Flask學習

flask簡介

Flask是一個基於Python開發而且依賴jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服務的一個微型框架,對於Werkzeug本質是Socket服務端,其用於接收http請求並對請求進行預處理,而後觸發Flask框架,開發人員基於Flask框架提供的功能對請求進行相應的處理,並返回給用戶,若是要返回給用戶複雜的內容時,須要藉助jinja2模板來實現對模板的處理,即:將模板和數據進行渲染,將渲染後的字符串返回給用戶瀏覽器。html

「微」(micro) 並不表示你須要把整個 Web 應用塞進單個 Python 文件(雖然確實能夠 ),也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的「微」意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心簡單而易於擴展。Flask 不會替你作出太多決策——好比使用何種數據庫。而那些 Flask 所選擇的——好比使用何種模板引擎——則很容易替換。除此以外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此,Flask 能夠與您珠聯璧合。前端

默認狀況下,Flask 不包含數據庫抽象層、表單驗證,或是其它任何已有多種庫能夠勝任的功能。然而,Flask 支持用擴展來給應用添加這些功能,如同是 Flask 自己實現的同樣。衆多的擴展提供了數據庫集成、表單驗證、上傳處理、各類各樣的開放認證技術等功能。Flask 也許是「微小」的,但它已準備好在需求繁雜的生產環境中投入使用。python

flask的安裝
mac python3.
5 -m pip install flask windows cmd 命令行 pip install flask

Flask依賴一個實現了WSGI(Web服務網關接口)協議的模塊:werkzeugmysql

from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response

@Request.application
def hello(request):
    return Response('Hello World!')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
    run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)
werkzeug

框架依賴於這個協議,協議不依賴與框架,也就是說,框架不能本身作請求和轉發,而這個協議能夠本身作個簡單的請求轉發,由於它自己就是作這個正則表達式

flask使用

1. 基本使用redis

from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
 
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
    return 'Hello World!'
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

經過源碼來解釋一下各個步驟作了些什麼事情sql

from flask import Flask

# 實例化Flask對象
app = Flask(__name__)


# 生成路由關係,並把關係保存到某個地方,app對象的 url_map字段中
@app.route('/xxxx')  # @decorator == decorator(index) == decorator(f) == f == index  == app.add_url_rule('/xxx', "n1", index)
def index():
    return "Index"

# 本質就是將rule封裝成對象添加到map中去

# rule = self.url_rule_class(rule, methods=methods, **options)  url 函數 將路由關係封裝成一個對象 rule
# self.url_map.add(rule)  將路由關係添加到列表裏面
# class Rule(RuleFactory):
# url_map = Map([
#                 Rule('/all/', defaults={'page': 1}, endpoint='all_entries'),
#                 Rule('/all/page/<int:page>', endpoint='all_entries')
#             ])  url 視圖函數  對應了


# def index():
#     return "Index"
# app.add_url_rule('/xxx', "n1", index)  第二種方法  n1 反向url name   index 函數名

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 啓動程序,監聽用戶請求
    # 一旦請求到來,執行 app.__call__方法
    # 封裝用戶請求
    # 進行路由匹配
    app.run()
源碼介紹
2. 配置文件
from flask import Flask, session, current_app
# current_app 就是app這個對象

# 建立配置
app = Flask(__name__)

app.secret_key = 'sdfsdfsdf'

# 方式一:
# app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_NAME'] = 'session_lvning'  #
# 方式二:
# app.config.from_pyfile('settings.py')
# print(app.config['NNN'])
# 方式三:變量
import os
# os.environ['FLAKS-SETTINGS'] = 'settings.py'
# app.config.from_envvar('FLAKS-SETTINGS')
# print(app.config['NNN'])
# 方式四:類
# app.config.from_object('settings.DevConfig')
# print(app.config['NNN'])

@app.route('/index', endpoint='xx')
def index():
    return "xxx"

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
run.py
NNN = 123                        # 其餘引入方式

class BaseConfig(object):        # 公用
    DB = '120.0.1.11'


class TestConfig(BaseConfig):    # 測試用
    DB = '127.0.0.1'


class DevConfig(BaseConfig):
    DB = '192.168.1.1'


class ProConfig(BaseConfig):
    DB = '47.18.1.1'
settings.py
 
flask中的配置文件是一個flask.config.Config對象(繼承字典),默認配置爲:
    {
        'DEBUG':                                get_debug_flag(default=False),  是否開啓Debug模式
        'TESTING':                              False,                          是否開啓測試模式
        'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS':                 None,                          
        'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION':        None,
        'SECRET_KEY':                           None,
        'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31),
        'USE_X_SENDFILE':                       False,
        'LOGGER_NAME':                          None,
        'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY':               'always',
        'SERVER_NAME':                          None,
        'APPLICATION_ROOT':                     None,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME':                  'session',
        'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN':                None,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH':                  None,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY':              True,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE':                False,
        'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST':         True,
        'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH':                   None,
        'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT':            timedelta(hours=12),
        'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS':              False,
        'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS':                 False,
        'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING':             False,
        'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME':                 'http',
        'JSON_AS_ASCII':                        True,
        'JSON_SORT_KEYS':                       True,
        'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR':          True,
        'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE':                     'application/json',
        'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD':                None,
    }
 
方式一:
    app.config['DEBUG'] = True
 
    PS: 因爲Config對象本質上是字典,因此還可使用app.config.update(...)
 
方式二:
    app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名稱")
        如:
            settings.py
                DEBUG = True
 
            app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")
 
    app.config.from_envvar("環境變量名稱")
        環境變量的值爲python文件名稱名稱,內部調用from_pyfile方法
 
 
    app.config.from_json("json文件名稱")
        JSON文件名稱,必須是json格式,由於內部會執行json.loads
 
    app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG':True})
        字典格式
 
    app.config.from_object("python類或類的路徑")
 
        app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')
 
        settings.py
 
            class Config(object):
                DEBUG = False
                TESTING = False
                DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
 
            class ProductionConfig(Config):
                DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
 
            class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
                DEBUG = True
 
            class TestingConfig(Config):
                TESTING = True
 
        PS: 從sys.path中已經存在路徑開始寫
     
 
    PS: settings.py文件默認路徑要放在程序root_path目錄,若是instance_relative_config爲True,則就是instance_path目錄
配置文件

3. 路由系統數據庫

  • @app.route('/user/<username>')
  • @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
  • @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
  • @app.route('/post/<path:path>')
  • @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])

 經常使用路由系統有以上五種,全部的路由系統都是基於一下對應關係來處理:django

DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
    'default':          UnicodeConverter,
    'string':           UnicodeConverter,
    'any':              AnyConverter,
    'path':             PathConverter,
    'int':              IntegerConverter,
    'float':            FloatConverter,
    'uuid':             UUIDConverter,
}
def auth(func):
            def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                print('before')
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                print('after')
                return result

        return inner

        @app.route('/index.html',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index')
        @auth
        def index():
            return 'Index'def index():
            return "Index"

        self.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
        or
        app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
        app.view_functions['index'] = index


        或
        def auth(func):
            def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                print('before')
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                print('after')
                return result

        return inner

        class IndexView(views.View):
            methods = ['GET']
            decorators = [auth, ]

            def dispatch_request(self):
                print('Index')
                return 'Index!'

        app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint
class IndexView(views.MethodView):
            methods = ['GET']
            decorators = [auth, ]

            def get(self):
                return 'Index.GET'

            def post(self):
                return 'Index.POST'


        app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint




        @app.route和app.add_url_rule參數:
            rule,                       URL規則
            view_func,                  視圖函數名稱
            defaults=None,              默認值,當URL中無參數,函數須要參數時,使用defaults={'k':'v'}爲函數提供參數
            endpoint=None,              名稱,用於反向生成URL,即: url_for('名稱')
            methods=None,               容許的請求方式,如:["GET","POST"]
            

            strict_slashes=None,        對URL最後的 / 符號是否嚴格要求,
                                        如:
                                            @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False),
                                                訪問 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index都可
                                            @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True)
                                                僅訪問 http://www.xx.com/index 
            redirect_to=None,           重定向到指定地址
                                        如:
                                            @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>')
                                            或
                                            def func(adapter, nid):
                                                return "/home/888"
                                            @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func)
            subdomain=None,             子域名訪問
                                                from flask import Flask, views, url_for

                                                app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
                                                app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'


                                                @app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
                                                def static_index():
                                                    """Flask supports static subdomains
                                                    This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
                                                    return "static.your-domain.tld"


                                                @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>")
                                                def username_index(username):
                                                    """Dynamic subdomains are also supported
                                                    Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
                                                    return username + ".your-domain.tld"


                                                if __name__ == '__main__':
                                                    app.run()
        
註冊路由原理
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, session, url_for

app = Flask(__name__)
# app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'bjg.com:5000'  子域名用

# @app.route('/index/<int:nid>',methods=['GET',"POST"])
# def index(nid):   # URL傳參,指定數據類型
#     return "xxxx"

# @app.route('/index/<int:nid>',methods=['GET',"POST"],defaults={'cid':777},)
# # URL傳參,默認值
# def index(nid,cid):
#     print(nid,cid)
#     return 'xxxx'

# @app.route('/index/<int:nid>',methods=['GET',"POST"],endpoint='fff')
# 反向生成URL
# def index(nid):
#     v = url_for('fff',nid=888)   # /index/888
#     print(v)
#     return 'xxxx'


# /old ---> /new
# 重定向
# @app.route('/old',redirect_to='/new')
# def old():
#     return "Old"

# /new
# @app.route('/new')
# def new():
#     return 'New'


# admin.bjg.com:5000/index  子域名訪問,須要HOST文件,有該域名和IP的對應關係,
# 還須要配置,app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'bjg.com:5000',根域名
# @app.route("/index", subdomain="admin")
# def admin_index():
#     return "admin.bjg.com"

# @app.route("/index",subdomain='www')
# def index():
#     return "www.bjg.com"

# 動態 子域名
# @app.route("/index", subdomain='<xxxxx>')
# def index(xxxxx):
#     return "%s.bjg.com" % (xxxxx,)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
路由經常使用規則
from flask import Flask, url_for

app = Flask(__name__)

# 定義轉換的類
from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter


class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
    """
    自定義URL匹配正則表達式
    """

    def __init__(self, map, regex):
        super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
        self.regex = regex

    def to_python(self, value):
        """
        路由匹配時,匹配成功後傳遞給視圖函數中參數的值
        :param value: 
        :return: 
        """
        return int(value)

    def to_url(self, value):
        """
        使用url_for反向生成URL時,傳遞的參數通過該方法處理,返回的值用於生成URL中的參數
        :param value: 
        :return: 
        """
        val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
        return val


# 添加到converts中
app.url_map.converters['xxx'] = RegexConverter


# 進行使用
@app.route('/index/<xxx("\d+"):nid>', endpoint='xx')  # 請求來了首先走這裏,而後會走本身定義的類執行to_python方法,轉化格式
def index(nid):
    url_for('xx', nid=123)
    return "Index"


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
自定製路由匹配規則

強插一個視圖模式json

from flask import Flask, url_for, views

app = Flask(__name__)


# FBV
# @app.route('/index',endpoint='xx')
# def index(nid):
#     url_for('xx',nid=123)
#     return "Index"
#
# app.add_url_rule('/index',index)


# CBV
def auth(func):
    def inner(*args, **kwargs):
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        return result

    return inner


class IndexView(views.MethodView):
    # methods = ['POST']    # 限定類裏面能夠走哪些方法,若是打開,也就說沒有GET請求了

    decorators = [auth, ]   # 每一個請求來的時候都會先走裏面的AUTH方法

    def get(self):
        v = url_for('index')   # 反向生成
        print(v)
        return "GET"

    def post(self):
        return "GET"


app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) # name='index' 就是 endpoint

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
fbv&cbv

cbv不能用裝飾器內種添加關係,只能用add_url_rule的方式

4. 模版

一、模板的使用

Flask使用的是Jinja2模板,因此其語法和Django無差異

from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, session

app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates', 模版目錄,默認static_url_path='/xxxxxx')
print(app.root_path)  # 根目錄  拼接模版,默認

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', "POST"])  
def login():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render_template('login.html')
    else:
        user = request.form.get('user')
        pwd = request.form.get('pwd')
        if user == 'alex' and pwd == '123':
            session['user_info'] = user 
            return redirect('/index')
        else:
            return render_template('login.html', msg='用戶名或密碼錯誤')
           

@app.route('/index', methods=['GET'])
def index():
    if not session.get('user_info'):
        return redirect('/login')
    return "歡迎登陸"


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
默認模版目錄

二、自定義模板方法

Flask中自定義模板方法的方式和Bottle類似,建立一個函數並經過參數的形式傳入render_template,如:

from flask import Flask, url_for, request, redirect, render_template, jsonify, make_response, Markup
from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote, unquote

app = Flask(__name__)


def test(a1, a2):               # 自定義標籤
    return a1 + a2

@app.template_global()          # 全局標籤
def sb(a1, a2):
    return a1 + a2 + 100


@app.template_filter()          # 全局過濾器
def db(a1, a2, a3):
    return a1 + a2 + a3


@app.route('/index', endpoint='xx')
def index():
    v1 = "字符串"
    v2 = [11, 22, 33]           # 前端循環跟DJANGO同樣
    v3 = {'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}   # 循環須要加入(),相似PYTHON了
    v4 = Markup("<input type='text' />")  # 安全,前端也可使用SAFE過濾器
    return render_template('index.html', v1=v1, v2=v2, v3=v3, v4=v4, test=test)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # app.__call__
    app.run()
run.py
//繼承模版
{% extends 'layout.html'%}

{%block body %}
    
//字符串
{{v1}}

// 列表
<ul>
    {% for item in v2 %}
    <li>{{item}}</li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>
{{v2.1}}

//字典取值
<ul>
    {% for k,v in v3.items() %}
    <li>{{k}} {{v}}</li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>
{{v3.k1}}
{{v3.get('k1')}}

    
 // 安全,MARKUP
{{v4}}
<!--{{v4|safe}}-->
    
// 標籤
<h1>{{test(1,19)}}</h1>

// 自定義全局標籤
{{sb(1,2)}}
    
// 自定義全局過濾器
{{ 1|db(2,3)}}

// 宏概念,建立多個INPUT框,瞭解便可,由於咱們能夠用循環來建立
{% macro xxxx(name, type='text', value='') %}
<input type="{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}">
<input type="{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}">
<input type="{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}">
<input type="{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}">
{% endmacro %}
{{ xxxx('n1') }}


{%endblock%}
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>模板</h1>
    {%block body %} {%endblock%}

</body>
</html>
base.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>


    {% macro input(name, type='text', value='') %}
        <input type="{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}">
    {% endmacro %}

    {{ input('n1') }}

    {% include 'tp.html' %}

    <h1>asdf{{ v.k1}}</h1>
</body>
</html>
include

注意:Markup等價django的mark_safe

5. 請求與響應

from flask import Flask, url_for, request, redirect, render_template, jsonify, make_response
from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote, unquote

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/index',methods=['get','post'])
def index():
    #### 請求
    from werkzeug.datastructures import ImmutableMultiDict
    get_data = request.args             # 請求信息 ImmutableMultiDict([('b', '2'), ('a', '1')])

    print(request.query_string)         # 請求信息 {'a': '1', 'b': '2'}

    get_dict = get_data.to_dict()       # 轉爲字典 {'b': '2', 'a': '1'}

    get_dict['xx'] = '18'               # 添加鍵值對 {'b': '2', 'a': '1', 'xx': '18'}

    url = urlencode(get_dict)           # 成字符串 b=2&a=1&xx=18


    val = "%E6%88%91%E6%98%AF%E8%B0%81"  # 請求數據是中文的時候,會進行轉碼
    print(unquote(val))                  # 轉成字符換 我是誰
    pu = '我是誰'
    print(quote(pu))                     # %E6%88%91%E6%98%AF%E8%B0%81


    ##### 響應
    # return "Index"                        # 字符串
    # return redirect()                     # 重定向
    # return render_template()              # 模版返回
    # return jsonify(name='alex',age='18')  # 返回以下
    # {
    #   "age": "18",
    #   "name": "alex"
    # }


    response = make_response('xxxxx')     # 返回XXXXX字符產
    response.headers['xxx'] = '123123'    # 響應頭裏面有XXX=12121字段
    return response                       # 返回這個RESPONS,封裝了多個信息


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # app.__call__
    app.run()
請求響應經常使用用法
from flask import Flask
    from flask import request
    from flask import render_template
    from flask import redirect
    from flask import make_response

    app = Flask(__name__)


    @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
    def login():

        # 請求相關信息
        # request.method
        # request.args
        # request.form
        # request.values
        # request.cookies
        # request.headers
        # request.path
        # request.full_path
        # request.script_root
        # request.url
        # request.base_url
        # request.url_root
        # request.host_url
        # request.host
        # request.files
        # obj = request.files['the_file_name']
        # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))

        # 響應相關信息
        # return "字符串"
        # return render_template('html模板路徑',**{})
        # return redirect('/index.html')

        # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
        # response是flask.wrappers.Response類型
        # response.delete_cookie('key')
        # response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
        # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
        # return response


        return "內容"

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
其餘用法

6. session

除請求對象以外,還有一個 session 對象。它容許你在不一樣請求間存儲特定用戶的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基礎上實現的,而且對 Cookies 進行密鑰簽名要使用會話,你須要設置一個密鑰。

  • 設置:session['username'] = 'xxx'

  • 刪除:session.pop('username', None) 
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, session

app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates', static_url_path='/xxxxxx')

app.secret_key = "sdfasdfasdf3fsdf" # 由於用了sessino,就須要給瀏覽器發送個隨機字符串,加鹽的部分

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', "POST"])  
def login():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render_template('login.html')
    else:
        user = request.form.get('user')
        pwd = request.form.get('pwd')
        if user == 'alex' and pwd == '123':
            session['user_info'] = user # 沒有放在數據庫,是放在瀏覽器裏面了,加鹽以後的隨機字符串
            return redirect('/index')
        else:
            return render_template('login.html', msg='用戶名或密碼錯誤')

@app.route('/index', methods=['GET'])
def index():
    if not session.get('user_info'):
        return redirect('/login')
    return "歡迎登陸"


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
基本使用
pip3 install Flask-Session
        
        run.py
            from flask import Flask
            from flask import session
            from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface
            app = Flask(__name__)

            app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
            app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()

            @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
            def login():
                print(session)
                session['user1'] = 'alex'
                session['user2'] = 'alex'
                del session['user2']

                return "內容"

            if __name__ == '__main__':
                app.run()

        session.py
            #!/usr/bin/env python
            # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
            import uuid
            import json
            from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
            from flask.sessions import SessionMixin
            from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes


            class MySession(dict, SessionMixin):
                def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None):
                    self.sid = sid
                    self.initial = initial
                    super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ())


                def __setitem__(self, key, value):
                    super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value)

                def __getitem__(self, item):
                    return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item)

                def __delitem__(self, key):
                    super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key)



            class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface):
                session_class = MySession
                container = {}

                def __init__(self):
                    import redis
                    self.redis = redis.Redis()

                def _generate_sid(self):
                    return str(uuid.uuid4())

                def _get_signer(self, app):
                    if not app.secret_key:
                        return None
                    return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session',
                                  key_derivation='hmac')

                def open_session(self, app, request):
                    """
                    程序剛啓動時執行,須要返回一個session對象
                    """
                    sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
                    if not sid:
                        sid = self._generate_sid()
                        return self.session_class(sid=sid)

                    signer = self._get_signer(app)
                    try:
                        sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid)
                        sid = sid_as_bytes.decode()
                    except BadSignature:
                        sid = self._generate_sid()
                        return self.session_class(sid=sid)

                    # session保存在redis中
                    # val = self.redis.get(sid)
                    # session保存在內存中
                    val = self.container.get(sid)

                    if val is not None:
                        try:
                            data = json.loads(val)
                            return self.session_class(data, sid=sid)
                        except:
                            return self.session_class(sid=sid)
                    return self.session_class(sid=sid)

                def save_session(self, app, session, response):
                    """
                    程序結束前執行,能夠保存session中全部的值
                    如:
                        保存到resit
                        寫入到用戶cookie
                    """
                    domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
                    path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
                    httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
                    secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
                    expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)

                    val = json.dumps(dict(session))

                    # session保存在redis中
                    # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime)
                    # session保存在內存中
                    self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val)

                    session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid))

                    response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id,
                                        expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
                                        domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
自定義Session
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
"""
pip3 install redis
pip3 install flask-session

"""


from flask import Flask, session, redirect
from flask.ext.session import Session


app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'asdfasdfasd'


app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis'
from redis import Redis
app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379')
Session(app)


@app.route('/login')
def login():
    session['username'] = 'alex'
    return redirect('/index')


@app.route('/index')
def index():
    name = session['username']
    return name


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
第三方session
from flask import Flask, session, Session
from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote, unquote
from werkzeug.local import LocalProxy

app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'sdfsdfsdf'                                # 必須有這個
app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_NAME'] = 'session_lvning'
"""
'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME':                  'session',           名字
'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN':                None,                域名
'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH':                  None,                 
'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY':              True,
'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE':                False,
'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST':         True,
'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31)   超時時間
"""


@app.route('/index', endpoint='xx')
def index():
    # session本質上操做的是字典,假設session保存在數據庫,這樣就會打開數據庫,而後操做數據庫,很是繁瑣
    # 因此,FLASK將SESSION放在了內存裏面,操做最後一個SESSION
    # session['xxx'] = 123
    # session['xx1'] = 123
    # session['xx2'] = 123
    # session['xx3'] = 123
    # del session['xx2']
    session['xx3'] = 123
    return "xxx"


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # app.__call__
    app.run()
session配置文件

總結:實際用法來看登錄小程序

from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, session
# 都是靠導入拿的request,堆棧實現的,因此是有序的
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates', static_url_path='/xxxxxx')
pring(app.static_url_path) # 執行靜態文件的前綴是什麼,跟目錄沒有關係
print(app.root_path)  # 根目錄  拼接模版
# static_url_path 靜態文件前綴,影響頁面前綴
app.secret_key = "sdfasdfasdf3fsdf" # 由於用了sessino,就須要給瀏覽器發送個隨機字符串,加鹽的部分

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', "POST"])  # 須要加入methods支持哪一種寫法,默認只有一個get
def login():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render_template('login.html')
    else:
        user = request.form.get('user')
        pwd = request.form.get('pwd')
        if user == 'alex' and pwd == '123':
            session['user_info'] = user # 沒有放在數據庫,是放在瀏覽器裏面了,加密以後的隨機字符串
            return redirect('/index')
        else:
            return render_template('login.html', msg='用戶名或密碼錯誤')
            # return render_template('login.html',**{'msg':'用戶名或密碼錯誤'})
# values是get post的值,form是表單的值,query_string是get的值

@app.route('/index', methods=['GET'])
def index():
    if not session.get('user_info'):
        return redirect('/login')
    return "歡迎登陸"


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
登錄
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>登陸</h1>
    <form method="post">
        <input type="text" name="user">
        <input type="text" name="pwd">
        <input type="submit" />{{msg}}
    </form>
    SRC 是經過APP裏面static_url_path指定的前綴
    <img src="/xxxxxx/111.jpg" alt="">
</body>
</html>
登錄html

7. 藍圖

藍圖用於爲應用提供目錄劃分:

小型應用程序:示例

大型應用程序:示例

其餘:

    • 藍圖URL前綴:xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,url_prefix='/xxx')
    • 藍圖子域名:xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,subdomain='admin')
      # 前提須要給配置SERVER_NAME: app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
      # 訪問時:admin.wupeiqi.com:5000/login.html 

8. message,閃現

message是一個基於Session實現的用於保存數據的集合,其特色是:使用一次就刪除。

from flask import Flask, session, Session, flash, get_flashed_messages, redirect, render_template, request

# 其目的就是,添加後跳轉到列表,顯示添加成功
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'sdfsdfsdf'

@app.route('/users')
def users():
    # 第一種,經過URL傳遞
    # msg = request.args.get('msg','')
    
    # 第二種,經過SESSION
    # msg = session.get('msg')
    # if msg:
    #     del session['msg']
    
    # 第三種,FLASH實現
    v = get_flashed_messages()
    print(v)
    msg = ''
    return render_template('users.html', msg=msg)

@app.route('/useradd')
def user_add():
    # 在數據庫中添加一條數據
    # 假設添加成功,在跳轉到列表頁面時,顯示添加成功

    # 方式一 ,URL傳遞
    # return redirect('/users?msg=添加成功')  

    # 方式二:閃現
    # session['msg'] = '添加成功'

    # 方式三,閃現
    flash('添加成功')
    return redirect('/users')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
flash閃現

 

9. 中間鍵

from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request
 
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'some_secret'
 
@app.route('/')
def index1():
    return render_template('index.html')
 
@app.route('/set')
def index2():
    v = request.args.get('p')
    flash(v)
    return 'ok'
 
class MiddleWare:
    def __init__(self,wsgi_app):
        self.wsgi_app = wsgi_app
 
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
        return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs)
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app)
    app.run(port=9999)
中間鍵

10. 請求擴展

from flask import Flask, session, Session, flash, get_flashed_messages, redirect, render_template, request

app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'sdfsdfsdf'


@app.before_request                 # @app.before_first_request  表示運行一次,也就是說第一次請求來運行一次,第二次請求就不會走了
def process_request1():
    print('process_request1')
    return '截胡'                    # 加了RETURN就不會往下面走了,跟DJANGO同樣的爲NONE的時候才往下面的中間鍵走


@app.after_request
def process_response1(response):    # 必須有參數
    print('process_response1')
    return response                 # 必須有返回值,返回值就是這個參數


@app.before_request
def process_request2():
    print('process_request2')


@app.after_request
def process_response2(response):
    print('process_response2')
    return response


@app.route('/index')
def index():
    print('index')
    return 'Index'


@app.route('/order')
def order():
    print('order')
    return 'order'


@app.route('/test')
def test():
    print('test')
    return 'test'


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
擴展中間鍵

 

 

 

 

 

 


額外補充:虛擬環境

虛擬環境
python3.5 -m pip install virtualenv
        
# 建立虛擬環境
virtualenv env1 
        
# 進入虛擬環境
Scripts/activate
        
# 退出虛擬換金
Scripts/deactivate
虛擬環境
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