做爲後端開發人員,在實際的工做中咱們會很是高頻地使用到web服務器。而tomcat做爲web服務器領域中舉足輕重的一個web框架,又是不能不學習和了解的。html
tomcat實際上是一個web框架,那麼其內部是怎麼實現的呢?若是不用tomcat咱們能本身實現一個web服務器嗎?java
首先,tomcat內部的實現是很是複雜的,也有很是多的各種組件,咱們在後續章節會深刻地瞭解。
其次,本章咱們將本身實現一個web服務器的。web
下面咱們就本身來實現一個看看。(【注】:參考了《How tomcat works》這本書)後端
http是一種協議(超文本傳輸協議),容許web服務器和瀏覽器經過Internet來發送和接受數據,是一種請求/響應協議。http底層使用TCP來進行通訊。目前,http已經迭代到了2.x版本,從最初的0.九、1.0、1.1到如今的2.x,每一個迭代都加了不少功能。瀏覽器
在http中,始終都是客戶端發起一個請求,服務器接受到請求以後,而後處理邏輯,處理完成以後再發送響應數據,客戶端收到響應數據,而後請求結束。在這個過程當中,客戶端和服務器均可以對創建的鏈接進行中斷操做。好比能夠經過瀏覽器的中止按鈕。tomcat
一個http協議的請求包含三部分:服務器
舉個例子網絡
POST /examples/default.jsp HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/plain; text/html Accept-Language: en-gb Connection: Keep-Alive Host: localhost User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 4.01; Windows 98) Content-Length: 33 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate lastName=Franks&firstName=Michael
POST
,URI爲
/examples/default.jsp
,協議爲
HTTP/1.1
,協議版本號爲
1.1
。他們之間經過空格來分離。
相似於http協議的請求,響應也包含三個部分。app
舉個例子框架
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Microsoft-IIS/4.0 Date: Mon, 5 Jan 2004 13:13:33 GMT Content-Type: text/html Last-Modified: Mon, 5 Jan 2004 13:13:12 GMT Content-Length: 112 <html> <head> <title>HTTP Response Example</title> </head> <body> Welcome to Brainy Software </body> </html>
第一行,HTTP/1.1 200 OK
表示協議、狀態和狀態描述。
以後表示響應頭部。
響應頭部和主體內容之間使用空行來分離。
Socket,又叫套接字,是網絡鏈接的一個端點(end point)。套接字容許應用程序從網絡中讀取和寫入數據。兩個不一樣計算機的不一樣進程之間能夠經過鏈接來發送和接受數據。A應用要向B應用發送數據,A應用須要知道B應用所在的IP地址和B應用開放的套接字端口。java裏面使用java.net.Socket
來表示一個套接字。
java.net.Socket
最經常使用的一個構造方法爲:public Socket(String host, int port);
,host表示主機名或ip地址,port表示套接字端口。咱們來看一個例子:
Socket socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", "8080"); OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream(); boolean autoflush = true; PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter( socket.getOutputStream(), autoflush); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputstream())); // send an HTTP request to the web server out.println("GET /index.jsp HTTP/1.1"); out.println("Host: localhost:8080"); out.println("Connection: Close"); out.println(); // read the response boolean loop = true; StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(8096); while (loop) { if (in.ready()) { int i=0; while (i != -1) { i = in.read(); sb.append((char) i); } loop = false; } Thread.currentThread().sleep(50L); }
這兒經過socket.getOutputStream()
來發送數據,使用socket.getInputstream()
來讀取數據。
java.net.ServerSocket
來表示一個服務器套接字。
public ServerSocket(int port, int backlog, InetAddress bindAddr) throws IOException; new ServerSocket(8080, 1, InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"));
咱們這兒仍是看一個例子。
HttpServer表示一個服務器端入口,提供了一個main方法,並一直在8080端口等待,直到客戶端創建一個鏈接。這時,服務器經過生成一個Socket來對此鏈接進行處理。
public class HttpServer { /** WEB_ROOT is the directory where our HTML and other files reside. * For this package, WEB_ROOT is the "webroot" directory under the working * directory. * The working directory is the location in the file system * from where the java command was invoked. */ public static final String WEB_ROOT = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "webroot"; // shutdown command private static final String SHUTDOWN_COMMAND = "/SHUTDOWN"; // the shutdown command received private boolean shutdown = false; public static void main(String[] args) { HttpServer server = new HttpServer(); server.await(); } public void await() { ServerSocket serverSocket = null; int port = 8080; try { serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port, 1, InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1")); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); System.exit(1); } // Loop waiting for a request while (!shutdown) { Socket socket = null; InputStream input = null; OutputStream output = null; try { socket = serverSocket.accept(); input = socket.getInputStream(); output = socket.getOutputStream(); // create Request object and parse Request request = new Request(input); request.parse(); // create Response object Response response = new Response(output); response.setRequest(request); response.sendStaticResource(); // Close the socket socket.close(); //check if the previous URI is a shutdown command shutdown = request.getUri().equals(SHUTDOWN_COMMAND); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); continue; } } } }
Request對象主要完成幾件事情
public class Request { private InputStream input; private String uri; public Request(InputStream input) { this.input = input; } public void parse() { // Read a set of characters from the socket StringBuffer request = new StringBuffer(2048); int i; byte[] buffer = new byte[2048]; try { i = input.read(buffer); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); i = -1; } for (int j=0; j<i; j++) { request.append((char) buffer[j]); } System.out.print(request.toString()); uri = parseUri(request.toString()); } private String parseUri(String requestString) { int index1, index2; index1 = requestString.indexOf(' '); if (index1 != -1) { index2 = requestString.indexOf(' ', index1 + 1); if (index2 > index1) return requestString.substring(index1 + 1, index2); } return null; } public String getUri() { return uri; } }
Response主要是向客戶端發送文件內容(若是請求的uri指向的文件存在)。
public class Response { private static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 1024; Request request; OutputStream output; public Response(OutputStream output) { this.output = output; } public void setRequest(Request request) { this.request = request; } public void sendStaticResource() throws IOException { byte[] bytes = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE]; FileInputStream fis = null; try { File file = new File(HttpServer.WEB_ROOT, request.getUri()); if (file.exists()) { fis = new FileInputStream(file); int ch = fis.read(bytes, 0, BUFFER_SIZE); while (ch!=-1) { output.write(bytes, 0, ch); ch = fis.read(bytes, 0, BUFFER_SIZE); } } else { // file not found String errorMessage = "HTTP/1.1 404 File Not Found\r\n" + "Content-Type: text/html\r\n" + "Content-Length: 23\r\n" + "\r\n" + "<h1>File Not Found</h1>"; output.write(errorMessage.getBytes()); } } catch (Exception e) { // thrown if cannot instantiate a File object System.out.println(e.toString() ); } finally { if (fis!=null) fis.close(); } } }
在看了上面的例子以後,咱們驚奇地發現,在Java裏面實現一個web服務器真容易,代碼也很是簡單和清晰!
既然咱們能很簡單地實現web服務器,爲啥咱們還須要tomcat呢?它又給咱們帶來了哪些組件和特性呢,它又是怎麼組裝這些組件的呢,後續章節咱們將逐層分析。
這是咱們後面將要分析的內容,讓咱們拭目以待!