C#發展歷程以及C#6.0新特性

1、C#發展歷程

下圖是本身整理列出了C#每次重要更新的時間及增長的新特性,對於瞭解C#這些年的發展歷程,對C#的認識更加全面,是有幫助的。html

2、C#6.0新特性

一、字符串插值 (String Interpolation)express

字符串拼接優化安全

Before:less

var Name = "joye.net";
var Results = "Hello" + Name;//直接拼接
var results1 = string.Format("Hello {0}", Name);//Format拼接

After:ide

var results2 = $"Hello {Name}"; //$拼接
var results= $"Hello {Name}{new Program().GetCnblogsSite()}";//{}能夠直接插入代碼

二、null檢查運算符【 ?.】 (Monadic null checking)函數

null優化性能

Before:優化

        public static string GetCnblogsSite()
        {
            return "http://www.cnblogs.com/yinrq";
        } 
Program pro = null;
if(pro!=null)
      Console.WriteLine(GetCnblogsSite());

After:this

Program pro = null;
Console.WriteLine(pro?.GetCnblogsSite());

三、   自動屬性初始化器(Initializers for auto-properties)spa

能夠直接給自動屬性賦值了,不須要寫在構造函數中。

Before:

    public class ClassA
    {
        private string Name{get;set;};
        public ClassA()
        {
            Name = "joye.net";
        } 
    }

After:

    public class ClassA
    {
        public string Name { get; set; } ="joye.net";
   
    }

 四、只讀自動屬性(Getter-only auto-properties)

只讀自動屬性能夠直接初始化,或者在構造函數中初始化。

before

 //縮小自動屬性的訪問權限
    public class ClassA
    {
        public string Name { get; private set; }
   
    }
    //C#1.0實現
    public class ClassA
    {
        private string Name = "joye.net";

        public string Name
        {
            get { return Name; }
        }
    }

after:

    public class ClassA
    {
        public string Name { get; } = "joye.net";
    }

五、表達式方法體(Property Expressions && Method Expressions)

只讀屬性,只讀索引器和方法均可以使用Lambda表達式做爲Body。

一句話的方法體能夠直接寫成箭頭函數,而再也不須要大括號(分頁控件http://www.cnblogs.com/yinrq/p/5586841.html就用到了屬性表達式Property Expressions)

    public class PagerInBase
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 當前頁
        /// </summary>
        public int PageIndex { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// 頁數
        /// </summary>
        public int PageSize { get; set; }
     
//之前的寫法
     //public int Skip{get{return (PageIndex - 1) * PageSize}}
//跳過序列中指定數量的元素 public int Skip => (PageIndex - 1) * PageSize; /// <summary> /// 請求URL /// </summary> public string RequetUrl => System.Web.HttpContext.Current.Request.Url.OriginalString; /// <summary> /// 構造函數給當前頁和頁數初始化 /// </summary> public PagerInBase() { if (PageIndex == 0) PageIndex = 1; if (PageSize == 0) PageSize = 10; } }

方法表達式(Method Expressions)

        //before 的完整方法
        public int Skip()
        {
             return (PageIndex - 1) * PageSize
        }
        //After C#6.0 方法表達式
        public int Skip() => (PageIndex - 1) * PageSize;

六、using靜態類(Static type using statements)

using System;
using static System.Math; namespace ConsoleApplication1
    {
        class Program
        {
            static void Main(string[] args)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(Log10(5) + PI);
            }
        }
    }

 七、檢查方法參數nameof表達式(nameof expressions)

這個頗有用,原來寫WPF中的ViewModel層的屬性變化通知時,須要寫字符串,或者使用MvvmLight等庫中的幫助方法,能夠直接傳入屬性,但因爲是在運行時解析,會有少量性能損失。如今使用nameof運算符,保證重構安全和可讀性,又提高了性能。

Before:

        public static void Add(Person person)
        {
            if (person == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("person");
            }
        }

After:

        public static void Add(Person person)
        {
            if (person == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(person));
            }
        }

八、帶索引的對象初始化器(Index initializers )

直接經過索引進行對象的初始化

var dic = new Dictionary<int, string> { [0]="joye.net",[1]= "http://yinrq.cnblogs.com/",[2]= "Index initializers " };

九、catch和finally 中使用await (catch和finally 中的 await )

在C#5.0中,await關鍵字是不能出如今catch和finnaly塊中的。而C#6.0能夠

            try
            {
                res = await Resource.OpenAsync(…); // You could do this
            }
            catch (ResourceException e)
            {
                await Resource.LogAsync(res, e); // Now you can do this
            }
            finally
            {
                if (res != null)
                    await res.CloseAsync(); // finally and do this. 
            }

十、內聯out參數(Inline declarations for out params)

before

int x;
int.TryParse("123", out x);

after:

int.TryParse("123", out int x);

十一、無參數的結構體構造函數(Parameterless constructors in structs)

    public struct MyStruct
    {
        public int A { get; }
        public int B { get; }
        public MyStruct(int a, int b) { A = a; B = b; }
        public MyStruct(): this(0, 1) { }

    }
     WriteLine(new MyStruct().ToString());
     WriteLine(default(MyStruct).ToString());

3、代碼

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using static System.Console;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    public class MyClass
    {
        public int A { get; set; }

        public int B { get; set; } = 1;

        public string Separator { get; } = "/";

        public string SeparatorSpaces { get; } = string.Empty;

        public double Value => (double)A / B;

        public int this[int index] => index == 0 ? A : B;

        public int this[string index] => index == "A" ? A : B;

        public override string ToString() => "{A}{SeparatorSpaces}{Separator}{SeparatorSpaces}{B}";

        public void Print() => WriteLine(ToString());

        public MyClass()
        {

        }

        public MyClass(int a, int b)
        {
            A = a;
            B = b;
        }

        public MyClass(int a, int b, string separatorSpaces) : this(a, b)
        {
            SeparatorSpaces = separatorSpaces;
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(separatorSpaces))
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(separatorSpaces));
            }
        }

        public static readonly Dictionary<string, MyClass> Dic =
            new Dictionary<string, MyClass>
            {
                ["zero"] = new MyClass(),
                ["one"] = new MyClass(1, 1),
                ["half"] = new MyClass(1, 2),
                ["quarter"] = new MyClass(1, 4),
                ["infinity"] = new MyClass(1, 0),
            };

    }

    public struct MyStruct
    {
        public int A { get; }
        public int B { get; }
        public MyStruct(int a, int b) { A = a; B = b; }
        public MyStruct(): this(0, 1) { }

        public override string ToString() => "{A}{B}";

    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            foreach (var f in MyClass.Dic)
            {
                WriteLine("{f.Key} : {f.Value.Value}");
            }

            var fraction = new MyClass(1, 3, " ");
            fraction.Print();

            try
            {
                fraction = new MyClass(1, 2, null);
            }
            catch (ArgumentNullException e)
            {
                if (e.ParamName == "separatorSpaces")
                    WriteLine("separatorSpaces can not be null");
            }

            MyClass v;
            MyClass.Dic.TryGetValue("harf", out v);
            v?.Print();
            var a = v?.A;
            WriteLine(a == null);
            var b = v?["B"];
            WriteLine(b == null);
            WriteLine(v?.ToString() == null);

            WriteLine(new MyStruct().ToString());
            WriteLine(default(MyStruct).ToString());
        }

    }
}
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