Python常見部署方法有 :php
fcgi :用spawn-fcgi或者框架自帶的工具對各個project分別生成監聽進程,而後和http 服務互動
wsgi :利用http服務的mod_wsgi模塊來跑各個project(Web應用程序或框架簡單而通用的Web服務器 之間的接口)。
uWSGI 是一款像php-cgi同樣監聽同一端口,進行統一管理和負載平衡的工具,uWSGI,既不用wsgi協議也不用fcgi協議,而是自創了一個uwsgi的協議,聽說該協議大約是fcgi協議的
10
倍那麼快。
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其實 WSGI 是分紅 server 和 framework (即 application) 兩部分 (固然還有 middleware)。嚴格說 WSGI 只是一個協議, 規範 server 和 framework 之間鏈接的接口。前端
WSGI server 把服務器功能以 WSGI 接口暴露出來。好比 mod_wsgi 是一種 server, 把 apache 的功能以 WSGI 接口的形式提供出來。node
1
2
3
4
5
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WSGI framework 就是咱們常常提到的 Django 這種框架。不過須要注意的是, 不多有單純的 WSGI framework , 基於 WSGI 的框架每每都自帶 WSGI server。好比 Django、CherryPy 都自帶 WSGI server 主要是測試用途, 發佈時則使用生產環境的 WSGI server。而有些 WSGI 下的框架好比 pylons、bfg 等, 本身不實現 WSGI server。使用 paste 做爲 WSGI server。
Paste 是流行的 WSGI server, 帶有不少中間件。還有 flup 也是一個提供中間件的庫。
搞清除 WSGI server 和 application, 中間件天然就清楚了。除了 session、cache 之類的應用, 前段時間看到一個 bfg 下的中間件專門用於給網站換膚的 (skin) 。中間件能夠想到的用法還不少。
這裏再補充一下, 像 django 這樣的框架如何以 fastcgi 的方式跑在 apache 上的。這要用到 flup.fcgi 或者 fastcgi.py (eurasia 中也設計了一個 fastcgi.py 的實現) 這些工具, 它們就是把 fastcgi 協議轉換成 WSGI 接口 (把 fastcgi 變成一個 WSGI server) 供框架接入。整個架構是這樣的: django -> fcgi2wsgiserver -> mod_fcgi -> apache 。
雖然我不是 WSGI 的粉絲, 可是不能否認 WSGI 對 python web 的意義重大。有意本身設計 web 框架, 又不想作 socket 層和 http 報文解析的同窗, 能夠從 WSGI 開始設計本身的框架。在 python 圈子裏有個共識, 本身隨手搞個 web 框架跟喝口水同樣天然, 很是方便。或許每一個 python 玩家都會經歷一個倒騰框架的
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uWSGI的主要特色以下:python
超快的性能。nginx
低內存佔用(實測爲apache2的mod_wsgi的一半左右)。web
多app管理。apache
詳盡的日誌功能(能夠用來分析app性能和瓶頸)。django
高度可定製(內存大小限制,服務必定次數後重啓等)。服務器
uwsgi的官方文檔:session
http://projects.unbit.it/uwsgi/wiki/Doc
nginx.conf
|
location / {
include
uwsgi_params
uwsgi_pass
127.0
.
0.1
:
9090
}
|
啓動app
|
uwsgi -s :
9090
-w myapp
|
uwsgi的調優參數~
|
uwsgi的參數
以上是單個project的最簡單化部署,uwsgi仍是有不少使人稱讚的功能的,例如:
併發
4
個線程:
uwsgi -s :
9090
-w myapp -p
4
主控制線程+
4
個線程:
uwsgi -s :
9090
-w myapp -M -p
4
執行超過
30
秒的client直接放棄:
uwsgi -s :
9090
-w myapp -M -p
4
-t
30
限制內存空間128M:
uwsgi -s :
9090
-w myapp -M -p
4
-t
30
--limit-
as
128
服務超過
10000
個req自動respawn:
uwsgi -s :
9090
-w myapp -M -p
4
-t
30
--limit-
as
128
-R
10000
後臺運行等:
uwsgi -s :
9090
-w myapp -M -p
4
-t
30
--limit-
as
128
-R
10000
-d uwsgi.log
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爲了讓多個站點共享一個uwsgi服務,必須把uwsgi運行成虛擬站點:去掉「-w myapp」加上」–vhost」:
uwsgi -s :9090 -M -p 4 -t 30 --limit-as 128 -R 10000 -d uwsgi.log --vhost
而後必須配置virtualenv,virtualenv是Python的一個頗有用的虛擬環境工具,這樣安裝:
最後配置nginx,注意每一個站點必須單獨佔用一個server,同一server不一樣location定向到不一樣的應用不知爲什麼老是失敗,估計也 算是一個bug。
server {
listen
80
;
server_name app1.mydomain.com;
location / {
include
uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass
127.0
.
0.1
:
9090
;
uwsgi_param UWSGI_PYHOME /
var
/www/myenv;
uwsgi_param UWSGI_SCRIPT myapp1;
uwsgi_param UWSGI_CHDIR /
var
/www/myappdir1;
}
}
server {
listen
80
;
server_name app2.mydomain.com;
location / {
include
uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass
127.0
.
0.1
:
9090
;
uwsgi_param UWSGI_PYHOME /
var
/www/myenv;
uwsgi_param UWSGI_SCRIPT myapp2;
uwsgi_param UWSGI_CHDIR /
var
/www/myappdir2;
}
}
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這樣,重啓nginx服務,兩個站點就能夠共用一個uwsgi服務了。
再來搞下 fastcgi的方式
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location / {
fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;
fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/
1.1
;
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx/$nginx_version;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_pass
127.0
.
0.1
:
9002
;
}
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|
location /
static
/ {
root /path/to/www;
if
(-f $request_filename) {
rewrite ^/
static
/(.*)$ /
static
/$
1
break
;
}
}
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啓動一個fastcgi的進程
1
|
spawn-fcgi -d /path/to/www -f /path/to/www/index.py -a
127.0
.
0.1
-p
9002
|
用web.py寫的一個小demo測試
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-
8
-*-
import
web
urls = (
"/.*"
,
"hello"
)
app = web.application(urls, globals())
class
hello:
def GET(self):
return
'Hello, world!'
if
__name__ ==
"__main__"
:
web.wsgi.runwsgi = lambda func, addr=None: web.wsgi.runfcgi(func, addr)
app.run()
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啓動nginx
|
nginx
|
這樣就ok了~
下面開始介紹下 我通常用的方法:
前端nginx用負責負載分發:
部署的時候採用了單IP多端口方式,服務器有4個核心,決定開4個端口對應,分別是8885~8888,修改
upstream backend {
server
127.0
.
0.1
:
8888
;
server
127.0
.
0.1
:
8887
;
server
127.0
.
0.1
:
8886
;
server
127.0
.
0.1
:
8885
;
}
server{
listen
80
;
server_name message.test.com;
keepalive_timeout
65
; #
proxy_read_timeout
2000
; #
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
location / {
proxy_pass_header Server;
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Scheme $scheme;
proxy_pass http:
//backend;
}
}
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而後運行四個python程序,端口爲我們配置好的端口
我這裏用tornado寫了一個執行系統程序的例子:
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import
subprocess
import
tornado.ioloop
import
time
import
fcntl
import
functools
import
os
class
GenericSubprocess (object):
def __init__ ( self, timeout=-
1
, **popen_args ):
self.args = dict()
self.args[
"stdout"
] = subprocess.PIPE
self.args[
"stderr"
] = subprocess.PIPE
self.args[
"close_fds"
] = True
self.args.update(popen_args)
self.ioloop = None
self.expiration = None
self.pipe = None
self.timeout = timeout
self.streams = []
self.has_timed_out = False
def start(self):
""
"Spawn the task.
Throws RuntimeError
if
the task was already started.
""
"
if
not self.pipe
is
None:
raise RuntimeError(
"Cannot start task twice"
)
self.ioloop = tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance()
if
self.timeout >
0
:
self.expiration = self.ioloop.add_timeout( time.time() + self.timeout, self.on_timeout )
self.pipe = subprocess.Popen(**self.args)
self.streams = [ (self.pipe.stdout.fileno(), []),
(self.pipe.stderr.fileno(), []) ]
for
fd, d
in
self.streams:
flags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)| os.O_NDELAY
fcntl.fcntl( fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, flags)
self.ioloop.add_handler( fd,
self.stat,
self.ioloop.READ|self.ioloop.ERROR)
def on_timeout(self):
self.has_timed_out = True
self.cancel()
def cancel (self ) :
""
"Cancel task execution
Sends SIGKILL to the child process.
""
"
try
:
self.pipe.kill()
except:
pass
def stat( self, *args ):
''
'Check process completion and consume pending I/O data'
''
self.pipe.poll()
if
not self.pipe.returncode
is
None:
''
'cleanup handlers and timeouts'
''
if
not self.expiration
is
None:
self.ioloop.remove_timeout(self.expiration)
for
fd, dest
in
self.streams:
self.ioloop.remove_handler(fd)
''
'schedulle callback (first try to read all pending data)'
''
self.ioloop.add_callback(self.on_finish)
for
fd, dest
in
self.streams:
while
True:
try
:
data = os.read(fd,
4096
)
if
len(data) ==
0
:
break
dest.extend([data])
except:
break
@property
def stdout(self):
return
self.get_output(
0
)
@property
def stderr(self):
return
self.get_output(
1
)
@property
def status(self):
return
self.pipe.returncode
def get_output(self, index ):
return
""
.join(self.streams[index][
1
])
def on_finish(self):
raise NotImplemented()
class
Subprocess (GenericSubprocess):
""
"Create
new
instance
Arguments:
callback: method to be called after completion. This method should take
3
arguments: statuscode(
int
), stdout(str), stderr(str), has_timed_out(boolean)
timeout: wall time allocated
for
the process to complete. After
this
expires Task.cancel
is
called. A negative timeout value means no limit
is
set
The task
is
not started until start
is
called. The process will then be spawned using subprocess.Popen(**popen_args). The stdout and stderr are always
set
to subprocess.PIPE.
""
"
def __init__ ( self, callback, *args, **kwargs):
""
"Create
new
instance
Arguments:
callback: method to be called after completion. This method should take
3
arguments: statuscode(
int
), stdout(str), stderr(str), has_timed_out(boolean)
timeout: wall time allocated
for
the process to complete. After
this
expires Task.cancel
is
called. A negative timeout value means no limit
is
set
The task
is
not started until start
is
called. The process will then be spawned using subprocess.Popen(**popen_args). The stdout and stderr are always
set
to subprocess.PIPE.
""
"
self.callback = callback
self.done_callback = False
GenericSubprocess.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
def on_finish(self):
if
not self.done_callback:
self.done_callback = True
''
'prevent calling callback twice'
''
self.ioloop.add_callback(functools.partial(self.callback, self.status, self.stdout, self.stderr, self.has_timed_out))
if
__name__ ==
"__main__"
:
ioloop = tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance()
def print_timeout( status, stdout, stderr, has_timed_out) :
assert(status!=
0
)
assert(has_timed_out)
print
"OK status:"
, repr(status),
"stdout:"
, repr(stdout),
"stderr:"
, repr(stderr),
"timeout:"
, repr(has_timed_out)
def print_ok( status, stdout, stderr, has_timed_out) :
assert(status==
0
)
assert(not has_timed_out)
print
"OK status:"
, repr(status),
"stdout:"
, repr(stdout),
"stderr:"
, repr(stderr),
"timeout:"
, repr(has_timed_out)
def print_error( status, stdout, stderr, has_timed_out):
assert(status!=
0
)
assert(not has_timed_out)
print
"OK status:"
, repr(status),
"stdout:"
, repr(stdout),
"stderr:"
, repr(stderr),
"timeout:"
, repr(has_timed_out)
def stop_test():
ioloop.stop()
t1 = Subprocess( print_timeout, timeout=
3
, args=[
"sleep"
,
"5"
] )
t2 = Subprocess( print_ok, timeout=
3
, args=[
"sleep"
,
"1"
] )
t3 = Subprocess( print_ok, timeout=
3
, args=[
"sleepdsdasdas"
,
"1"
] )
t4 = Subprocess( print_error, timeout=
3
, args=[
"cat"
,
"/etc/sdfsdfsdfsdfsdfsdfsdf"
] )
t1.start()
t2.start()
try
:
t3.start()
assert(
false
)
except:
print
"OK"
t4.start()
ioloop.add_timeout(time.time() +
10
, stop_test)
ioloop.start()
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