下圖是本身整理列出了C#每次重要更新的時間及增長的新特性,對於瞭解C#這些年的發展歷程,對C#的認識更加全面,是有幫助的。html
一、字符串插值 (String Interpolation)express
字符串拼接優化安全
Before:less
var Name = "joye.net"; var Results = "Hello" + Name;//直接拼接 var results1 = string.Format("Hello {0}", Name);//Format拼接
After:ide
var results2 = $"Hello {Name}"; //$拼接 var results= $"Hello {Name}{new Program().GetCnblogsSite()}";//{}能夠直接插入代碼
二、null檢查運算符【 ?.】 (Monadic null checking)函數
null優化性能
Before:優化
public static string GetCnblogsSite() { return "http://www.cnblogs.com/yinrq"; }
Program pro = null; if(pro!=null) Console.WriteLine(GetCnblogsSite());
After:this
Program pro = null; Console.WriteLine(pro?.GetCnblogsSite());
三、 自動屬性初始化器(Initializers for auto-properties)spa
能夠直接給自動屬性賦值了,不須要寫在構造函數中。
Before:
public class ClassA { private string Name{get;set;}; public ClassA() { Name = "joye.net"; } }
After:
public class ClassA { public string Name { get; set; } ="joye.net"; }
四、只讀自動屬性(Getter-only auto-properties)
只讀自動屬性能夠直接初始化,或者在構造函數中初始化。
before
//縮小自動屬性的訪問權限 public class ClassA { public string Name { get; private set; } } //C#1.0實現 public class ClassA { private string Name = "joye.net"; public string Name { get { return Name; } } }
after:
public class ClassA { public string Name { get; } = "joye.net"; }
五、表達式方法體(Property Expressions && Method Expressions)
只讀屬性,只讀索引器和方法均可以使用Lambda表達式做爲Body。
一句話的方法體能夠直接寫成箭頭函數,而再也不須要大括號(分頁控件http://www.cnblogs.com/yinrq/p/5586841.html就用到了屬性表達式Property Expressions)
public class PagerInBase { /// <summary> /// 當前頁 /// </summary> public int PageIndex { get; set; } /// <summary> /// 頁數 /// </summary> public int PageSize { get; set; }
//之前的寫法
//public int Skip{get{return (PageIndex - 1) * PageSize}}
//跳過序列中指定數量的元素 public int Skip => (PageIndex - 1) * PageSize; /// <summary> /// 請求URL /// </summary> public string RequetUrl => System.Web.HttpContext.Current.Request.Url.OriginalString; /// <summary> /// 構造函數給當前頁和頁數初始化 /// </summary> public PagerInBase() { if (PageIndex == 0) PageIndex = 1; if (PageSize == 0) PageSize = 10; } }
方法表達式(Method Expressions)
//before 的完整方法 public int Skip() { return (PageIndex - 1) * PageSize } //After C#6.0 方法表達式 public int Skip() => (PageIndex - 1) * PageSize;
六、using靜態類(Static type using statements)
using System; using static System.Math; namespace ConsoleApplication1 { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine(Log10(5) + PI); } } }
七、檢查方法參數nameof表達式(nameof expressions)
這個頗有用,原來寫WPF中的ViewModel層的屬性變化通知時,須要寫字符串,或者使用MvvmLight等庫中的幫助方法,能夠直接傳入屬性,但因爲是在運行時解析,會有少量性能損失。如今使用nameof運算符,保證重構安全和可讀性,又提高了性能。
Before:
public static void Add(Person person) { if (person == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("person"); } }
After:
public static void Add(Person person) { if (person == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(person)); } }
八、帶索引的對象初始化器(Index initializers )
直接經過索引進行對象的初始化
var dic = new Dictionary<int, string> { [0]="joye.net",[1]= "http://yinrq.cnblogs.com/",[2]= "Index initializers " };
九、catch和finally 中使用await (catch和finally 中的 await )
在C#5.0中,await關鍵字是不能出如今catch和finnaly塊中的。而C#6.0能夠
try { res = await Resource.OpenAsync(…); // You could do this } catch (ResourceException e) { await Resource.LogAsync(res, e); // Now you can do this } finally { if (res != null) await res.CloseAsync(); // finally and do this. }
十、內聯out參數(Inline declarations for out params)
before
int x; int.TryParse("123", out x);
after:
int.TryParse("123", out int x);
十一、無參數的結構體構造函數(Parameterless constructors in structs)
public struct MyStruct { public int A { get; } public int B { get; } public MyStruct(int a, int b) { A = a; B = b; } public MyStruct(): this(0, 1) { } }
WriteLine(new MyStruct().ToString()); WriteLine(default(MyStruct).ToString());
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using static System.Console; namespace ConsoleApplication1 { public class MyClass { public int A { get; set; } public int B { get; set; } = 1; public string Separator { get; } = "/"; public string SeparatorSpaces { get; } = string.Empty; public double Value => (double)A / B; public int this[int index] => index == 0 ? A : B; public int this[string index] => index == "A" ? A : B; public override string ToString() => "{A}{SeparatorSpaces}{Separator}{SeparatorSpaces}{B}"; public void Print() => WriteLine(ToString()); public MyClass() { } public MyClass(int a, int b) { A = a; B = b; } public MyClass(int a, int b, string separatorSpaces) : this(a, b) { SeparatorSpaces = separatorSpaces; if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(separatorSpaces)) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(separatorSpaces)); } } public static readonly Dictionary<string, MyClass> Dic = new Dictionary<string, MyClass> { ["zero"] = new MyClass(), ["one"] = new MyClass(1, 1), ["half"] = new MyClass(1, 2), ["quarter"] = new MyClass(1, 4), ["infinity"] = new MyClass(1, 0), }; } public struct MyStruct { public int A { get; } public int B { get; } public MyStruct(int a, int b) { A = a; B = b; } public MyStruct(): this(0, 1) { } public override string ToString() => "{A}{B}"; } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { foreach (var f in MyClass.Dic) { WriteLine("{f.Key} : {f.Value.Value}"); } var fraction = new MyClass(1, 3, " "); fraction.Print(); try { fraction = new MyClass(1, 2, null); } catch (ArgumentNullException e) { if (e.ParamName == "separatorSpaces") WriteLine("separatorSpaces can not be null"); } MyClass v; MyClass.Dic.TryGetValue("harf", out v); v?.Print(); var a = v?.A; WriteLine(a == null); var b = v?["B"]; WriteLine(b == null); WriteLine(v?.ToString() == null); WriteLine(new MyStruct().ToString()); WriteLine(default(MyStruct).ToString()); } } }