanner = printBanner(environment);
			//建立應用上下文
			context = createApplicationContext();
			//經過*SpringFactoriesLoader*檢索*META-INF/spring.factories*,獲取並實例化異常分析器
			exceptionReporters = getSpringFactoriesInstances(SpringBootExceptionReporter.class,
					new Class[] { ConfigurableApplicationContext.class }, context);
			//爲ApplicationContext加載environment,以後逐個執行ApplicationContextInitializer的initialize()方法來進一步封裝ApplicationContext,
        //並調用全部的SpringApplicationRunListener的contextPrepared()方法,【EventPublishingRunListener只提供了一個空的contextPrepared()方法】,
        //以後初始化IoC容器,並調用SpringApplicationRunListener的contextLoaded()方法,廣播ApplicationContext的IoC加載完成,
        //這裏就包括經過**@EnableAutoConfiguration**導入的各類自動配置類。
			prepareContext(context, environment, listeners, applicationArguments, printedBanner);
			//刷新上下文
			refreshContext(context);
			//再一次刷新上下文,實際上是空方法,多是爲了後續擴展。
			afterRefresh(context, applicationArguments);
			stopWatch.stop();
			if (this.logStartupInfo) {
				new StartupInfoLogger(this.mainApplicationClass).logStarted(getApplicationLog(), stopWatch);
			}
			//發佈應用已經啓動的事件
			listeners.started(context);
			//遍歷全部註冊的ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner,並執行其run()方法。
        //咱們能夠實現本身的ApplicationRunner或者CommandLineRunner,來對SpringBoot的啓動過程進行擴展。
			callRunners(context, applicationArguments);
		}
		catch (Throwable ex) {
			handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, listeners);
			throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
		}

		try {
		//應用已經啓動完成的監聽事件
			listeners.running(context);
		}
		catch (Throwable ex) {
			handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, null);
			throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
		}
		return context;
	}

其實這個方法咱們能夠簡單的總結下步驟爲 > 1. 配置屬性 > 2. 獲取監聽器,發佈應用開始啓動事件 > 3. 初始化輸入參數 > 4. 配置環境,輸出banner > 5. 建立上下文 > 6. 預處理上下文 > 7. 刷新上下文 > 8. 再刷新上下文 > 9. 發佈應用已經啓動事件 > 10. 發佈應用啓動完成事件tomcat

其實上面這段代碼,若是隻要分析tomcat內容的話,只須要關注兩個內容便可,上下文是如何建立的,上下文是如何刷新的,分別對應的方法就是createApplicationContext()refreshContext(context),接下來咱們來看看這兩個方法作了什麼。springboot

protected ConfigurableApplicationContext createApplicationContext() {
		Class<!--?--> contextClass = this.applicationContextClass;
		if (contextClass == null) {
			try {
				switch (this.webApplicationType) {
				case SERVLET:
					contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_SERVLET_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS);
					break;
				case REACTIVE:
					contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_REACTIVE_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS);
					break;
				default:
					contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_CONTEXT_CLASS);
				}
			}
			catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
				throw new IllegalStateException(
						"Unable create a default ApplicationContext, " + "please specify an ApplicationContextClass",
						ex);
			}
		}
		return (ConfigurableApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);
	}

這裏就是根據咱們的webApplicationType 來判斷建立哪一種類型的Servlet,代碼中分別對應着Web類型(SERVLET),響應式Web類型(REACTIVE),非Web類型(default),咱們創建的是Web類型,因此確定實例化 DEFAULT_SERVLET_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS指定的類,也就是AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext類,咱們來用圖來講明下這個類的關係app

經過這個類圖咱們能夠知道,這個類繼承的是ServletWebServerApplicationContext,這就是咱們真正的主角,而這個類最終是繼承了AbstractApplicationContext,瞭解完建立上下文的狀況後,咱們再來看看刷新上下文,相關代碼以下:less

//類:SpringApplication.java

private void refreshContext(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
    //直接調用刷新方法
		refresh(context);
		if (this.registerShutdownHook) {
			try {
				context.registerShutdownHook();
			}
			catch (AccessControlException ex) {
				// Not allowed in some environments.
			}
		}
	}
//類:SpringApplication.java

protected void refresh(ApplicationContext applicationContext) {
		Assert.isInstanceOf(AbstractApplicationContext.class, applicationContext);
		((AbstractApplicationContext) applicationContext).refresh();
	}

這裏仍是直接傳遞調用本類的refresh(context)方法,最後是強轉成父類AbstractApplicationContext調用其refresh()方法,該代碼以下:ide

// 類:AbstractApplicationContext	
public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {
		synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {
			// Prepare this context for refreshing.
			prepareRefresh();

			// Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.
			ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();

			// Prepare the bean factory for use in this context.
			prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);

			try {
				// Allows post-processing of the bean factory in context subclasses.
				postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);

				// Invoke factory processors registered as beans in the context.
				invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);

				// Register bean processors that intercept bean creation.
				registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);

				// Initialize message source for this context.
				initMessageSource();

				// Initialize event multicaster for this context.
				initApplicationEventMulticaster();

				// Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses.這裏的意思就是調用各個子類的onRefresh()
				onRefresh();

				// Check for listener beans and register them.
				registerListeners();

				// Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.
				finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);

				// Last step: publish corresponding event.
				finishRefresh();
			}

			catch (BeansException ex) {
				if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
					logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " +
							"cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex);
				}

				// Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources.
				destroyBeans();

				// Reset 'active' flag.
				cancelRefresh(ex);

				// Propagate exception to caller.
				throw ex;
			}

			finally {
				// Reset common introspection caches in Spring's core, since we
				// might not ever need metadata for singleton beans anymore...
				resetCommonCaches();
			}
		}
	}

這裏咱們看到onRefresh()方法是調用其子類的實現,根據咱們上文的分析,咱們這裏的子類是ServletWebServerApplicationContextpost

//類:ServletWebServerApplicationContext
protected void onRefresh() {
		super.onRefresh();
		try {
			createWebServer();
		}
		catch (Throwable ex) {
			throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start web server", ex);
		}
	}
	
private void createWebServer() {
		WebServer webServer = this.webServer;
		ServletContext servletContext = getServletContext();
		if (webServer == null &amp;&amp; servletContext == null) {
			ServletWebServerFactory factory = getWebServerFactory();
			this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer());
		}
		else if (servletContext != null) {
			try {
				getSelfInitializer().onStartup(servletContext);
			}
			catch (ServletException ex) {
				throw new ApplicationContextException("Cannot initialize servlet context", ex);
			}
		}
		initPropertySources();
	}

到這裏,其實廬山真面目已經出來了,createWebServer()就是啓動web服務,可是尚未真正啓動Tomcat,既然webServer是經過ServletWebServerFactory來獲取的,咱們就來看看這個工廠的真面目。學習

走進Tomcat內部

根據上圖咱們發現,工廠類是一個接口,各個具體服務的實現是由各個子類來實現的,因此咱們就去看看TomcatServletWebServerFactory.getWebServer()的實現。

@Override
	public WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers) {
		Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat();
		File baseDir = (this.baseDirectory != null) ? this.baseDirectory : createTempDir("tomcat");
		tomcat.setBaseDir(baseDir.getAbsolutePath());
		Connector connector = new Connector(this.protocol);
		tomcat.getService().addConnector(connector);
		customizeConnector(connector);
		tomcat.setConnector(connector);
		tomcat.getHost().setAutoDeploy(false);
		configureEngine(tomcat.getEngine());
		for (Connector additionalConnector : this.additionalTomcatConnectors) {
			tomcat.getService().addConnector(additionalConnector);
		}
		prepareContext(tomcat.getHost(), initializers);
		return getTomcatWebServer(tomcat);
	}

根據上面的代碼,咱們發現其主要作了兩件事情,第一件事就是把Connnctor(咱們稱之爲鏈接器)對象添加到Tomcat中,第二件事就是configureEngine,這鏈接器咱們勉強能理解(不理解後面會述說),那這個Engine是什麼呢?咱們查看tomcat.getEngine()的源碼:

public Engine getEngine() {
        Service service = getServer().findServices()[0];
        if (service.getContainer() != null) {
            return service.getContainer();
        }
        Engine engine = new StandardEngine();
        engine.setName( "Tomcat" );
        engine.setDefaultHost(hostname);
        engine.setRealm(createDefaultRealm());
        service.setContainer(engine);
        return engine;
    }

根據上面的源碼,咱們發現,原來這個Engine是容器,咱們繼續跟蹤源碼,找到Container接口

上圖中,咱們看到了4個子接口,分別是Engine,Host,Context,Wrapper。咱們從繼承關係上能夠知道他們都是容器,那麼他們到底有啥區別呢?我看看他們的註釋是怎麼說的。

/**
 If used, an Engine is always the top level Container in a Catalina
 * hierarchy. Therefore, the implementation's <code>setParent()</code> method
 * should throw <code>IllegalArgumentException</code>.
 *
 * @author Craig R. McClanahan
 */
public interface Engine extends Container {
    //省略代碼
}
/**
 * <p>
 * The parent Container attached to a Host is generally an Engine, but may
 * be some other implementation, or may be omitted if it is not necessary.
 * </p><p>
 * The child containers attached to a Host are generally implementations
 * of Context (representing an individual servlet context).
 *
 * @author Craig R. McClanahan
 */
public interface Host extends Container {
//省略代碼
    
}
/*** </p><p>
 * The parent Container attached to a Context is generally a Host, but may
 * be some other implementation, or may be omitted if it is not necessary.
 * </p><p>
 * The child containers attached to a Context are generally implementations
 * of Wrapper (representing individual servlet definitions).
 * </p><p>
 *
 * @author Craig R. McClanahan
 */
public interface Context extends Container, ContextBind {
    //省略代碼
}
/**</p><p>
 * The parent Container attached to a Wrapper will generally be an
 * implementation of Context, representing the servlet context (and
 * therefore the web application) within which this servlet executes.
 * </p><p>
 * Child Containers are not allowed on Wrapper implementations, so the
 * <code>addChild()</code> method should throw an
 * <code>IllegalArgumentException</code>.
 *
 * @author Craig R. McClanahan
 */
public interface Wrapper extends Container {

    //省略代碼
}

上面的註釋翻譯過來就是,Engine是最高級別的容器,其子容器是Host,Host的子容器是Context,WrapperContext的子容器,因此這4個容器的關係就是父子關係,也就是Engine>Host>Context>Wrapper。 咱們再看看Tomcat類的源碼:

//部分源碼,其他部分省略。
public class Tomcat {
//設置鏈接器
     public void setConnector(Connector connector) {
        Service service = getService();
        boolean found = false;
        for (Connector serviceConnector : service.findConnectors()) {
            if (connector == serviceConnector) {
                found = true;
            }
        }
        if (!found) {
            service.addConnector(connector);
        }
    }
    //獲取service
       public Service getService() {
        return getServer().findServices()[0];
    }
    //設置Host容器
     public void setHost(Host host) {
        Engine engine = getEngine();
        boolean found = false;
        for (Container engineHost : engine.findChildren()) {
            if (engineHost == host) {
                found = true;
            }
        }
        if (!found) {
            engine.addChild(host);
        }
    }
    //獲取Engine容器
     public Engine getEngine() {
        Service service = getServer().findServices()[0];
        if (service.getContainer() != null) {
            return service.getContainer();
        }
        Engine engine = new StandardEngine();
        engine.setName( "Tomcat" );
        engine.setDefaultHost(hostname);
        engine.setRealm(createDefaultRealm());
        service.setContainer(engine);
        return engine;
    }
    //獲取server
       public Server getServer() {

        if (server != null) {
            return server;
        }

        System.setProperty("catalina.useNaming", "false");

        server = new StandardServer();

        initBaseDir();

        // Set configuration source
        ConfigFileLoader.setSource(new CatalinaBaseConfigurationSource(new File(basedir), null));

        server.setPort( -1 );

        Service service = new StandardService();
        service.setName("Tomcat");
        server.addService(service);
        return server;
    }
    
    //添加Context容器
      public Context addContext(Host host, String contextPath, String contextName,
            String dir) {
        silence(host, contextName);
        Context ctx = createContext(host, contextPath);
        ctx.setName(contextName);
        ctx.setPath(contextPath);
        ctx.setDocBase(dir);
        ctx.addLifecycleListener(new FixContextListener());

        if (host == null) {
            getHost().addChild(ctx);
        } else {
            host.addChild(ctx);
        }
        
    //添加Wrapper容器
         public static Wrapper addServlet(Context ctx,
                                      String servletName,
                                      Servlet servlet) {
        // will do class for name and set init params
        Wrapper sw = new ExistingStandardWrapper(servlet);
        sw.setName(servletName);
        ctx.addChild(sw);

        return sw;
    }
    
}

閱讀TomcatgetServer()咱們能夠知道,Tomcat的最頂層是Server,Server就是Tomcat的實例,一個Tomcat一個Server;經過getEngine()咱們能夠了解到Server下面是Service,並且是多個,一個Service表明咱們部署的一個應用,並且咱們還能夠知道,Engine容器,一個service只有一個;根據父子關係,咱們看setHost()源碼能夠知道,host容器有多個;同理,咱們發現addContext()源碼下,Context也是多個;addServlet()代表Wrapper容器也是多個,並且這段代碼也暗示了,其實WrapperServlet是一層意思。另外咱們根據setConnector源碼能夠知道,鏈接器(Connector)是設置在service下的,並且是能夠設置多個鏈接器(Connector)。

根據上面分析,咱們能夠小結下: Tomcat主要包含了2個核心組件,鏈接器(Connector)和容器(Container),用圖表示以下:

一個Tomcat是一個Server,一個Server下有多個service,也就是咱們部署的多個應用,一個應用下有多個鏈接器(Connector)和一個容器(Container),容器下有多個子容器,關係用圖表示以下:

Engine下有多個Host子容器,Host下有多個Context子容器,Context下有多個Wrapper子容器。

總結

SpringBoot的啓動是經過new SpringApplication()實例來啓動的,啓動過程主要作以下幾件事情: > 1. 配置屬性 > 2. 獲取監聽器,發佈應用開始啓動事件 > 3. 初始化輸入參數 > 4. 配置環境,輸出banner > 5. 建立上下文 > 6. 預處理上下文 > 7. 刷新上下文 > 8. 再刷新上下文 > 9. 發佈應用已經啓動事件 > 10. 發佈應用啓動完成事件

而啓動Tomcat就是在第7步中「刷新上下文」;Tomcat的啓動主要是初始化2個核心組件,鏈接器(Connector)和容器(Container),一個Tomcat實例就是一個Server,一個Server包含多個Service,也就是多個應用程序,每一個Service包含多個鏈接器(Connetor)和一個容器(Container),而容器下又有多個子容器,按照父子關係分別爲:Engine,Host,Context,Wrapper,其中除了Engine外,其他的容器都是能夠有多個。

下期展望

本期文章經過SpringBoot的啓動來窺探了Tomcat的內部結構,下一期,咱們來分析下本次文章中的鏈接器(Connetor)和容器(Container)的做用,敬請期待。

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