栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒

爲何須要非直連路由

直連路由的不足 不能去往非本身直連的其餘網段(地方)
非直連路由:須要靜態路由或動態路由,將網段添加到路由表中
栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒
問題?AR1上沒有到達以下的網段路由網絡

23.1.1.0/24
2.2.2.2/32
3.3.3.3/32

栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒

靜態路由應用場景

  1. 靜態路由是指由管理員手動配置和維護的路由
  2. 靜態路由配置簡單,無需像動態路由那樣佔用路由器的CPU資源來計算和分析路由更新
  3. 靜態路由通常適用於結構簡單的網絡。不過,即便是在複雜網絡環境中,合理地配置一些靜態路由也能夠改進網絡的性能
    栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒ide

    靜態路由語法格式

    A.  [Huawei]ip route-static 目標網段 目標網段掩碼 下一跳
    B.  [Huawei]ip route-static 目標網段 目標網段掩碼 出接口
    C.  [Huawei]ip route-static 目標網段 目標網段掩碼 出接口 下一跳     推薦使用該方式

    栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒

    [R1]ip route-static 23.1.1.0 24 12.1.1.2(下一跳)   串行鏈路
    [R1]ip route-static 23.1.1.0 24 GigabitEthernet 0/0/0(出接口)   以太網
    [R1]ip route-static 23.1.1.0 24 GigabitEthernet 0/0/0 12.1.1.2(出接口+下一跳)

    目標網段:目標網段
    目標網段掩碼:掩碼 能夠寫255.255.255.0 或者24
    下一跳:到達目的地的下一站性能

    [R1]display ip routing-table protocol static   查看路由表中的靜態路由

    實戰演練經過靜態路由實現網絡互通

    栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒

    在R1上面訪問3.3.3.3路由,該如何實現?ping 3.3.3.3

    注意:ping 3.3.3.3 SIP:12.1.1.1 DIP:3.3.3.3
    由於R1配置接口IP地址後,只有12.1.1.0/24和1.1.1.1/32的直連路由,沒有去往目標3.3.3.3的非直連路由,那麼,咱們能夠在R1上面配置以下靜態路由到達3.3.3.3學習

    ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 g0/0/0 12.1.1.2

    配置完成後,R1上面ping 3.3.3.3 發現沒法ping通
    由於數據在傳遞的過程當中,R1發現到達3.3.3.3得下一跳是12.1.1.2 是R2設備,那麼R1會把這個數據傳遞給R2設備,此時R2設備上沒有到達3.3.3.3的路由,R2設備會丟棄這個報文
    那咱們能夠在R2上面寫靜態路由,使其到達3.3.3.3路由測試

    ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 g0/0/1 23.1.1.3

    配置完成後,R1上面ping 3.3.3.3 發現沒法ping通
    由於數據在傳遞的過程當中,R1發現到達3.3.3.3得下一跳是12.1.1.2 是R2設備,那麼R1會把這個數據傳遞給R2設備,R2設備到達3.3.3.3的下一跳是23.1.1.3 是R3設備,而3.3.3.3路由恰好是R3自身的直連路由,因此,R3會接收這個數據。
    可是,數據在傳遞過程當中,數據既能夠發過去,數據也要可以回來,即發數據是R1到R3 回數據是R3到R1 因爲R3上面沒有到達12.1.1.0/24網段的路由,因此R3沒法迴應數據code

    ip route-static 12.1.1.0 255.255.255.255 g0/0/1 23.1.1.2

    在R3上面寫完到達23.1.1.0的路由條目後,會把迴應的數據包交給R2,R2發現到達12.1.1.0網段是本身的直連,所以把數據包交給R1blog

    <R1>ping 3.3.3.3
    PING 3.3.3.3: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=40 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=50 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=20 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=40 ms
    
    --- 3.3.3.3 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 20/36/50 ms
    <R1>

    思考以下:若是在R1上面ping -a 1.1.1.1 3.3.3.3 可以ping通麼?

    AR1的配置:接口

    ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 12.1.1.2

    AR2的配置:ip

    ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 23.1.1.3

    AR3的配置:資源

    ip route-static 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 23.1.1.2

    AR2的配置:

    ip route-static 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 12.1.1.1
測試以下:
<R1>ping -a 1.1.1.1 3.3.3.3
  PING 3.3.3.3: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=40 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=40 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=30 ms

  --- 3.3.3.3 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 30/34/40 ms

思考以下:若是在R1上面ping -a 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2可以ping通麼?

AR1的配置:

ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 12.1.1.2

AR2的配置:

ip route-static 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 12.1.1.1

測試以下:

<R1>ping -a 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2
  PING 2.2.2.2: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time=140 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time=20 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=255 time=30 ms

  --- 2.2.2.2 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 20/50/140 ms

思考以下:若是R2訪問ping -a 2.2.2.2 3.3.3.3可以ping通麼?

AR2的配置:

ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 23.1.1.3

AR3的配置:

ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 23.1.1.2

測試以下:

<R2>ping -a 2.2.2.2 3.3.3.3
  PING 3.3.3.3: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time=70 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=255 time=30 ms

  --- 3.3.3.3 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 30/38/70 ms

思考以下:若是要想實現全網互通?須要在AR1 2 3設備上面分別寫幾條靜態路由

AR1以下配置:

ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 12.1.1.2
ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 12.1.1.2
ip route-static 23.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 12.1.1.2

AR2以下配置:

ip route-static 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 12.1.1.1
ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 23.1.1.3

AR3以下配置:

ip route-static 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 23.1.1.2
ip route-static 12.1.1.0 255.255.255.255 23.1.1.2
ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 23.1.1.2

測試以下:

<R1>ping 2.2.2.2
  PING 2.2.2.2: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time=10 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=255 time=20 ms

  --- 2.2.2.2 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 10/24/30 ms

<R1>ping 3.3.3.3
  PING 3.3.3.3: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=50 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=20 ms

  --- 3.3.3.3 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 20/32/50 ms

<R1>ping 23.1.1.3
  PING 23.1.1.3: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 23.1.1.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 23.1.1.3: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=40 ms
    Reply from 23.1.1.3: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=40 ms
    Reply from 23.1.1.3: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=50 ms
    Reply from 23.1.1.3: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=40 ms

  --- 23.1.1.3 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 30/40/50 ms

<R1>ping -a 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2
  PING 2.2.2.2: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=255 time=20 ms

  --- 2.2.2.2 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 20/28/30 ms

<R1>ping -a 1.1.1.1 3.3.3.3
  PING 3.3.3.3: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=50 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=30 ms

  --- 3.3.3.3 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 30/34/50 ms

<R1>ping -a 1.1.1.1 23.1.1.3
  PING 23.1.1.3: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 23.1.1.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 23.1.1.3: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 23.1.1.3: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 23.1.1.3: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 23.1.1.3: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=40 ms

  --- 23.1.1.3 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 30/32/40 ms

<R1>

什麼是默認路由

默認路由通常來末節點配置 好處就是僅僅用一條路由代替全部路由條目

[Huawei]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 下一跳

栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒
R1的配置

ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 12.1.1.2
ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 12.1.1.2
ip route-static 23.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 12.1.1.2

簡化本R1的配置

ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 12.1.1.2   表明R1想要去往任何非直連路由都把數據包交給R2設備

簡化本R3的配置

ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 23.1.1.2 表明R3想要去往任何非直連路由都把數據包交給R2設備

思考以下:爲何R2上面不能寫默認路由?寫了以後有什麼問題出現?
由於R2設備處於R1和R3之間,若是在R2上面寫默認路由

ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 12.1.1.1
ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 23.1.1.3

若是此時R1想要訪問3.3.3.3,R1把數據包丟給R2的時候,R2此時有兩個下一跳 一個是R1 一個是R3 那R2究竟是丟給R1呢仍是R3呢?因此,R2上面建議你們寫明細路由,不要寫默認路由

靜態路由使用出接口和下一跳的場景

靜態路由使用出接口的場景

在串行接口上,能夠經過指定下一跳地址或出接口或出接口+下一跳來配置靜態路由
栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒

[RTA]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 10.0.12.2
[RTA]ip route-static 192.169.2.0 24 s1/0/0
[RTA]ip route-static 192.169.2.0 24 s1/0/0 10.0.12.2

靜態路由使用下一跳的場景

在廣播型的接口(如以太網接口)上配置靜態路由時,必需要指定下一跳地址
栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒

[RTA]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 10.0.123.2
[RTA]ip route-static 192.169.2.0 24 G0/0/0 10.0.123.2

思考一下?爲何不能用出接口呢?

靜態路由的負載分擔

AR1上訪問2.2.2.2的時候,能夠經過路徑AR1-AR3-AR2 或者AR1-AR4-AR2 的負載分擔
栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒
AR1的配置:

ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 13.1.1.3
ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 14.1.1.4

查看AR1的路由表

<R1>display ip routing-table protocol static 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 2        Configured Routes : 2

Static routing table status : <Active>
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 2

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        2.2.2.2/32  Static  60   0          RD   13.1.1.3        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
                    Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.4        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1

Static routing table status : <Inactive>
         Destinations : 0        Routes : 0

<R1>

測試一下,利用tracert進行路由追蹤

<R1>tracert -a 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2

 traceroute to  2.2.2.2(2.2.2.2), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C t
o break 

 1 13.1.1.3 130 ms  20 ms 14.1.1.4 30 ms 

 2 24.1.1.2 30 ms  20 ms  30 ms 
<R1>tracert -a 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2

 traceroute to  2.2.2.2(2.2.2.2), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C t
o break 

 1 14.1.1.4 140 ms  20 ms  10 ms 

 2 24.1.1.2 100 ms  20 ms  20 ms 
<R1>

什麼是浮動路由

浮動路由就是隻讓主鏈路進行工做,備鏈路不讓轉發流量
當主鏈路出現問題的時候,路由器會選擇備用的鏈路,當主鏈路恢復的時候 路由器會選擇主鏈路
栗子老師帶你漫談靜態的那些事兒
在AR1上面的配置:

ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 13.1.1.3     默認優先級是60
ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 14.1.1.4 preference 70

查看AR1的路由表

[R1]display ip routing-table protocol static 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 2        Configured Routes : 2

Static routing table status : <Active>
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 1

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        2.2.2.2/32  Static  60   0          RD   13.1.1.3        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0

Static routing table status : <Inactive>
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 1

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        2.2.2.2/32  Static  70   0          R    14.1.1.4        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1

[R1]

當AR1的主鏈路down時候

[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]shutdown 
Nov 16 2019 12:27:14-08:00 R1 %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[8]:Interface GigabitEthern
et0/0/0 has turned into DOWN state.
[R1]display ip routing-table protocol static 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 2        Configured Routes : 2

Static routing table status : <Active>
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 1

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        2.2.2.2/32  Static  70   0          RD   14.1.1.4        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1

Static routing table status : <Inactive>
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 1

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        2.2.2.2/32  Static  60   0               13.1.1.3        Unknown

[R1]

當AR1的主用鏈路恢復正常時

[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown 
Nov 16 2019 12:28:25-08:00 R1 %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[10]:Interface GigabitEther
net0/0/0 has turned into UP state.
[R1]display ip routing-table protocol static 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 2        Configured Routes : 2

Static routing table status : <Active>
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 1

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        2.2.2.2/32  Static  60   0          RD   13.1.1.3        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0

Static routing table status : <Inactive>
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 1

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        2.2.2.2/32  Static  70   0          R    14.1.1.4        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1

[R1]

靜態路由不足

靜態路由---不能動態的根據現網拓撲的改變而改變能不能開發一款協議出來,讓網絡設備之間進行交換各類路由網段協議呢?因而在早期提出了rip協議 由於當時的網絡結構比較簡單,RIP協議可以頗有的勝任,而如今網絡結構比較龐大,RIP協議已經不能知足於如今的網絡當中,因此咱們企業網絡中廣泛都是OSPF路由協議,RIP協議咱們如今只是做爲一個學習的一個協議而已,現網中幾乎不用RIP協議

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