以MHA方式實現Mysql的高可用

數據的重要性對於人們來講重要程度不說自明,在信息時代,數據有着比人們更大的力量,咱們也知道最近的斯諾登事件,軍事專家對於他掌握的數據給出的評價是,至關於美軍十個重裝甲師.node

數據庫的價值可見一斑,數據庫的存在爲人們提供了更快的查詢,那麼在一個web網站中如何作到數據庫的高可用,保證持續提供服務,下面的實驗是經過MHA的故障轉移來實現mysql

實現原理:MHA是由日本Mysql專家用Perl寫的一套Mysql故障切換方案以保障數據庫的高可用性,它的功能是能在0-30s以內實現主Mysql故障轉移(failover),linux

MHA故障轉移能夠很好的幫咱們解決從庫數據的一致性問題,同時最大化挽回故障發生後的數據。MHA裏有兩個角色一個是node節點 一個是manager節點,要實現這個MHA,必須最少要三臺數據庫服務器,一主多備,即一臺充當master,一臺充當master的備份機,另一臺是從屬機,這裏實驗爲了實現更好的效果使用四臺機器,須要說明的是一旦主服務器宕機,備份機即開始充當master提供服務,若是主服務器上線也不會再成爲master了,由於若是這樣數據庫的一致性就被改變了web

實驗環境:vmware 9.0 RHEL5.5sql

實驗所需軟件包:http://mysql-master-ha.googlecode.com/files/mha4mysql-node-0.52-0.noarch.rpmhttp://mysql-master-ha.googlecode.com/files/mha4mysql-manager-0.52-0.noarch.rpm數據庫

實驗大致步驟:服務器

1 首先要保證虛擬機可以上網這裏我在vmware裏添加了第二塊網卡 一塊專門用於四臺機器通訊,一塊配置上網app

2 關閉selinux和配置IP地址和本地yum源ssh

3 配置epel源ide

4 配置ssh公鑰免登陸環境

5 修改hostname

6 配置hosts文件

7 配置Mysql的主從同步關係並經過grant命令賦權

8 安裝node包

9 在管理機安裝manager包

10  編輯主配置文件

11 測試及排錯

12 啓動

驗拓撲圖以下:

1 在配置好IP地址後檢查selinux設置

2 在四臺機器都配置epel源 這裏我找了一個epel源

rpm –ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5Server/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm

3 創建ssh無密碼登陸環境

主Mysql

#ssh-keygen -t rsa

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.1 ----------------------爲何要在本機也要設置呢,由於manager節點安裝在這上面,如不設置在下面ssh檢查時會通不過

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.2

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.3

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.4

過程示意圖(因其過程都同樣,故只示範192.168.1.1)

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主備Mysql

#ssh-keygen -t rsa

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.1

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.3

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.4

從Mysql1

#ssh-keygen -t rsa

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.1

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.2

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.4

從Mysql2

#ssh-keygen -t rsa

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.1

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.2

#ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.1.3

測試ssh登陸

咱們在主Mysql上測試一下

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結果測試成功 進入下一步操做

4 接下來步驟就是修改hostname了

爲了保險起見 我想要從內存中和文件中修改,不重啓系統(內存中位置 /etc/sysconfig/network)

192.168.1.1 hostname爲mastersql

192.168.1.2 hostname爲backupsql

192.168.1.3 hostname爲slavesql1

192.168.1.4 hostname爲slavesql2

5 配置hosts文件

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配置好後分別拷貝到其餘三臺機器上

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6 配置mysql主從關係

在四臺系統經過yum安裝mysql

yum –y install mysql-server

在mastersql

vi /etc/my.cnf

在裏面添加2 3 4 行 定義id和二進制目錄

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在backupsql

vi /etc/my.cnf

在裏面添加2 3 4 5 6 7行

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在slavesql1

vi /etc/my.cnf 不一樣的是第三行中的代碼 其中意思是sql數據庫是隻讀的

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在slavesql2

vi /etc/my.cnf

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配置好後重啓下mysql服務從新加載配置文件

service mysqld restart

在mastersql中

mysql> GRANT replication slave ON *.* TO 'kyo'@'%' identified by '123';-------------------賦給用戶有關操做權限

mysql> flush privileges;

#mysqldump -A -x > /tmp/full.sql    
#scp /tmp/full.sql root@192.168.1.2:/tmp/

#scp /tmp/full.sql root@192.168.1.3:/tmp/

#scp /tmp/full.sql root@192.168.1.4:/tmp/

mysql> show master status;------------------記住position號碼(366)

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分別在backupsql、slavesql一、slavesql2中作以下操做,這裏以backupsql機爲例

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只要看到Slave_IO_Running Slave_SQL_Running都爲yes就能夠了

而後再就是賦權了,以前的一步賦權操做是權限是隻有replication,MHA會在配置文件裏要求能遠程登陸到數據庫,因此要進行必要的賦權

在四臺機器中都作以下操做

mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'mastersql' identified by '123';

mysql> flush privileges;

mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'backupsql' identified by '123';

mysql> flush privileges;

mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'slavesql1' identified by '123';

mysql> flush privileges;

mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'slavesql2' identified by '123';

mysql> flush privileges;

7 接下來就是開始正式安裝MHA了 先安裝節點包開始 四臺機器都要安裝!

yum install perl-DBD-MySQL -----------------MHA是perl編寫的軟件須要perl支持 以前yum安裝mysql已經安裝過了 若是沒安裝過須要安裝這個依賴

rpm -Uvh http://mysql-master-ha.googlecode.com/files/mha4mysql-node-0.52-0.noarch.rpm

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8 節點配置完畢就開始配置管理節點了

yum –y install perl-DBD-MySQL perl-Config-Tiny perl-Log-Dispatch perl-Parallel-ForkManager  -----------安裝依賴包

rpm -Uvh http://mysql-master-ha.googlecode.com/files/mha4mysql-manager-0.52-0.noarch.rpm

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管理節點安裝完畢後就應該去編輯主配文件了

vi /etc/app1.cnf     須要指出的是第二行第三行中以前提到的user和password是mysql中賦權的用戶

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檢查下SSH公鑰免密碼登陸

masterha_check_ssh --conf=/etc/app1.cnf

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以前的都看不到了 能夠看到最後檢測成功

再檢查下MySQL複製

masterha_check_repl --conf=/etc/app1.cnf---------------------因爲截圖過小 直接貼出檢測文字 能夠看出 最後檢測都成功(雖然有些警告信息,不用去管它)

[root@mastersql ~]# masterha_check_repl --conf=/etc/app1.cnf    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [warning] Global configuration file /etc/masterha_default.cnf not found. Skipping.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info] Reading application default configurations from /etc/app1.cnf..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info] Reading server configurations from /etc/app1.cnf..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info] MHA::MasterMonitor version 0.52.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info] Dead Servers:    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info] Alive Servers:    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]   192.168.1.1(192.168.1.1:3306)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]   192.168.1.2(192.168.1.2:3306)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]   192.168.1.3(192.168.1.3:3306)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]   192.168.1.4(192.168.1.4:3306)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info] Alive Slaves:    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]   192.168.1.2(192.168.1.2:3306)  Version=5.0.77-log (oldest major version between slaves) log-bin:enabled    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]     Replicating from 192.168.1.1(192.168.1.1:3306)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]     Primary candidate for the new Master (candidate_master is set)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]   192.168.1.3(192.168.1.3:3306)  Version=5.0.77-log (oldest major version between slaves) log-bin:enabled    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]     Replicating from 192.168.1.1(192.168.1.1:3306)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]     Not candidate for the new Master (no_master is set)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]   192.168.1.4(192.168.1.4:3306)  Version=5.0.77-log (oldest major version between slaves) log-bin:enabled    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]     Replicating from 192.168.1.1(192.168.1.1:3306)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]     Not candidate for the new Master (no_master is set)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info] Current Alive Master: 192.168.1.1(192.168.1.1:3306)    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info] Checking slave configurations..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [warning]  read_only=1 is not set on slave 192.168.1.2(192.168.1.2:3306).    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [warning]  relay_log_purge=0 is not set on slave 192.168.1.2(192.168.1.2:3306).    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [warning]  relay_log_purge=0 is not set on slave 192.168.1.3(192.168.1.3:3306).    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [warning]  relay_log_purge=0 is not set on slave 192.168.1.4(192.168.1.4:3306).    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info] Checking replication filtering settings..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]  binlog_do_db= , binlog_ignore_db=    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info]  Replication filtering check ok.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:33 2013 - [info] Starting SSH connection tests..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:36 2013 - [info] All SSH connection tests passed successfully.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:36 2013 - [info] Checking MHA Node version..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:36 2013 - [info]  Version check ok.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:36 2013 - [info] Checking SSH publickey authentication and checking recovery script configurations on the current master..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:36 2013 - [info]   Executing command: save_binary_logs --command=test --start_file=binlog.000003 --start_pos=4 --binlog_dir=/var/lib/mysql,/var/log/mysql --output_file=/var/log/masterha/app1/save_binary_logs_test --manager_version=0.52    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:36 2013 - [info]   Connecting to root@192.168.1.1(192.168.1.1)..    
 Creating /var/log/masterha/app1 if not exists..    ok.    
 Checking output directory is accessible or not..    
  ok.    
 Binlog found at /var/lib/mysql, up to binlog.000003    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info] Master setting check done.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info] Checking SSH publickey authentication and checking recovery script configurations on all alive slave servers..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info]   Executing command : apply_diff_relay_logs --command=test --slave_user=root --slave_host=192.168.1.2 --slave_ip=192.168.1.2 --slave_port=3306 --workdir=/var/log/masterha/app1 --target_version=5.0.77-log --manager_version=0.52 --relay_log_info=/var/lib/mysql/relay-log.info  --slave_pass=xxx    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info]   Connecting to root@192.168.1.2(192.168.1.2)..    
mysqlbinlog version is 3.2 (included in MySQL Client 5.0 or lower). This is not recommended. Consider upgrading MySQL Client to 5.1 or higher.    
 Checking slave recovery environment settings..    
   Opening /var/lib/mysql/relay-log.info ... ok.    
   Relay log found at /var/lib/mysql, up to mysql-relay-bin.000002    
   Temporary relay log file is /var/lib/mysql/mysql-relay-bin.000002    
   Testing mysql connection and privileges.. done.    
   Testing mysqlbinlog output.. done.    
   Cleaning up test file(s).. done.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info]   Executing command : apply_diff_relay_logs --command=test --slave_user=root --slave_host=192.168.1.3 --slave_ip=192.168.1.3 --slave_port=3306 --workdir=/var/log/masterha/app1 --target_version=5.0.77-log --manager_version=0.52 --relay_log_info=/var/lib/mysql/relay-log.info  --slave_pass=xxx    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info]   Connecting to root@192.168.1.3(192.168.1.3)..    
mysqlbinlog version is 3.2 (included in MySQL Client 5.0 or lower). This is not recommended. Consider upgrading MySQL Client to 5.1 or higher.    
 Checking slave recovery environment settings..    
   Opening /var/lib/mysql/relay-log.info ... ok.    
   Relay log found at /var/lib/mysql, up to mysql-relay-bin.000002    
   Temporary relay log file is /var/lib/mysql/mysql-relay-bin.000002    
   Testing mysql connection and privileges.. done.    
   Testing mysqlbinlog output.. done.    
   Cleaning up test file(s).. done.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info]   Executing command : apply_diff_relay_logs --command=test --slave_user=root --slave_host=192.168.1.4 --slave_ip=192.168.1.4 --slave_port=3306 --workdir=/var/log/masterha/app1 --target_version=5.0.77-log --manager_version=0.52 --relay_log_info=/var/lib/mysql/relay-log.info  --slave_pass=xxx    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info]   Connecting to root@192.168.1.4(192.168.1.4)..    
mysqlbinlog version is 3.2 (included in MySQL Client 5.0 or lower). This is not recommended. Consider upgrading MySQL Client to 5.1 or higher.    
Creating directory /var/log/masterha/app1.. done.    
 Checking slave recovery environment settings..    
   Opening /var/lib/mysql/relay-log.info ... ok.    
   Relay log found at /var/lib/mysql, up to mysql-relay-bin.000002    
   Temporary relay log file is /var/lib/mysql/mysql-relay-bin.000002    
   Testing mysql connection and privileges.. done.    
   Testing mysqlbinlog output.. done.    
   Cleaning up test file(s).. done.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info] Slaves settings check done.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info]    
192.168.1.1 (current master)    
+--192.168.1.2    
+--192.168.1.3    
+--192.168.1.4

Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info] Checking replication health on 192.168.1.2..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info]  ok.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info] Checking replication health on 192.168.1.3..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info]  ok.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info] Checking replication health on 192.168.1.4..    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info]  ok.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [warning] master_ip_failover_script is not defined.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [warning] shutdown_script is not defined.    
Mon Jul  1 02:08:37 2013 - [info] Got exit code 0 (Not master dead).

MySQL Replication Health is OK.

這時用虛擬機的話得要作個快照,由於下面咱們要進行兩個小實驗 這個實驗是不可逆的

開啓MHA進程

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這時咱們模擬主Mysql宕機,看看數據庫是否可以切換到備份機上

service mysqld stop

在從屬機中

mysql>show slave status \G

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mysql已經成功的切換到備份機上,這時我還注意到一個問題 就是這個切換過程不會當即切換,須要花費幾秒時間,也就是說數據在這個空檔是不能寫入的,這對於要求數據的查詢和寫入實時性要求較高的企業帶來了困難,如何解決這個問題,

經過keepalived實現虛擬IP 虛擬IP的地址隨着master地位的改變而漂移,這樣作的好處是實現數據庫的訪問經過一個IP來訪問

實驗原理已經明白 就是經過虛擬IP來管理master的狀態

在mastersql和backupsql中都安裝keepalived軟件

tar -zvxf keepalived-1\[1\].1.17.tar.gz

yum -y install  kernel-devel

ln -s /usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-164.el5-i686/ /usr/src/linux

cd keepalived-1.1.17/

yum –y install openssl-*  

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived

編譯後看到三個yes纔算成功 若是出現兩個yes或者一個應該要檢查下內核軟鏈接作對了沒有

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make

make install

cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/rc.d/init.d/keepalived /etc/init.d/

cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig/

mkdir -pv /etc/keepalived

cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/

ln -s /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived /sbin/

service keepalived restart

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注意 這裏若是下載的keepalived軟件包不同和kernel版本不同 不要盲目複製粘貼該用tab命令補全就補全

編輯mastersql的keepalived配置文件

vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 只編輯有效配置

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編輯backupsql的配置文件

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在mastersql上重啓keepalived服務後看ip addr

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能夠看到eth0上有了另一個IP 即虛擬IP

編輯腳本文件 大致意思是隻要檢測到mysql服務中止keepalived服務也中止 ,由於keepalived是經過組播方式告訴本網段本身還活着 當mysql服務中止後keepalived還依然運行 這時就須要中止keepalived讓另外一個主機得到虛擬IP,能夠在後臺運行這個腳本 也能夠在keepalived配置文件加入這個腳本

好 加入得了

mastersql上keepalived配置以下

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interval 2 是每間隔兩秒執行一次腳本 這個能夠本身調節

腳本文件放置路徑在/tmp/下 注意 這個也要被賦可執行權限!

cat /tmp/mysql.sh

開啓MHA進程masterha_manager --conf=/etc/app1.cnf

一切都作好了只等中止mysql服務了 中止下試試

在backupsql上看ip addr

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在另外一臺slavesql1上查看slave status

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成功切換到192.168.1.2 OK 實驗完成 至此經過腳本和虛擬IP地址實現了高效率的故障轉移 實現了mysql的真正的高可用!

最後感謝下隋老師對個人無私指導~_~

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