初級文法課程-第1課:名詞的種類/名詞的數/名詞的全部格/冠詞;be 動詞、通常動詞的如今式

January 31, 2016app

 Unit 1 名詞和冠詞ui

名詞:n (noun)  做用:當主詞、補語、受詞spa


一、名詞的種類 [單數和複數--I like dogs]
    普通名詞:book,pencil,dog,spaceship...etc
    集合名詞:class,family,audience...etc
Eg:
  1.My family is large. #個人家庭
  2.My family are all early risers. #個人家人翻譯

  專有名詞:Bob,Smith,April,London...etc
  ##下列專有名詞須要加上定冠詞the  ##符號表明特殊狀況
  the United States, the United Nationsrest

  物質名詞:glass,wood,paper,butter,fruit...etc #物質名詞沒有單複數形式
  @@ 數字+容器(度量衡)+ of + 物質名詞
Eg: a loaf of bread(loaves bread), a cup of coffee, a sheet of paper, s spoonful(handful) of sugarxml

  抽象名詞:beauty,honesty,love,patience,happiness,music...etc (不可數名詞)ip

 

二、名詞的數:個數1--單數 個數2以上--複數 (能夠數的名詞纔能有單數和複數概念)ci

規則變化的複數名詞 it

  #名詞字尾+S~大部分名詞
Eg:dog[g-有聲子音]-dogs[z-有聲子音] / book-books[s-無聲子音] / girl-girls[z]io

  #名詞字尾爲:s,sh,ch,x,o +es
Eg:class-classes[iz]/ bus-buses / dish-dishes / bench-benches / box[ks]-boxes[iz]

  ##注意>名詞字尾爲子音+o, 複數名詞加es, 如tomatoes[z], 當有例外:photos, piano...etc

  #名詞字尾爲子音+y => 去y+ies
Eg:baby[i]-babies[iz] / story-stories / city-cities / lady-ladies

  #名詞字尾爲f或fe => 去f或fe[f-無聲]+ves[v-有聲]
Eg:leaf-leaves / wife-wives / knife-knives
  ##handherchiefs, chiefs, roofs

不規則變化的複數名詞

  #名詞字尾爲en,ren 
Eg:OX-OXen (bull-NBA Chicago, cow) / chi[ai]ld-chi[i]ldren
  #改變母音
Eg:man[æ]-men[ɛ-輕輕張開嘴脣] / woman-wo[i]men / goose-geese / tooth-teeth / mouse-mice
  ##單複數同形
Eg: fish (one/two fish --數量 | a kind of fish/two kinds of fishes --種類), deer, sheep, Chinese 

 

三、名詞的全部格(擁有/的)
  造成:
  #單數名詞=》名詞’s
Eg:the boy's schoolbag / Joan's dress
  #複數名詞=》名詞s'
Eg:a girls' shool / these students' teacher
  #字尾非s的複數名詞=》名詞's
Eg:children's playground, women's activities

##特別注意的全部格用法&&共同全部格及個別全部格

  共同全部格==名詞+名詞+。。。+名詞's

  個別全部格==名詞's+名詞’s+。。。+名詞's
Eg:A and B's father is a scientist.

   A's and B's fathers are scientists. (Mr.[此處省略Brown] and Mrs.Brown's)

  @@(無)生物全部格>>A的B == B of A
Eg:桌子的腳 == the legs of the table (此處的of在中文裏面不用翻譯,無心思)
                        --此處表現出英文重要的東西要放前面
   車門 == the door of the(a) car / the doors of the(a) car
   女孩的名字 == the girls' name == the name of the girl
  ##全部格以後的名詞,若是在句中很是容易理解時,可省略
Eg:She's going to the dentist's.
   I met him at the barber's.(shop--省略)
   We like to eat lunch at Mcdonald's.(restaurant)

 

四、冠詞 [+n / +adj+n]
   冠詞可分爲不定(不限定)冠詞a/an 及 定冠詞the, 它一般放在名詞前,用來修飾名詞
  ##a/an的用法
  一、a[ə] + 子音開頭的單數名詞
  二、an[ən,æn] + 母音開頭的單數名詞(A,E,I,O,U)
Eg:a book, a girl, a young man(此處就近原則,非man)
   an apple, an umbrella, an old woman

  @@a/an 發音 a[ə],an[ən]; 強調時a[e], an[æn]
Eg: I read a[ə] novel.
    I read a[e] novel, not two.

  @@the的用法=>母音前,讀[ði]; 子音前,讀[ðə]
Eg:the[ðə] book / the[ði] apple
  1. Please shut the door.
  2. The rich aren't always happy. #the+adj 泛指「....的人」,表明複數

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