explain語法mysql
有兩種用法: 1.EXPLAIN tbl_name 2.EXPLAIN [EXTENDED] SELECT select_options
爲了更好的說明它,咱們須要建兩張表,下面的語句用於建立一張測試用的訂單表:sql
CREATE TABLE `t_order` ( `order_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '訂單ID', `express_type` tinyint(1) unsigned NOT NULL COMMENT '快遞方式', `user_id` int(10) unsigned DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '用戶ID', `add_time` int(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '下單時間', PRIMARY KEY (`order_id`), KEY `user_id` (`user_id`), KEY `express_type` (`express_type`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=100000 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='訂單記錄表'
而後我往其中插入了100000條記錄。shell
下面是訂單的擴展表,僅向其中插入了一條記錄,關聯某筆訂單。express
CREATE TABLE `t_order_ext` ( `order_id` int(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '訂單ID', `user_type` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '用戶類型', `comment` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL COMMENT '訂單備註', KEY `order_id` (`order_id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
先看一下第一種用法:函數
mysql> explain t_order; +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | order_id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | express_type | tinyint(1) unsigned | NO | MUL | NULL | | | user_id | int(10) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | add_time | int(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
這其實和describe是等價的:
性能
mysql> describe t_order; +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | order_id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | express_type | tinyint(1) unsigned | NO | MUL | NULL | | | user_id | int(10) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | add_time | int(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) 測試
這返回的是表的結構,沒有什麼可說的。優化
重點是第二種用法,須要深刻的瞭解。spa
先看一個例子:設計
mysql> explain select * from t_order; +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100453 | | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.03 sec)
加上extended後以後:
mysql> explain extended select * from t_order; +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100453 | 100.00 | | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
id | SELECT識別符。這是SELECT的查詢序列號 |
select_type | SELECT類型,能夠爲如下任何一種:
|
table | 輸出的行所引用的表 |
type | 聯接類型。下面給出各類聯接類型,按照從最佳類型到最壞類型進行排序:
|
possible_keys | 指出MySQL能使用哪一個索引在該表中找到行 |
key | 顯示MySQL實際決定使用的鍵(索引)。若是沒有選擇索引,鍵是NULL。 |
key_len | 顯示MySQL決定使用的鍵長度。若是鍵是NULL,則長度爲NULL。 |
ref | 顯示使用哪一個列或常數與key一塊兒從表中選擇行。 |
rows | 顯示MySQL認爲它執行查詢時必須檢查的行數。多行之間的數據相乘能夠估算要處理的行數。 |
filtered | 顯示了經過條件過濾出的行數的百分比估計值。 |
Extra | 該列包含MySQL解決查詢的詳細信息
|
下面對幾個重要的參數進行一下說明
一.select_type的說明
1.UNION:
當經過union來鏈接多個查詢結果時,第二個以後的select其select_type爲UNION。 mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=100 union select * from t_order where order_id=200; +----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | | | 2 | UNION | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | | +----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.34 sec)
2.DEPENDENT UNION與DEPENDENT SUBQUERY:
當union做爲子查詢時,其中第二個union的select_type就是DEPENDENT UNION。
第一個子查詢的select_type則是DEPENDENT SUBQUERY。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id in (select order_id from t_order where order_id=100 union select order_id from t_order where order_id=200); +----+--------------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100453 | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index | | 3 | DEPENDENT UNION | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union2,3> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | | +----+--------------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+-------------+ 4 rows in set (0.03 sec)
3.SUBQUERY:
子查詢中的第一個select其select_type爲SUBQUERY。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=(select order_id from t_order where order_id=100); +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.03 sec)
4.DERIVED:
當子查詢是from子句時,其select_type爲DERIVED。
mysql> explain select * from (select order_id from t_order where order_id=100) a; +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | | | 2 | DERIVED | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set (0.03 sec)
二.type的說明
1.system,const
見上面4.DERIVED的例子。其中第一行的type就是爲system,第二行是const,這兩種聯接類型是最快的。
2.eq_ref
在t_order表中的order_id是主鍵,t_order_ext表中的order_id也是主鍵,該表能夠認爲是訂單表的補充信息表,他們的關係是1對1,在下面的例子中能夠看到b表的鏈接類型是eq_ref,這是極快的聯接類型。
mysql> explain select * from t_order a,t_order_ext b where a.order_id=b.order_id; +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | b | ALL | order_id | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | | | 1 | SIMPLE | a | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | test.b.order_id | 1 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.ref
下面的例子在上面的例子上略做了修改,加上了條件。此時b表的聯接類型變成了ref。由於全部與a表中order_id=100的匹配記錄都將會從b表獲取。這是比較常見的聯接類型。
mysql> explain select * from t_order a,t_order_ext b where a.order_id=b.order_id and a.order_id=100; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | a | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | | | 1 | SIMPLE | b | ref | order_id | order_id | 4 | const | 1 | | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.ref_or_null
user_id字段是一個能夠爲空的字段,並對該字段建立了一個索引。在下面的查詢中能夠看到聯接類型爲ref_or_null,這是mysql爲含有null的字段專門作的處理。在咱們的表設計中應當儘可能避免索引字段爲NULL,由於這會額外的耗費mysql的處理時間來作優化。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where user_id=100 or user_id is null; +----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | ref_or_null | user_id | user_id | 5 | const | 50325 | Using where | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5.index_merge
常常出如今使用一張表中的多個索引時。mysql會將多個索引合併在一塊兒,以下例:
mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=100 or user_id=10; +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | index_merge | PRIMARY,user_id | PRIMARY,user_id | 4,5 | NULL | 2 | Using union(PRIMARY,user_id); Using where | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.09 sec)
6.unique_subquery
該聯接類型用於替換value IN (SELECT primary_key FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)這樣的子查詢的ref。注意ref列,其中第二行顯示的是func,代表unique_subquery是一個函數,而不是一個普通的ref。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id in (select order_id from t_order where user_id=10); +----+--------------------+---------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------------+---------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100649 | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_order | unique_subquery | PRIMARY,user_id | PRIMARY | 4 | func | 1 | Using where | +----+--------------------+---------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7.index_subquery
該聯接類型與上面的太像了,惟一的差異就是子查詢查的不是主鍵而是非惟一索引。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where user_id in (select user_id from t_order where order_id>10); +----+--------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100649 | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_order | index_subquery | PRIMARY,user_id | user_id | 5 | func | 50324 | Using index; Using where | +----+--------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
8.range
按指定的範圍進行檢索,很常見。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where user_id in (100,200,300); +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | range | user_id | user_id | 5 | NULL | 3 | Using where | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
9.index
在進行統計時很是常見,此聯接類型實際上會掃描索引樹,僅比ALL快些。
mysql> explain select count(*) from t_order; +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | index | NULL | user_id | 5 | NULL | 100649 | Using index | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
10.ALL
完整的掃描全表,最慢的聯接類型,儘量的避免。
mysql> explain select * from t_order; +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100649 | | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
三.extra的說明
1.Distinct
MySQL發現第1個匹配行後,中止爲當前的行組合搜索更多的行。對於此項沒有找到合適的例子,求指點。
2.Not exists
由於b表中的order_id是主鍵,不可能爲NULL,因此mysql在用a表的order_id掃描t_order表,並查找b表的行時,若是在b表發現一個匹配的行就再也不繼續掃描b了,由於b表中的order_id字段不可能爲NULL。這樣避免了對b表的屢次掃描。
mysql> explain select count(1) from t_order a left join t_order_ext b on a.order_id=b.order_id where b.order_id is null; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------+--------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------+--------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | a | index | NULL | express_type | 1 | NULL | 100395 | Using index | | 1 | SIMPLE | b | ref | order_id | order_id | 4 | test.a.order_id | 1 | Using where; Using index; Not exists | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------+--------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
3.Range checked for each record
這種狀況是mysql沒有發現好的索引可用,速度比沒有索引要快得多。
mysql> explain select * from t_order t, t_order_ext s where s.order_id>=t.order_id and s.order_id<=t.order_id and t.express_type>5; +----+-------------+-------+-------+----------------------+--------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+----------------------+--------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t | range | PRIMARY,express_type | express_type | 1 | NULL | 1 | Using where | | 1 | SIMPLE | s | ALL | order_id | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | Range checked for each record (index map: 0x1) | +----+-------------+-------+-------+----------------------+--------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.Using filesort
在有排序子句的狀況下很常見的一種狀況。此時mysql會根據聯接類型瀏覽全部符合條件的記錄,並保存排序關鍵字和行指針,而後排序關鍵字並按順序檢索行。
mysql> explain select * from t_order order by express_type; +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100395 | Using filesort | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5.Using index
這是性能很高的一種狀況。當查詢所需的數據能夠直接從索引樹中檢索到時,就會出現。上面的例子中有不少這樣的例子,再也不多舉例了。
6.Using temporary
發生這種狀況通常都是須要進行優化的。mysql須要建立一張臨時表用來處理此類查詢。
mysql> explain select * from t_order a left join t_order_ext b on a.order_id=b.order_id group by b.order_id; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | a | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100395 | Using temporary; Using filesort | | 1 | SIMPLE | b | ref | order_id | order_id | 4 | test.a.order_id | 1 | | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7.Using where
當有where子句時,extra都會有說明。
8.Using sort_union(...)/Using union(...)/Using intersect(...)
下面的例子中user_id是一個檢索範圍,此時mysql會使用sort_union函數來進行索引的合併。而當user_id是一個固定值時,請參看上面type說明5.index_merge的例子,此時會使用union函數進行索引合併。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=100 or user_id>10; +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | index_merge | PRIMARY,user_id | user_id,PRIMARY | 5,4 | NULL | 2 | Using sort_union(user_id,PRIMARY); Using where | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
對於Using intersect的例子能夠參看下例,user_id與express_type發生了索引交叉合併。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where express_type=1 and user_id=100; +----+-------------+---------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | index_merge | user_id,express_type | user_id,express_type | 5,1 | NULL | 1 | Using intersect(user_id,express_type); Using where | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
9.Using index for group-by
代表能夠在索引中找到分組所需的全部數據,不須要查詢實際的表。
mysql> explain select user_id from t_order group by user_id; +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | range | NULL | user_id | 5 | NULL | 3 | Using index for group-by | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
除了上面的三個說明,還須要注意rows的數值,多行之間的數值是乘積的關係,能夠估算大概要處理的行數,若是乘積很大,那就頗有優化的必要了。