python 進程(池)、線程(池)

進程、多進程、進程池

進程總概述

進程

from multiprocessing import Process
import os

# 子進程要執行的代碼
def run_proc(name):
    print('Run child process %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid()))

if __name__=='__main__':
    print('Parent process %s.' % os.getpid())
    p = Process(target=run_proc, args=('test',))
    print('Child process will start.')
    p.start()
    p.join()
    print('Child process end.')

多進程(進程池建立)

from multiprocessing import Pool
import os, time, random

def long_time_task(name):
    print('Run task %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid()))
    start = time.time()
    time.sleep(random.random() * 3)
    end = time.time()
    print('Task %s runs %0.2f seconds.' % (name, (end - start)))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print('Parent process %s.' % os.getpid())
    p = Pool(3)
    for i in range(4):
        p.apply_async(long_time_task, args=(i,))
    print('Waiting for all subprocesses done...')
    p.close()
    p.join()
    print('All subprocesses done.')

解析：
對Pool對象調用join()方法會等待全部子進程執行完畢，調用join()以前必須先調用close()，調用close()以後就不能繼續添加新的Process了。
Parent process 87461.
Waiting for all subprocesses done...
Run task 0 (87462)...
Run task 1 (87463)...
Run task 2 (87464)...
Task 1 runs 1.66 seconds.
Run task 3 (87463)... -----------------> task3在某個進程結束時，在建立
Task 2 runs 2.33 seconds.
Task 0 runs 2.54 seconds.
Task 3 runs 2.83 seconds.
All subprocesses done.

進程之間通訊

Process之間確定是須要通訊的，操做系統提供了不少機制來實現進程間的通訊。Python的multiprocessing模塊包裝了底層的機制，提供了Queue、Pipes等多種方式來交換數據。
咱們以Queue爲例，在父進程中建立兩個子進程，一個往Queue裏寫數據，一個從Queue裏讀數據：

from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
import os, time, random

# 寫數據進程執行的代碼:
def write(q):
    print('Process to write: %s' % os.getpid())
    for value in ['A', 'B', 'C']:
        print('Put %s to queue...' % value)
        q.put(value)
        time.sleep(random.random())

# 讀數據進程執行的代碼:
def read(q):
    print('Process to read: %s' % os.getpid())
    while True:
        value = q.get(True)
        print('Get %s from queue.' % value)

if __name__=='__main__':
    # 父進程建立Queue，並傳給各個子進程：
    q = Queue()
    pw = Process(target=write, args=(q,))
    pr = Process(target=read, args=(q,))
    # 啓動子進程pw，寫入:
    pw.start()
    # 啓動子進程pr，讀取:
    pr.start()
    # 等待pw結束:
    pw.join()
    # pr進程裏是死循環，沒法等待其結束，只能強行終止:
    pr.terminate()

線程總概述

線程

import time, threading

# 新線程執行的代碼:
def loop():
    print('thread %s is running...' % threading.current_thread().name)
    n = 0
    while n < 5:
        n = n + 1
        print('thread %s >>> %s' % (threading.current_thread().name, n))
        time.sleep(1)
    print('thread %s ended.' % threading.current_thread().name)

print('thread %s is running...' % threading.current_thread().name)
t = threading.Thread(target=loop, name='LoopThread')
t.start()
t.join()
print('thread %s ended.' % threading.current_thread().name)

線程鎖-線程安全(操做同一個變量)

balance = 0
lock = threading.Lock()

def run_thread(n):
    for i in range(100000):
        # 先要獲取鎖:
        lock.acquire()
        try:
            # 放心地改吧:
                global balance
								balance = balance + n
								balance = balance - n
        finally:
            # 改完了必定要釋放鎖:
            lock.release()

線程池建立

ThreadPoolExecutor實現

from socket import AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, socket
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor

def echo_client(sock, client_addr):
    '''
    Handle a client connection
    '''
    print('Got connection from', client_addr)
    while True:
        msg = sock.recv(65536)
        if not msg:
            break
        sock.sendall(msg)
    print('Client closed connection')
    sock.close()

def echo_server(addr):
    pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(128)
    sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
    sock.bind(addr)
    sock.listen(5)
    while True:
        client_sock, client_addr = sock.accept()
        pool.submit(echo_client, client_sock, client_addr)

echo_server(('',15000))

手動建立你本身的線程池， 一般能夠使用一個Queue來輕鬆實現

from socket import socket, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM
from threading import Thread
from queue import Queue

def echo_client(q):
    '''
    Handle a client connection
    '''
    sock, client_addr = q.get()
    print('Got connection from', client_addr)
    while True:
        msg = sock.recv(65536)
        if not msg:
            break
        sock.sendall(msg)
    print('Client closed connection')

    sock.close()

def echo_server(addr, nworkers):
    # Launch the client workers
    q = Queue()
    for n in range(nworkers):
        t = Thread(target=echo_client, args=(q,))
        t.daemon = True
        t.start()

    # Run the server
    sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
    sock.bind(addr)
    sock.listen(5)
    while True:
        client_sock, client_addr = sock.accept()
        q.put((client_sock, client_addr))
echo_server(('',15000), 128)