生活中的日誌是記錄你生活的點點滴滴,讓它把你心裏的世界表露出來,更好的詮釋本身的心裏世界,而電腦裏的日誌能夠是有價值的信息寶庫,也能夠是毫無價值的數據泥潭。 |
爲了讓本身的思路更加清晰,下面我都會稱日誌爲 log。由於日誌這個詞有兩種含義。php
日記的另外一種說法。「志」字自己爲「記錄」的意思,日誌就爲每日的記錄(一般是跟做者有關的)。html
服務器日誌(server log),記錄服務器等電腦設備或軟件的運做。linux
咱們這裏說的固然是服務器日誌,也就是 server log 。nginx
通常寫入 log 都會遵循如下步驟:程序員
int fd = open(path) write(fd, sign_append) fclose(fd)
解釋一下上面的代碼:服務器
int fd = open(path)
會經過系統調用打開一個文件描述符,或者在其餘語言中也能夠稱做資源描述符,資源類型,或句柄。app
write(fd, append = 1)
write 系統調用,並加上 append 標誌,會執行 seek 和 write 兩個系統調用,可是這種系統調用是原子性的。框架
原子性意味着 seek 和 write 會同時執行,不會有兩個線程產生交叉,必須 a 線程執行完 seek 和 write ,b 線程才能繼續執行(這裏說線程,是由於線程纔是 cpu 調度的基本單位)。socket
因此在 nginx 中,咱們加上 append 標誌,就不用對線程上鎖了。函數
fclose(fd)
關閉描述符。
linux 通常對打開的文件描述符有一個最大數量的限制,若是不關閉描述符,頗有可能形成大 bug。
$ ulimit -a core file size (blocks, -c) 0 data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited scheduling priority (-e) 0 file size (blocks, -f) unlimited pending signals (-i) 15732 max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64 max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited open files (-n) 1024 pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8 POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200 real-time priority (-r) 0 stack size (kbytes, -s) 8192 cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited max user processes (-u) 15732 virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited file locks (-x) unlimited
因此,若是是系統調用,那麼 append 不用加鎖。
爲何 php 語言寫日誌時用了 append 也要加鎖?
若是根據上面的說法,我們能夠設置好 write 的 append 標誌,而後就能夠睡大覺去了,文件永遠不會衝突。
可是(通常都有個可是)你去看 php 的框架中都會在 file_put_contents 的 append 以前加鎖。
因而,懷疑是由於 file_put_contents 的底層實現沒有實現原子性。
跟進源碼(非 php 程序員或者對 php 底層源碼無興趣的能夠跳過了):
// file.c /* {{{ proto int|false file_put_contents(string file, mixed data [, int flags [, resource context]]) Write/Create a file with contents data and return the number of bytes written */ PHP_FUNCTION(file_put_contents) { ... case IS_STRING: if (Z_STRLEN_P(data)) { numbytes = php_stream_write(stream, Z_STRVAL_P(data), Z_STRLEN_P(data)); if (numbytes != Z_STRLEN_P(data)) { php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Only %zd of %zd bytes written, possibly out of free disk space", numbytes, Z_STRLEN_P(data)); numbytes = -1; } } break; ... } // php_streams.h PHPAPI ssize_t _php_stream_write(php_stream *stream, const char *buf, size_t count); #define php_stream_write_string(stream, str) _php_stream_write(stream, str, strlen(str)) #define php_stream_write(stream, buf, count) _php_stream_write(stream, (buf), (count)) // streams.c PHPAPI ssize_t _php_stream_write(php_stream *stream, const char *buf, size_t count) { ... if (stream->writefilters.head) { bytes = _php_stream_write_filtered(stream, buf, count, PSFS_FLAG_NORMAL); } else { bytes = _php_stream_write_buffer(stream, buf, count); } if (bytes) { stream->flags |= PHP_STREAM_FLAG_WAS_WRITTEN; } return bytes; } /* Writes a buffer directly to a stream, using multiple of the chunk size */ static ssize_t _php_stream_write_buffer(php_stream *stream, const char *buf, size_t count){ ... while (count > 0) { ssize_t justwrote = stream->ops->write(stream, buf, count); if (justwrote <= 0) { /* If we already successfully wrote some bytes and a write error occurred * later, report the successfully written bytes. */ if (didwrite == 0) { return justwrote; } return didwrite; } buf += justwrote; count -= justwrote; didwrite += justwrote; /* Only screw with the buffer if we can seek, otherwise we lose data * buffered from fifos and sockets */ if (stream->ops->seek && (stream->flags & PHP_STREAM_FLAG_NO_SEEK) == 0) { stream->position += justwrote; } } } // php_streams.h /* operations on streams that are file-handles */ typedef struct _php_stream_ops { /* stdio like functions - these are mandatory! */ ssize_t (*write)(php_stream *stream, const char *buf, size_t count); ssize_t (*read)(php_stream *stream, char *buf, size_t count); int (*close)(php_stream *stream, int close_handle); int (*flush)(php_stream *stream); const char *label; /* label for this ops structure */ /* these are optional */ int (*seek)(php_stream *stream, zend_off_t offset, int whence, zend_off_t *newoffset); int (*cast)(php_stream *stream, int castas, void **ret); int (*stat)(php_stream *stream, php_stream_statbuf *ssb); int (*set_option)(php_stream *stream, int option, int value, void *ptrparam); } php_stream_ops; // plain_wrapper.c static ssize_t php_stdiop_write(php_stream *stream, const char *buf, size_t count) { php_stdio_stream_data *data = (php_stdio_stream_data*)stream->abstract; assert(data != NULL); if (data->fd >= 0) { #ifdef PHP_WIN32 ssize_t bytes_written; if (ZEND_SIZE_T_UINT_OVFL(count)) { count = UINT_MAX; } bytes_written = _write(data->fd, buf, (unsigned int)count); #else ssize_t bytes_written = write(data->fd, buf, count); #endif if (bytes_written < 0) { if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) { return 0; } if (errno == EINTR) { /* TODO: Should this be treated as a proper error or not? */ return bytes_written; } php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "write of %zu bytes failed with errno=%d %s", count, errno, strerror(errno)); } return bytes_written; } else { #if HAVE_FLUSHIO if (data->is_seekable && data->last_op == 'r') { zend_fseek(data->file, 0, SEEK_CUR); } data->last_op = 'w'; #endif return (ssize_t) fwrite(buf, 1, count, data->file); } }
這個函數最終調用的是函數 php_stdiop_write
函數 _php_stream_write_buffer 中會將字符串分紅多個 chunksize ,每一個 chunksize 爲 8192 (8K) 字節,分別進行 write。
若是不加鎖,那麼超過 8192 字節以後,多個進程寫日誌就會出現混亂。
並且,php 文檔也說明了: