慢慢的把它們總結一下,總結就是最好的學習方法php
首先來看一下他們的區別html
urllib和urllib2python
urllib 和urllib2都是接受URL請求的相關模塊,可是urllib2能夠接受一個Request類的實例來設置URL請求的headers,urllib僅能夠接受URL。ajax
這意味着,你不能夠假裝你的User Agent字符串等。json
urllib提供urlencode方法用來GET查詢字符串的產生,而urllib2沒有。這是爲什麼urllib常和urllib2一塊兒使用的緣由。python3.x
目前的大部分http請求都是經過urllib2來訪問的api
httplib瀏覽器
httplib實現了HTTP和HTTPS的客戶端協議,通常不直接使用,在python更高層的封裝模塊中(urllib,urllib2)使用了它的http實現。服務器
詳細使用方法見cookie
最簡單的形式
import urllib2 response=urllib2.urlopen('http://www.douban.com') html=response.read()
實際步驟:
一、urllib2.Request()的功能是構造一個請求信息,返回的req就是一個構造好的請求
二、urllib2.urlopen()的功能是發送剛剛構造好的請求req,並返回一個文件類的對象response,包括了全部的返回信息。
三、經過response.read()能夠讀取到response裏面的html,經過response.info()能夠讀到一些額外的信息。
以下:
#!/usr/bin/env python import urllib2 req = urllib2.Request("http://www.douban.com") response = urllib2.urlopen(req) html = response.read() print html
有時你會碰到,程序也對,可是服務器拒絕你的訪問。這是爲何呢?問題出在請求中的頭信息(header)。 有的服務端有潔癖,不喜歡程序來觸摸它。這個時候你須要將你的程序假裝成瀏覽器來發出請求。請求的方式就包含在header中。
常見的情形:
import urllib import urllib2 url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi' user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'# 將user_agent寫入頭信息 values = {'name' : 'who','password':'123456'} headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent } data = urllib.urlencode(values) req = urllib2.Request(url, data, headers) response = urllib2.urlopen(req) the_page = response.read()
values是post數據
例如百度:
百度是經過http://www.baidu.com/s?wd=XXX 來進行查詢的,這樣咱們須要將{‘wd’:’xxx’}這個字典進行urlencode
#coding:utf-8 import urllib import urllib2 url = 'http://www.baidu.com/s' values = {'wd':'D_in'} data = urllib.urlencode(values) print data url2 = url+'?'+data response = urllib2.urlopen(url2) the_page = response.read() print the_page
import urllib import urllib2 url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi' user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)' //將user_agent寫入頭信息 values = {'name' : 'who','password':'123456'} //post數據 headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent } data = urllib.urlencode(values) //對post數據進行url編碼 req = urllib2.Request(url, data, headers) response = urllib2.urlopen(req) the_page = response.read()
#coding:utf-8 import urllib2,urllib import cookielib url = r'http://www.renren.com/ajaxLogin' #建立一個cj的cookie的容器 cj = cookielib.CookieJar() opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj)) #將要POST出去的數據進行編碼 data = urllib.urlencode({"email":email,"password":pass}) r = opener.open(url,data) print cj
簡單示例
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import httplib import urllib def sendhttp(): data = urllib.urlencode({'@number': 12524, '@type': 'issue', '@action': 'show'}) headers = {"Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "Accept": "text/plain"} conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('bugs.python.org') conn.request('POST', '/', data, headers) httpres = conn.getresponse() print httpres.status print httpres.reason print httpres.read() if __name__ == '__main__': sendhttp()
具體用法見
python 3.x中urllib庫和urilib2庫合併成了urllib庫。其中、
首先你導入模塊由
import urllib
import urllib2
變成了
import urllib.request
而後是urllib2中的方法使用變成了以下
urllib2.urlopen()變成了urllib.request.urlopen()
urllib2.Request()變成了urllib.request.Request()
urllib2.URLError 變成了urllib.error.URLError
而當你想使用urllib 帶數據的post請求時,
在python2中
urllib.urlencode(data)
而在python3中就變成了
urllib.parse.urlencode(data)
腳本使用舉例:
python 2中
import urllib import urllib2 import json
from config import settings def url_request(self, action, url, **extra_data): abs_url = "http://%s:%s/%s" % (settings.configs['Server'], settings.configs["ServerPort"], url) if action in ('get', 'GET'): print(abs_url, extra_data) try: req = urllib2.Request(abs_url) req_data = urllib2.urlopen(req, timeout=settings.configs['RequestTimeout']) callback = req_data.read() # print "-->server response:",callback return callback except urllib2.URLError as e: exit("\033[31;1m%s\033[0m" % e) elif action in ('post', 'POST'): # print(abs_url,extra_data['params']) try: data_encode = urllib.urlencode(extra_data['params']) req = urllib2.Request(url=abs_url, data=data_encode) res_data = urllib2.urlopen(req, timeout=settings.configs['RequestTimeout']) callback = res_data.read() callback = json.loads(callback) print("\033[31;1m[%s]:[%s]\033[0m response:\n%s" % (action, abs_url, callback)) return callback except Exception as e: print('---exec', e) exit("\033[31;1m%s\033[0m" % e)
python3.x中
import urllib.request import json from config import settings def url_request(self, action, url, **extra_data): abs_url = 'http://%s:%s/%s/' % (settings.configs['ServerIp'], settings.configs['ServerPort'], url) if action in ('get', 'Get'): # get請求 print(action, extra_data)try: req = urllib.request.Request(abs_url) req_data = urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=settings.configs['RequestTimeout']) callback = req_data.read() return callback except urllib.error.URLError as e: exit("\033[31;1m%s\033[0m" % e) elif action in ('post', 'POST'): # post數據到服務器端 try: data_encode = urllib.parse.urlencode(extra_data['params']) req = urllib.request.Request(url=abs_url, data=data_encode) req_data = urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=settings.configs['RequestTimeout']) callback = req_data.read() callback = json.loads(callback.decode()) return callback except urllib.request.URLError as e: print('---exec', e) exit("\033[31;1m%s\033[0m" % e)
settings配置以下:
configs = { 'HostID': 2, "Server": "localhost", "ServerPort": 8000, "urls": { 'get_configs': ['api/client/config', 'get'], #acquire all the services will be monitored 'service_report': ['api/client/service/report/', 'post'], }, 'RequestTimeout': 30, 'ConfigUpdateInterval': 300, # 5 mins as default }