Kubernentes中的身份驗證

Kubernentes中的身份驗證

kubernetes 系統的各組件須要使用 TLS 證書對通訊進行加密,本文檔使用 CloudFlare 的 PKI 工具集 cfssl 來生成 Certificate Authority (CA) 和其它證書;node

生成的 CA 證書和祕鑰文件以下:linux

  • ca-key.pem
  • ca.pem
  • kubernetes-key.pem
  • kubernetes.pem
  • kube-proxy.pem
  • kube-proxy-key.pem
  • admin.pem
  • admin-key.pem

使用證書的組件以下:git

  • etcd:使用 ca.pem、kubernetes-key.pem、kubernetes.pem;
  • kube-apiserver:使用 ca.pem、kubernetes-key.pem、kubernetes.pem;
  • kubelet:使用 ca.pem;
  • kube-proxy:使用 ca.pem、kube-proxy-key.pem、kube-proxy.pem;
  • kubectl:使用 ca.pem、admin-key.pem、admin.pem;

kube-controllerkube-scheduler 當前須要和 kube-apiserver 部署在同一臺機器上且使用非安全端口通訊,故不須要證書。github

安裝 CFSSL

方式一:直接使用二進制源碼包安裝json

$ wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64 $ chmod +x cfssl_linux-amd64 $ sudo mv cfssl_linux-amd64 /root/local/bin/cfssl $ wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64 $ chmod +x cfssljson_linux-amd64 $ sudo mv cfssljson_linux-amd64 /root/local/bin/cfssljson $ wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 $ chmod +x cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 $ sudo mv cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 /root/local/bin/cfssl-certinfo $ export PATH=/root/local/bin:$PATH

方式二:使用go命令安裝api

咱們的系統中安裝了Go1.7.5,使用如下命令安裝更快捷:瀏覽器

$go get -u github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/cmd/... $echo $GOPATH /usr/local $ls /usr/local/bin/cfssl* cfssl cfssl-bundle cfssl-certinfo cfssljson cfssl-newkey cfssl-scan

$GOPATH/bin目錄下獲得以cfssl開頭的幾個命令。安全

建立 CA (Certificate Authority)

建立 CA 配置文件bash

$ mkdir /root/ssl $ cd /root/ssl $ cfssl print-defaults config > config.json $ cfssl print-defaults csr > csr.json $ cat ca-config.json { "signing": { "default": { "expiry": "8760h" }, "profiles": { "kubernetes": { "usages": [ "signing", "key encipherment", "server auth", "client auth" ], "expiry": "8760h" } } } }

字段說明工具

  • ca-config.json:能夠定義多個 profiles,分別指定不一樣的過時時間、使用場景等參數;後續在簽名證書時使用某個 profile;
  • signing:表示該證書可用於簽名其它證書;生成的 ca.pem 證書中 CA=TRUE
  • server auth:表示client能夠用該 CA 對server提供的證書進行驗證;
  • client auth:表示server能夠用該CA對client提供的證書進行驗證;

建立 CA 證書籤名請求

$ cat ca-csr.json { "CN": "kubernetes", "key": { "algo": "rsa", "size": 2048 }, "names": [ { "C": "CN", "ST": "BeiJing", "L": "BeiJing", "O": "k8s", "OU": "System" } ] }
  • 「CN」:Common Name,kube-apiserver 從證書中提取該字段做爲請求的用戶名 (User Name);瀏覽器使用該字段驗證網站是否合法;
  • 「O」:Organization,kube-apiserver 從證書中提取該字段做爲請求用戶所屬的組 (Group);

生成 CA 證書和私鑰

$ cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca $ ls ca* ca-config.json ca.csr ca-csr.json ca-key.pem ca.pem

建立 Kubernetes 證書

建立 kubernetes 證書籤名請求

$ cat kubernetes-csr.json { "CN": "kubernetes", "hosts": [ "127.0.0.1", "172.20.0.112", "172.20.0.113", "172.20.0.114", "172.20.0.115", "10.254.0.1", "kubernetes", "kubernetes.default", "kubernetes.default.svc", "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster", "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local" ], "key": { "algo": "rsa", "size": 2048 }, "names": [ { "C": "CN", "ST": "BeiJing", "L": "BeiJing", "O": "k8s", "OU": "System" } ] }
  • 若是 hosts 字段不爲空則須要指定受權使用該證書的 IP 或域名列表,因爲該證書後續被 etcd 集羣和 kubernetes master 集羣使用,因此上面分別指定了 etcd 集羣、kubernetes master 集羣的主機 IP 和 kubernetes 服務的服務 IP(通常是 kue-apiserver 指定的 service-cluster-ip-range 網段的第一個IP,如 10.254.0.1。

生成 kubernetes 證書和私鑰

$ cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes kubernetes-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kubernetes $ ls kuberntes* kubernetes.csr kubernetes-csr.json kubernetes-key.pem kubernetes.pem

或者直接在命令行上指定相關參數:

$ echo '{"CN":"kubernetes","hosts":[""],"key":{"algo":"rsa","size":2048}}' | cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes -hostname="127.0.0.1,10.64.3.7,10.254.0.1,kubernetes,kubernetes.default" - | cfssljson -bare kubernetes

建立 Admin 證書

建立 admin 證書籤名請求

$ cat admin-csr.json { "CN": "admin", "hosts": [], "key": { "algo": "rsa", "size": 2048 }, "names": [ { "C": "CN", "ST": "BeiJing", "L": "BeiJing", "O": "system:masters", "OU": "System" } ] }
  • 後續 kube-apiserver 使用 RBAC 對客戶端(如 kubeletkube-proxyPod)請求進行受權;
  • kube-apiserver 預約義了一些 RBAC 使用的 RoleBindings,如 cluster-admin 將 Groupsystem:masters 與 Role cluster-admin 綁定,該 Role 授予了調用kube-apiserver全部 API的權限;
  • OU 指定該證書的 Group 爲 system:masterskubelet 使用該證書訪問 kube-apiserver時 ,因爲證書被 CA 簽名,因此認證經過,同時因爲證書用戶組爲通過預受權的system:masters,因此被授予訪問全部 API 的權限;

生成 admin 證書和私鑰

$ cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes admin-csr.json | cfssljson -bare admin $ ls admin* admin.csr admin-csr.json admin-key.pem admin.pem

建立 Kube-Proxy 證書

建立 kube-proxy 證書籤名請求

$ cat kube-proxy-csr.json { "CN": "system:kube-proxy", "hosts": [], "key": { "algo": "rsa", "size": 2048 }, "names": [ { "C": "CN", "ST": "BeiJing", "L": "BeiJing", "O": "k8s", "OU": "System" } ] }
  • CN 指定該證書的 User 爲 system:kube-proxy
  • kube-apiserver 預約義的 RoleBinding cluster-admin 將User system:kube-proxy 與 Rolesystem:node-proxier 綁定,該 Role 授予了調用 kube-apiserver Proxy 相關 API 的權限;

生成 kube-proxy 客戶端證書和私鑰

$ cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes kube-proxy-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-proxy $ ls kube-proxy* kube-proxy.csr kube-proxy-csr.json kube-proxy-key.pem kube-proxy.pem

校驗證書

以 kubernetes 證書爲例

使用 Opsnssl 命令

$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in kubernetes.pem ... Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption Issuer: C=CN, ST=BeiJing, L=BeiJing, O=k8s, OU=System, CN=Kubernetes Validity Not Before: Apr 5 05:36:00 2017 GMT Not After : Apr 5 05:36:00 2018 GMT Subject: C=CN, ST=BeiJing, L=BeiJing, O=k8s, OU=System, CN=kubernetes ... X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Key Usage: critical Digital Signature, Key Encipherment X509v3 Extended Key Usage: TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical CA:FALSE X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: DD:52:04:43:10:13:A9:29:24:17:3A:0E:D7:14:DB:36:F8:6C:E0:E0 X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:44:04:3B:60:BD:69:78:14:68:AF:A0:41:13:F6:17:07:13:63:58:CD X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: DNS:kubernetes, DNS:kubernetes.default, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local, IP Address:127.0.0.1, IP Address:172.20.0.112, IP Address:172.20.0.113, IP Address:172.20.0.114, IP Address:172.20.0.115, IP Address:10.254.0.1 ...
  • 確認 Issuer 字段的內容和 ca-csr.json 一致;
  • 確認 Subject 字段的內容和 kubernetes-csr.json 一致;
  • 確認 X509v3 Subject Alternative Name 字段的內容和 kubernetes-csr.json 一致;
  • 確認 X509v3 Key Usage、Extended Key Usage 字段的內容和 ca-config.jsonkubernetesprofile 一致;

使用 Cfssl-Certinfo 命令

$ cfssl-certinfo -cert kubernetes.pem ... { "subject": { "common_name": "kubernetes", "country": "CN", "organization": "k8s", "organizational_unit": "System", "locality": "BeiJing", "province": "BeiJing", "names": [ "CN", "BeiJing", "BeiJing", "k8s", "System", "kubernetes" ] }, "issuer": { "common_name": "Kubernetes", "country": "CN", "organization": "k8s", "organizational_unit": "System", "locality": "BeiJing", "province": "BeiJing", "names": [ "CN", "BeiJing", "BeiJing", "k8s", "System", "Kubernetes" ] }, "serial_number": "174360492872423263473151971632292895707129022309", "sans": [ "kubernetes", "kubernetes.default", "kubernetes.default.svc", "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster", "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local", "127.0.0.1", "10.64.3.7", "10.254.0.1" ], "not_before": "2017-04-05T05:36:00Z", "not_after": "2018-04-05T05:36:00Z", "sigalg": "SHA256WithRSA", ...

分發證書

將生成的證書和祕鑰文件(後綴名爲.pem)拷貝到全部機器的 /etc/kubernetes/ssl 目錄下備用;

$ sudo mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/ssl $ sudo cp *.pem /etc/kubernetes/ssl
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