django 中的中間件(middleware),在django中,中間件其實就是一個類,在請求到來和結束後,html
django會根據本身的規則在合適的時機執行中間件中相應的方法。前端
在django項目的settings模塊中,有一個 MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES 變量,python
其中每個元素就是一箇中間件,數據庫
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', # 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', # 跨站請求僞造 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ]
以上方法的返回值能夠是None和HttpResonse對象,若是是None,則繼續按照django定義的規則向下執行,django
若是是HttpResonse對象,則直接將該對象返回給用戶。json
上面的流程圖可能有些亂,爲了解流程花的草圖;緩存
上面是Django 1.9版本的流程圖,到django 1.10就變了;session
變成了request在相對應的response中找。app
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class test1Middleware(object): def process_request(self, request): print('11111111') def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print('process_view1') def process_response(self, request, response): print('response 111111') return response def process_template_response(self, request, response): print('template1') return response def process_exception(self, request, exception): print('ex1') class test2Middleware(object): def process_request(self, request): #if request.META['REMOTE_ADDR'] in ['1.1.1.1','1.1.1.2']: # return HttpResponse('SB') # return HttpResponse('SB') print('22222') def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print('process_view2') def process_template_response(self, request, response): print('template2') return response def process_exception(self, request, exception): print('ex2') class test3Middleware(object): def process_request(self, request): print('33333') def process_response(self, request, response): print('response 33333') return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print('process_view3') def process_template_response(self, request, response): print('template3') return response def process_exception(self, request, exception): print('ex3') return HttpResponse('500')
一、建立中間件的類框架
class RequestExeute(object): def process_request(self,request): pass def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): i =1 pass def process_exception(self, request, exception): pass def process_response(self, request, response): return response
二、註冊中間件
MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = ( 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', 'wupeiqi.middleware.auth.RequestExeute', )
因爲Django是動態網站,通常來講須要實時地生成訪問的網頁,展現給訪問者,這樣內容能夠隨時變化,
可是從數據庫讀屢次把所須要的數據取出來,要比從內存或者硬盤中讀出來 付出的成本大不少。
最簡單解決方式是使用:緩存,緩存將一個某個views的返回值保存至內存或者Redis中,必定時間內再有人來訪問時,
則再也不去執行view中的操做,而是直接從內存或者Redis中以前緩存的內容拿到,並返回。
Django中提供6種緩存方式:
開發調試
內存
文件
數據庫
Memcache緩存(python-memcached模塊)
Memcache緩存(pylibmc模塊)
a、開發調試
# 此爲開始調試用,實際內部不作任何操做 # 配置: CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache', # 引擎 'TIMEOUT': 300, # 緩存超時時間(默認300,None表示永不過時,0表示當即過時) 'OPTIONS':{ 'MAX_ENTRIES': 300, # 最大緩存個數(默認300) 'CULL_FREQUENCY': 3, # 緩存到達最大個數以後,剔除緩存個數的比例,即:1/CULL_FREQUENCY(默認3) }, 'KEY_PREFIX': '', # 緩存key的前綴(默認空) 'VERSION': 1, # 緩存key的版本(默認1) 'KEY_FUNCTION' 函數名 # 生成key的函數(默認函數會生成爲:【前綴:版本:key】) } } # 自定義key def default_key_func(key, key_prefix, version): """ Default function to generate keys. Constructs the key used by all other methods. By default it prepends the `key_prefix'. KEY_FUNCTION can be used to specify an alternate function with custom key making behavior. """ return '%s:%s:%s' % (key_prefix, version, key) def get_key_func(key_func): """ Function to decide which key function to use. Defaults to ``default_key_func``. """ if key_func is not None: if callable(key_func): return key_func else: return import_string(key_func) return default_key_func
b、內存
# 此緩存將內容保存至內存的變量中 # 配置: CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache', 'LOCATION': 'unique-snowflake', } } # 注:其餘配置同開發調試版本
c、文件
# 此緩存將內容保存至文件 # 配置: CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache', 'LOCATION': '/var/tmp/django_cache', } } # 注:其餘配置同開發調試版本
d、數據庫
# 此緩存將內容保存至數據庫 # 配置: CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.db.DatabaseCache', 'LOCATION': 'my_cache_table', # 數據庫表 } } # 注:執行建立表命令 python manage.py createcachetable
e、Memcache緩存(python-memcached模塊)
# 此緩存使用python-memcached模塊鏈接memcache CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.MemcachedCache', 'LOCATION': '127.0.0.1:11211', } } CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.MemcachedCache', 'LOCATION': 'unix:/tmp/memcached.sock', } } CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.MemcachedCache', 'LOCATION': [ '172.19.26.240:11211', '172.19.26.242:11211', ] } }
f、Memcache緩存(pylibmc模塊)
# 此緩存使用pylibmc模塊鏈接memcache CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyLibMCCache', 'LOCATION': '127.0.0.1:11211', } } CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyLibMCCache', 'LOCATION': '/tmp/memcached.sock', } } CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyLibMCCache', 'LOCATION': [ '172.19.26.240:11211', '172.19.26.242:11211', ] } }
a. 全站使用
使用中間件,通過一系列的認證等操做,若是內容在緩存中存在,則使用FetchFromCacheMiddleware獲取內容並返回給用戶,
當返回給用戶以前,判斷緩存中是否已經存在,若是不存在則UpdateCacheMiddleware會將緩存保存至緩存,從而實現全站緩存 MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware', # 其餘中間件... 'django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware', ] CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS = "" CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS = "" CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX = ""
b. 單獨視圖緩存
方式一: from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page @cache_page(60 * 15) def my_view(request): ... 方式二: from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page urlpatterns = [ url(r'^foo/([0-9]{1,2})/$', cache_page(60 * 15)(my_view)), ]
示例:
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,HttpResponseRedirect import time # from django_nanian import pizza_done from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page class Response: def __init__(self, request, html, *args, **kwargs): self.request = request self.args = args self.html = html self.kwargs = kwargs def render(self, *args, **kwargs): return render(self.request, self.html, *self.args, **self.kwargs) # Create your views here. def index(request): print('views') return Response(request, 'index.html') @cache_page(10) # 使用裝飾器進行局部緩存,生效時間十秒 def cache1(request, page): t = time.time() return render(request, 'cache.html', {'t': t}) def cache2(request): t = time.time() # pizza_done.send(sender='cache2', toppings=1, size=3) return render(request, 'cache.html', {'t': t})
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {{ t }} </body> </html>
c、局部模板使用
在前端頁面
a. 引入TemplateTag {% load cache %} b. 使用緩存 {% cache 5000 緩存key %} 緩存內容 {% endcache %}
示例:
def cache3(request): # 局部視圖緩存 print(type(request)) t = time.time() from app01 import models print('before') # models.UserInfo.objects.create(name='test') print('after') # pizza_done.send(sender='cache3', toppings=123, size=456) return render(request, 'cache3.html', {'t': t})
{% load cache %} <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {{ t }} <hr /> {% cache 10 nnn %} {# 緩存十秒 #} {{ t }} {% endcache %} </body> </html>
Django中提供了「信號調度」,用於在框架執行操做時解耦。通俗來說,就是一些動做發生的時候,信號容許特定的發送者去提醒一些接受者。
Model signals pre_init # django的modal執行其構造方法前,自動觸發 post_init # django的modal執行其構造方法後,自動觸發 pre_save # django的modal對象保存前,自動觸發 post_save # django的modal對象保存後,自動觸發 pre_delete # django的modal對象刪除前,自動觸發 post_delete # django的modal對象刪除後,自動觸發 m2m_changed # django的modal中使用m2m字段操做第三張表(add,remove,clear)先後,自動觸發 class_prepared # 程序啓動時,檢測已註冊的app中modal類,對於每個類,自動觸發 Management signals pre_migrate # 執行migrate命令前,自動觸發 post_migrate # 執行migrate命令後,自動觸發 Request/response signals request_started # 請求到來前,自動觸發 request_finished # 請求結束後,自動觸發 got_request_exception # 請求異常後,自動觸發 Test signals setting_changed # 使用test測試修改配置文件時,自動觸發 template_rendered # 使用test測試渲染模板時,自動觸發 Database Wrappers connection_created # 建立數據庫鏈接時,自動觸發
對於Django內置的信號,僅需註冊指定信號,當程序執行相應操做時,自動觸發註冊函數:
from django.core.signals import request_finished from django.core.signals import request_started from django.core.signals import got_request_exception from django.db.models.signals import class_prepared from django.db.models.signals import pre_init, post_init from django.db.models.signals import pre_save, post_save from django.db.models.signals import pre_delete, post_delete from django.db.models.signals import m2m_changed from django.db.models.signals import pre_migrate, post_migrate from django.test.signals import setting_changed from django.test.signals import template_rendered from django.db.backends.signals import connection_created def callback(sender, **kwargs): print("xxoo_callback") print(sender,kwargs) xxoo.connect(callback) # xxoo指上述導入的內容
from django.core.signals import request_finished from django.dispatch import receiver @receiver(request_finished) def my_callback(sender, **kwargs): print("Request finished!")
a. 定義信號
import django.dispatch pizza_done = django.dispatch.Signal(providing_args=["toppings", "size"])
b. 註冊信號
def callback(sender, **kwargs): print("callback") print(sender,kwargs) pizza_done.connect(callback)
c. 觸發信號
from 路徑 import pizza_done pizza_done.send(sender='seven',toppings=123, size=456)
因爲內置信號的觸發者已經集成到Django中,因此其會自動調用,而對於自定義信號則須要開發者在任意位置觸發。
上傳文件
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action="/upload_file/" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="POST"> {% csrf_token %} <input type="file" name="fafafa" /> <input type="submit" value="提交" /> </form> </body> </html>
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. def upload_file(request): if request.method == "POST": # 以POST 的方式 file_name = request.FILES file_obj = file_name.get("file_name_1") # 獲取到封裝了文件操做的對象 f = open(file_obj.name, "wb") for line in file_obj.chunks(): # 循環取數據 f.write(line) f.close() return HttpResponse("上傳成功") else: return render(request, "upload.html")
關於Django中的序列化主要應用在將數據庫中檢索的數據返回給客戶端用戶,特別的Ajax請求通常返回的爲Json格式。
一、serializers
from django.core import serializers ret = models.BookType.objects.all() data = serializers.serialize("json", ret)
二、json.dumps
import json #ret = models.BookType.objects.all().values('caption') ret = models.BookType.objects.all().values_list('caption') ret=list(ret) result = json.dumps(ret)
因爲json.dumps時沒法處理datetime日期,因此能夠經過自定義處理器來作擴展,如:
import json from datetime import date from datetime import datetime class JsonCustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self, field): if isinstance(field, datetime): return o.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') elif isinstance(field, date): return o.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') else: return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, field)
更多詳見:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5246483.html