mysql 內鏈接左鏈接右鏈接外鏈接

時間 2019-11-21

標籤 mysql 鏈接欄目 MySQL 简体版

原文原文鏈接

mysql 內鏈接左鏈接右鏈接外鏈接

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | |
| NAME | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL | |
| AGE | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in sethtml

mysql> desc sc;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| SID | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| CID | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| SCORE | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in setmysql

mysql> select * from student;
+-------+----------+-----+
| ID | NAME | AGE |
+-------+----------+-----+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 |
| 10002 | Bill | 27 |
| 10003 | Caroline | 34 |
| 10004 | David | 46 |
+-------+----------+-----+
4 rows in setsql

mysql> select * from sc;
+----+-------+-----+-------+
| ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+----+-------+-----+-------+
| 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
| 2 | 10001 | 102 | 67 |
| 3 | 10008 | 103 | 100 |
+----+-------+-----+-------+
3 rows in set
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
內鏈接
mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student inner join sc on student.id = sc.sid;
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 2 | 10001 | 102 | 67 |
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
2 rows in setpost

內鏈接等價於咱們平時的天然鏈接，也就是：
mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student,sc where student.id = sc.sid;
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 2 | 10001 | 102 | 67 |
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
2 rows in seturl

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
左鏈接
考慮下面的需求，我想列出全部學生對應的成績，一個學生可能多個成績，也可能沒有成績。有多個成績把多個成績列出來，沒有成績的話，成績這些字段的值使用NULL填充。怎麼解決這個問題？
使用左鏈接，student表 left join sc表，以下：
mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on student.id = sc.sid;
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 2 | 10001 | 102 | 67 |
| 10002 | Bill | 27 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 10003 | Caroline | 34 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 10004 | David | 46 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
5 rows in setserver

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
右鏈接
考慮下面的需求，我想列出全部成績對應的學生，一個成績有對應的學生，也可能沒有對應的學生，好比這個學生開除了。有學生就把學生列出來，沒有學生的話，學生這些字段的值使用NULL填充。怎麼解決這個問題？
使用右鏈接，student表 right join sc表，以下：
mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student right join sc on student.id = sc.sid;
+-------+------+------+----+-------+-----+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+------+------+----+-------+-----+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 2 | 10001 | 102 | 67 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 10008 | 103 | 100 |
+-------+------+------+----+-------+-----+-------+
3 rows in sethtm

根據對稱性，A left join B 等價於 B right join A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
外鏈接
左鏈接也叫左外鏈接（同理右鏈接），這裏的外鏈接也叫全外鏈接。
考慮下面的需求，我想列出全部學生對應的全部成績，這裏存在學生可能沒有成績，成績也可能沒有對應的學生，沒有的話，也要列出來，這些字段的值使用NULL填充。
目前，mysql不支持外鏈接，解決辦法是使用union組合查詢，把左鏈接和右鏈接的結果合併。以下：
mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on student.id = sc.sid union select student.*, sc.* from student right join sc on student.id = sc.sid;
+-------+----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 2 | 10001 | 102 | 67 |
| 10002 | Bill | 27 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 10003 | Caroline | 34 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 10004 | David | 46 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 10008 | 103 | 100 |
+-------+----------+------+------+-------+------+-------+
6 rows in setblog

注意：這裏的union自動去除了重複行，若是不想去除重複行，使用union allci

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
還有一點須要注意：就是on 以後的條件，以下：
mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on student.id = sc.sid;
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 2 | 10001 | 102 | 67 |
| 10002 | Bill | 27 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 10003 | Caroline | 34 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 10004 | David | 46 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
5 rows in setrem

mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on student.id = sc.sid and sc.cid=101;
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
| 10002 | Bill | 27 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 10003 | Caroline | 34 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 10004 | David | 46 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
4 rows in set

mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on student.id = sc.sid where sc.cid=101;
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
1 row in set

這裏看出第二個查詢和第三個查詢的區別，換一種寫法就很清楚了。
mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on (student.id = sc.sid and sc.cid=101);
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
| 10002 | Bill | 27 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 10003 | Caroline | 34 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 10004 | David | 46 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+
4 rows in set

mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on (student.id = sc.sid) where sc.cid=101;
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
1 row in set

mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on (student.id = sc.sid where sc.cid=101);
1064 - You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'where sc.cid=101)' at line 1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on (student.id = sc.sid and sc.cid=101); 至關於：
一、內部鏈接
mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student inner join sc on student.id = sc.sid;
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 |
| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 2 | 10001 | 102 | 67 |
+-------+------+-----+----+-------+-----+-------+
2 rows in set
二、選擇出sc.cid=101，再進行左鏈接，沒有成績的使用NULL填充

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on (student.id = sc.sid) where sc.cid=101; 至關於：一、左鏈接mysql> select student.*, sc.* from student left join sc on student.id = sc.sid;+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+| ID | NAME | AGE | ID | SID | CID | SCORE |+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+| 10001 | Andy | 26 | 1 | 10001 | 101 | 78 || 10001 | Andy | 26 | 2 | 10001 | 102 | 67 || 10002 | Bill | 27 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL || 10003 | Caroline | 34 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL || 10004 | David | 46 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |+-------+----------+-----+------+-------+------+-------+5 rows in set二、再選出 sc.cid=101