cp--copy的簡寫,複製文件和目錄的命令;node
命令格式:python
cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST----單源複製git
若是DEST不存在,直接建立一個文件,複製源文件的數據流至DEST;shell
例如,複製/etc/fstab文件到/tmp目錄下,若是/tmp沒有一個叫fstab的文件,就先建立一個fstab文件,而後將fstab的數據流複製到/tmp的fstab中:vim
[root@magedu ~]# cp /etc/fstab /tmp/ [root@magedu ~]# ll /tmp/fstab -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 465 Mar 25 16:51 /tmp/fstab
若是DEST是已存在的非目錄文件,則覆蓋;centos
例如,再複製/etc/fstab文件到/tmp目錄下,就會覆蓋第一次複製的文件,從時間上可看出來:bash
[root@magedu ~]# ll /tmp/fstab -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 465 Mar 25 16:51 /tmp/fstab [root@magedu ~]# cp /etc/fstab /tmp/fstab cp: overwrite ‘/tmp/fstab’? y [root@magedu ~]# ll /tmp/fstab -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 465 Mar 25 16:58 /tmp/fstab
若是DEST是目錄文件,則先在DEST目錄下建立一個源文件同名的文件,並複製其流。session
例如:app
[root@magedu ~]# cp /etc/ntp.conf /tmp/ [root@magedu ~]# ll /tmp/ntp.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2000 Mar 29 20:49 /tmp/ntp.conf
cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY---->多源複製less
cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... ---->多源複製
[root@magedu ~]# cp /etc/yum.conf /etc/vimrc /tmp [root@magedu ~]# ll /tmp/yum.conf /tmp/vimrc -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1993 Mar 29 20:53 /tmp/vimrc -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 970 Mar 29 20:53 /tmp/yum.conf
OPTIONS:
-i:交互式複製,覆蓋以前詢問
[root@magedu ~]# cp -i /etc/ntp.conf /tmp cp: overwrite ‘/tmp/ntp.conf’? y [root@magedu ~]# ls /tmp/ntp.conf /tmp/ntp.conf
-f:強行覆蓋,覆蓋時不詢問
[root@magedu ~]# cp -f /etc/ntp.conf /tmp [root@magedu ~]#
-r:遞歸複製目錄
[root@magedu ~]# cp -r /etc/yum.repos.d/ /tmp/yum [root@magedu ~]# ll /tmp/yum total 0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 187 Mar 29 21:08 yum.repos.d [root@magedu ~]# tree /tmp/yum /tmp/yum `-- yum.repos.d |-- CentOS-Base.repo |-- CentOS-CR.repo |-- CentOS-Debuginfo.repo |-- CentOS-fasttrack.repo |-- CentOS-Media.repo |-- CentOS-Sources.repo `-- CentOS-Vault.repo 1 directory, 7 files
-a:複製源文件的全部屬性,實現歸檔,通常用於備份;
-rw-------. 1 root root 107 Mar 27 13:37 yum.log [root@magedu ~]# cp -a /var/log/yum.log /tmp [root@magedu ~]# ll /tmp/yum.log -rw-------. 1 root root 107 Mar 27 13:37 /tmp/yum.log \#可看到,yum.log 在源文件中的元數據複製到tmp目錄下後,都沒變化;
---移動或重命名文件;
移動目錄時,直接跟目錄名,不須要加R選項,也就是移動文件和目錄是同樣的。
[root@magedu ~]# mv /tmp/yum/ ./ [root@magedu ~]# ll yum total 0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 187 Mar 29 21:08 yum.repos.d
OPTIONS:
-i:交互式,移動覆蓋前詢問
[root@magedu ~]# mv -i /tmp/yum/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo ./yum/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo mv: overwrite ‘./yum/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo’? y [root@magedu ~]#
-f:force 強制覆蓋;
[root@magedu ~]# mv -f /tmp/yum/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Sources.repo ./yum/yum.repos.d/ [root@magedu ~]#
NAME
rm-remove files or directories --刪除文件或目錄
SYNOPSIS
rm [OPTION] ... FILE...
OPTIONS
-r:刪除目錄
[root@magedu ~]# rm -r /tmp/yum/yum.repos.d/ rm: descend into directory ‘/tmp/yum/yum.repos.d/’? y rm: remove regular file ‘/tmp/yum/yum.repos.d/CentOS-CR.repo’? y rm: remove regular file ‘/tmp/yum/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Debuginfo.repo’? y rm: remove regular file ‘/tmp/yum/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Media.repo’? y rm: remove regular file ‘/tmp/yum/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Vault.repo’? y rm: remove regular file ‘/tmp/yum/yum.repos.d/CentOS-fasttrack.repo’? y rm: remove directory ‘/tmp/yum/yum.repos.d/’? y [root@magedu ~]#
-f:強制刪除
[root@magedu ~]# rm -rf ./yum/ [root@magedu ~]#
----查看文件類型命令
[root@magedu ~]# file /etc/passwd /etc/passwd: ASCII text [root@magedu ~]# file /etc/ /etc/: directory [root@magedu ~]# file /dev/tty44 /dev/tty44: character special
----list directory contents 列出列表,
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]...[FILE]
OPTIONS
-a:列出全部文件,包括隱藏文件
[root@magedu ~]# ls -a /var/log . lastlog secure-20190317 .. libvirt secure-20190324 anaconda maillog speech-dispatcher audit maillog-20190303 spooler boot.log maillog-20190310 spooler-20190303 boot.log-20190228 maillog-20190317 spooler-20190310 boot.log-20190306 maillog-20190324 spooler-20190
-A:顯示除.和..的全部文件
[root@magedu ~]# ls -A /var/log anaconda libvirt secure-20190317 audit maillog secure-20190324 boot.log maillog-20190303 speech-dispatcher boot.log-20190228 maillog-20190310 spooler boot.log-20190306 maillog-20190317 spooler-20190303
-l:long 長格式列表,顯示文件詳細屬性信息,至關於ll;
[root@magedu ~]# ls -l /usr total 256 dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 49152 Mar 27 13:37 bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 11 2018 etc drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 11 2018 games drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 4096 Oct 16 10:29 include dr-xr-xr-x. 41 root root 4096 Oct 16 10:29 lib dr-xr-xr-x. 142 root root 77824 Oct 16 10:31 lib64
-h:對文件大小單位換算,通常和-l一塊使用
[root@magedu ~]# ls -lh /usr total 256K dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 48K Mar 27 13:37 bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 11 2018 etc drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 11 2018 games drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 4.0K Oct 16 10:29 include dr-xr-xr-x. 41 root root 4.0K Oct 16 10:29 lib dr-xr-xr-x. 142 root root 76K Oct 16 10:31 lib64 drwxr-xr-x. 45 root root 12K Oct 16 10:29 libexec drwxr-xr-x. 12 root root 131 Oct 16 10:25 local dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 20K Oct 16 10:29 sbin drwxr-xr-x. 231 root root 8.0K Oct 16 10:29 share
-d:查看指定目錄的自身屬性,通常和-l一塊使用
[root@magedu ~]# ls -ld /etc/ drwxr-xr-x. 139 root root 8192 Mar 29 10:11 /etc/
-r:逆序顯示
[root@magedu ~]# ll -r /etc total 1420 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 187 Mar 28 15:45 yum.repos.d -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 970 Apr 13 2018 yum.conf drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 100 Oct 16 10:26 yum drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 21 Oct 16 10:26 xml drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 11 2018 xinetd.d drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 116 Oct 16 10:28 xdg drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 103 Oct 16 10:26 X11 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 10 2014 wvdial.conf drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 33 Oct 16 10:27 wpa_supplicant
-R:遞歸顯示
[root@magedu ~]# ll -R /var/log /var/log/samba: total 0 drwx------. 2 root root 6 Apr 13 2018 old /var/log/samba/old: total 0 /var/log/speech-dispatcher: total 0 /var/log/sssd: total 0 /var/log/tuned: total 8 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 7159 Mar 5 09:24 tuned.log
NAME
touch - change file timestamps--修改文件的時間戳,可用於建立文件;
[root@magedu ~]# touch /tmp/touch.test [root@magedu ~]# ll /tmp/touch.test -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 29 22:06 /tmp/touch.test
SYNOPSIS
touch [OPTION]... FILE...
OPTIONS
-a:僅修改access time;
[root@magedu ~]# stat /tmp/touch.test File: ‘/tmp/touch.test’ Size: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 67976088 Links: 1 Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2019-03-29 22:09:05.609128074 +0800 Modify: 2019-03-29 22:09:05.609128074 +0800 Change: 2019-03-29 22:09:05.609128074 +0800 Birth: - [root@magedu ~]# touch -a /tmp/touch.test [root@magedu ~]# stat /tmp/touch.test File: ‘/tmp/touch.test’ Size: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 67976088 Links: 1 Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2019-03-29 22:09:25.882986471 +0800 Modify: 2019-03-29 22:09:05.609128074 +0800 Change: 2019-03-29 22:09:25.882986471 +0800 Birth: -
-m:僅修改modify time;
[root@magedu ~]# touch -m /tmp/touch.test [root@magedu ~]# stat /tmp/touch.test File: ‘/tmp/touch.test’ Size: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 67976088 Links: 1 Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2019-03-29 22:09:25.882986471 +0800 Modify: 2019-03-29 22:11:12.518241679 +0800 Change: 2019-03-29 22:11:12.518241679 +0800 Birth: -
-t:STAMP,可指定時間戳,格式:[[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss]
[root@magedu ~]# touch -t 201903290830.33 /tmp/touch.test [root@magedu ~]# stat /tmp/touch.test File: ‘/tmp/touch.test’ Size: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 67976088 Links: 1 Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2019-03-29 08:30:33.000000000 +0800 Modify: 2019-03-29 08:30:33.000000000 +0800 Change: 2019-03-29 22:14:02.791052405 +0800 Birth: -
格式:
more FILENAME
[root@magedu ~]# more /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions \# -*-Shell-script-*- \# \# functions This file contains functions to be used by most or all \# shell scripts in the /etc/init.d directory. \# TEXTDOMAIN=initscripts \# Make sure umask is sane umask 022 \# Set up a default search path. PATH="/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin" export PATH if [ $PPID -ne 1 -a -z "$SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_REDIRECT" ] && \
格式:
less FILENAME:
[root@magedu ~]# less /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
注:more和less的區別是 more翻到文件的最後一行後,會自動退出;less而不會,man命令其實調用的是less命令;
格式:head FILE
[root@magedu ~]# head /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions \# -*-Shell-script-*- \# \# functions This file contains functions to be used by most or all \# shell scripts in the /etc/init.d directory. \# TEXTDOMAIN=initscripts \# Make sure umask is sane umask 022
OPTIONS
-n #: 指定查看#行;
[root@magedu ~]# head -n 5 /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions \# -*-Shell-script-*- \# \# functions This file contains functions to be used by most or all \# shell scripts in the /etc/init.d directory. \#
查看文件的後n行;
格式:
tail [option] ifle
[root@magedu ~]# tail /etc/fstab \# \# /etc/fstab \# Created by anaconda on Tue Oct 16 10:22:23 2018 \# \# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' \# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info \# /dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=9a3bd9e0-b338-4cee-8a0c-ab1ad4d4a80f /boot xfs defaults 0 0 /dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 [root@magedu ~]#
-n # :查看後#行;
[root@magedu ~]# tail -2 /etc/fstab UUID=9a3bd9e0-b338-4cee-8a0c-ab1ad4d4a80f /boot xfs defaults 0 0 /dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 [root@magedu ~]#
-f:查看完成後不退出,通常用於監控日誌等;Ctrl+c退出
[root@magedu ~]# ll /var/log/secure-20190310 -rw------- 1 root root 4140 Mar 8 17:38 /var/log/secure-20190310 [root@magedu ~]# tail -f /var/log/secure-20190310 Mar 5 20:50:25 magedu sshd[10449]: Accepted password for root from 172.16.200.88 port 63255 ssh2 Mar 5 20:50:26 magedu sshd[10449]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Mar 5 21:30:46 magedu sshd[10449]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user root Mar 6 17:25:58 magedu sshd[2027]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user root Mar 7 09:36:33 magedu sshd[31722]: Accepted password for root from 172.16.0.249 port 10712 ssh2 Mar 7 09:36:33 magedu sshd[31722]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Mar 7 16:20:13 magedu sshd[18305]: Accepted password for root from 172.16.251.149 port 53805 ssh2 Mar 7 16:20:13 magedu sshd[18305]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Mar 7 20:00:39 magedu sshd[18305]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user root Mar 8 17:38:08 magedu sshd[31722]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user root
File: ‘/etc/passwd’
Size: 2837 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 67976084 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Access: 2019-03-30 10:11:22.003980561 +0800
Modify: 2019-03-29 10:11:22.332144545 +0800
Change: 2019-03-29 10:11:22.332144545 +0800
Birth: -
[root@magedu ~]# mkdir -p /tmp/{a1/{a,b},a2} [root@magedu ~]# tree /tmp/ /tmp/ |-- a1 | |-- a | `-- b |-- a2 [root@magedu ~]# mkdir -v /tmp/{x,q}_{y,z} mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/x_y’ mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/x_z’ mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/q_y’ mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/q_z’
可使用 ls -l File_Name 命令查看,例如:
[root@magedu ~]# ll -rd /var/log drwxr-xr-x. 19 root root 4096 Mar 24 03:10 /var/log
d--是文件類型,表明的是此文件是目錄;還有其它的文件類型
-:表明的是文件
l:的意思是連接文件,至關於Windows中的快捷方式;
p:是管道;
b:塊設備文件;
c:字符設備文件;
s:套接字文件;
rwxr-xr-x--是文件的權限規定;權限有三類:r--讀,w--寫,x--執行;分三組:屬主、屬組、其餘,每組三位;-表明的是沒有;例如:rwxr-xr-x前三位的rwx表明文件的屬主有讀寫執行的權限。中間三位r-x表明文件屬主的屬組有讀執行的權限;後三位r-x表明即不是屬主也不是屬組的其餘用戶權限是讀和執行;
19--是表明這個文件被連接的次數;
root--是表明文件屬主的名稱;
root--是表明文件屬主的屬組的名稱;
4096--是表明文件的大小;
Mar 24 03:10--是表明文件的最後修改的時間;
/var/log--是文件名;
可能經過 stat命令來查看文件的元數據:
例:
[root@magedu ~]# stat /var/log File: ‘/var/log’ Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 directory Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 37059 Links: 19 Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2019-03-24 03:10:02.285254964 +0800 Modify: 2019-03-24 03:10:02.293254907 +0800 Change: 2019-03-24 03:10:02.293254907 +0800 Birth: -
時間戳的時間主要有三個:
訪問:Access Time,訪問的時間;
修改:Modify Time:修改文件數據的時間;
改變Change Time:元數據發生改變的時間;
若是要修改時間戳的時間,用touch命令:
touch -a File_Name 修改訪問時間;
touch -m File_Name 修改修改時間;
[root@magedu ~]# touch /tmp/tfile-$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S) [root@magedu ~]# ll /tmp/tfile-2019-03-26-21-20-27 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 26 21:20 /tmp/tfile-2019-03-26-21-20-27
[root@magedu ~]# mkdir /tmp/mytest1 [root@magedu ~]# cp -r /etc/p*[^[:digit:]] /tmp/mytest1/ [root@magedu ~]# ll /tmp/mytest1/ total 48 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 26 21:34 pam.d -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2526 Mar 26 21:34 passwd -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2485 Mar 26 21:34 passwd- -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1362 Mar 26 21:34 pbm2ppa.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2872 Mar 26 21:34 pinforc drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 116 Mar 26 21:34 pki drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 28 Mar 26 21:34 plymouth drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 52 Mar 26 21:34 pm -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6300 Mar 26 21:34 pnm2ppa.conf drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Mar 26 21:34 popt.d drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 154 Mar 26 21:34 postfix drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 219 Mar 26 21:34 ppp drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 105 Mar 26 21:34 prelink.conf.d -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 233 Mar 26 21:34 printcap -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1819 Mar 26 21:34 profile drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 26 21:34 profile.d -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6545 Mar 26 21:34 protocols drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 79 Mar 26 21:34 pulse drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 23 Mar 26 21:34 purple drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 35 Mar 26 21:34 python
[root@magedu ~]# groupadd jack [root@magedu ~]# useradd -u 5001 -d /tmp/tom -s /bin/zsh -G jack tom [root@magedu ~]# tail -1 /etc/passwd tom:x:5001:5004::/tmp/tom:/bin/zsh [root@magedu ~]# tail -2 /etc/group jack:x:5003:tom tom:x:5004: [root@magedu ~]#
SYNOPSIS
useradd [options] LOGIN_NAME
useradd後面直接跟上要建立的用戶名,就可添加一個新用戶;
例:
[root@magedu ~]# useradd shared [root@magedu ~]#
OPTIONS
-u,--uid UID:指定UID,默認自動根據前一個用戶名的ID日後增長;
[root@magedu ~]# useradd -u 1345 oneday [root@magedu ~]# tail -1 /etc/passwd oneday:x:1345:1345::/home/oneday:/bin/bash
-g,--gid GID:指定GID,指定的組ID必須提早建立;
[root@magedu ~]# useradd -g 1345 twoday [root@magedu ~]# tail -1 /etc/passwd twoday:x:5009:1345::/home/twoday:/bin/bash
-G,--groups GROUP1[,GROUP2,...[,GROUPN]]:添加附加組,可同時添加多個;
[root@magedu ~]# useradd --groups oneday,testbash,tom,centos liuyue [root@magedu ~]# cat /etc/group centos:x:4004:liuyue user1:x:4005: jack:x:5003:tom tom:x:5004:liuyue bash:x:5005: testbash:x:5006:liuyue basher:x:5007: nologin:x:5008: gaohua:x:5009: zhouhaicheng:x:5010: shared:x:5011: oneday:x:1345:liuyue liuyue:x:5012:
-c,--comment COMMENT:添加用戶的註釋信息;
[root@magedu ~]# useradd -c "大管家" songhuizong [root@magedu ~]# tail -1 /etc/passwd songhuizong:x:5011:5013:大管家:/home/songhuizong:/bin/bash
-d,--home HOME_DIR--->指定家目錄;
[root@magedu ~]# useradd -d /tmp/袁騰飛 yuantengfei [root@magedu ~]# tail -1 /etc/passwd yuantengfei:x:5012:5014::/tmp/袁騰飛:/bin/bash
-M,不建立主目錄;
[root@magedu ~]# useradd -M weizheng [root@magedu ~]# tail -1 /etc/passwd weizheng:x:5013:5015::/home/weizheng:/bin/bash [root@magedu ~]# cd /home/ [root@magedu home]# ll total 0 drwx------ 3 bash bash 78 Mar 27 10:43 bash drwx------ 3 basher basher 78 Mar 27 10:43 basher drwx------ 5 centos centos 144 Mar 24 15:24 centos drwx------ 3 fedora fedora 78 Mar 13 12:37 fedora drwx------ 3 gaohua gaohua 78 Mar 29 10:11 gaohua drwx------. 3 1000 1000 78 Apr 11 2018 guoxi drwx------ 15 lijianzhi lijianzhi 316 Mar 5 15:31 lijianzhi drwx------ 3 liuyue liuyue 78 Mar 30 22:09 liuyue drwx------ 3 nologin nologin 78 Mar 27 10:44 nologin drwx------ 3 oneday oneday 78 Mar 30 21:59 oneday drwx------ 3 shared shared 78 Mar 30 21:54 shared drwx------ 3 slackware slackware 78 Mar 5 11:50 slackware drwx------ 3 songhuizong songhuizong 78 Mar 31 09:40 songhuizong drwx------ 3 testbash testbash 78 Mar 27 10:43 testbash drwx------ 3 twoday oneday 78 Mar 30 22:04 twoday drwx------ 3 user1 user1 78 Mar 26 12:01 user1 drwx------ 3 user3 user3 78 Mar 22 17:18 user3 drwx------ 3 zhouhaicheng zhouhaicheng 78 Mar 29 10:11 zhouhaicheng [root@magedu home]#
-D :查看默認建立用戶的參數,也可修改默認參數;默認配置文件----/etc/login.defs,
[root@magedu home]# useradd -D GROUP=100 HOME=/home INACTIVE=-1 EXPIRE= SHELL=/bin/bash SKEL=/etc/skel CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes
例如:默認shell 就改成 csh
[root@magedu ~]# useradd -D -s /bin/csh [root@magedu ~]# useradd -D GROUP=100 HOME=/home INACTIVE=-1 EXPIRE= SHELL=/bin/csh SKEL=/etc/skel CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes
NAME
usermod
- modify a user account,修改用戶帳戶
SYNOPSIS
-usermod [options] LOGIN
OPTIONS
-u,--uid UID:修改用戶的UID ;
[root@magedu home]# grep oneday /etc/passwd oneday:x:1345:1345::/home/oneday:/bin/bash [root@magedu home]# usermod -u 2345 oneday [root@magedu home]# grep oneday /etc/passwd oneday:x:2345:1345::/home/oneday:/bin/bash
-g,--gid GID:修改基本組ID,必須事先建立;
[root@magedu home]# grep yuantengfei /etc/passwd yuantengfei:x:5012:5012::/tmp/袁騰飛:/bin/bash [root@magedu home]# usermod -g 5015 yuantengfei [root@magedu home]# grep yuantengfei /etc/passwd yuantengfei:x:5012:5015::/tmp/袁騰飛:/bin/bash [root@magedu home]#
-G:修改用戶附加組,原先附加組會被覆蓋;
-a;和-G一塊兒使做,只追加附加組,原先的附加組不會被覆蓋;
[root@magedu home]# grep liuyue /etc/group centos:x:4004:liuyue tom:x:5004:liuyue testbash:x:5006:liuyue oneday:x:1345:liuyue liuyue:x:5012: [root@magedu home]# usermod -aG oneday tom [root@magedu home]# grep liuyue /etc/group centos:x:4004:liuyue tom:x:5004:liuyue testbash:x:5006:liuyue oneday:x:1345:liuyue,tom liuyue:x:5012:
-c :修改用戶註釋信息;
-d:修改用戶家目錄;
-l:修改用戶名;
-s:修改用戶默認shell;
[root@magedu home]# grep "songhuizong" /etc/passwd songhuizong:x:5011:5013:大管家:/home/songhuizong:/bin/bash [root@magedu home]# usermod -c 大奸臣 -d /home/caijing -l caijing -s /sbin/nologin songhuizong [root@magedu home]# grep "songhuizong" /etc/passwd [root@magedu home]# grep "caijing" /etc/passwd caijing:x:5011:5013:大奸臣:/home/caijing:/sbin/nologin
-r:建立系統用戶
[root@magedu home]# useradd -r suse [root@magedu home]# tail -1 /etc/passwd suse:x:988:982::/home/suse:/bin/bash
userdel
[root@magedu home]# userdel caijing
-r:刪除用戶時一併刪除其家目錄
[root@magedu home]# cd /home/ [root@magedu home]# ll total 0 drwx------ 3 bash bash 78 Mar 27 10:43 bash drwx------ 3 basher basher 78 Mar 27 10:43 basher drwx------ 5 centos centos 144 Mar 24 15:24 centos drwx------ 3 fedora fedora 78 Mar 13 12:37 fedora drwx------ 3 gaohua gaohua 78 Mar 29 10:11 gaohua drwx------. 3 1000 1000 78 Apr 11 2018 guoxi drwx------ 15 lijianzhi lijianzhi 316 Mar 5 15:31 lijianzhi drwx------ 3 liuyue liuyue 78 Mar 30 22:09 liuyue drwx------ 3 nologin nologin 78 Mar 27 10:44 nologin drwx------ 3 oneday oneday 78 Mar 30 21:59 oneday drwx------ 3 shared shared 78 Mar 30 21:54 shared drwx------ 3 slackware slackware 78 Mar 5 11:50 slackware drwx------ 3 5011 songhuizong 78 Mar 31 09:40 songhuizong drwx------ 3 testbash testbash 78 Mar 27 10:43 testbash drwx------ 3 twoday oneday 78 Mar 30 22:04 twoday drwx------ 3 user1 user1 78 Mar 26 12:01 user1 drwx------ 3 user3 user3 78 Mar 22 17:18 user3 drwx------ 3 zhouhaicheng zhouhaicheng 78 Mar 29 10:11 zhouhaicheng [root@magedu home]# userdel -r twoday [root@magedu home]# ll total 0 drwx------ 3 bash bash 78 Mar 27 10:43 bash drwx------ 3 basher basher 78 Mar 27 10:43 basher drwx------ 5 centos centos 144 Mar 24 15:24 centos drwx------ 3 fedora fedora 78 Mar 13 12:37 fedora drwx------ 3 gaohua gaohua 78 Mar 29 10:11 gaohua drwx------. 3 1000 1000 78 Apr 11 2018 guoxi drwx------ 15 lijianzhi lijianzhi 316 Mar 5 15:31 lijianzhi drwx------ 3 liuyue liuyue 78 Mar 30 22:09 liuyue drwx------ 3 nologin nologin 78 Mar 27 10:44 nologin drwx------ 3 oneday oneday 78 Mar 30 21:59 oneday drwx------ 3 shared shared 78 Mar 30 21:54 shared drwx------ 3 slackware slackware 78 Mar 5 11:50 slackware drwx------ 3 5011 songhuizong 78 Mar 31 09:40 songhuizong drwx------ 3 testbash testbash 78 Mar 27 10:43 testbash drwx------ 3 user1 user1 78 Mar 26 12:01 user1 drwx------ 3 user3 user3 78 Mar 22 17:18 user3 drwx------ 3 zhouhaicheng zhouhaicheng 78 Mar 29 10:11 zhouhaicheng [root@magedu home]#
NAME
passwd
SYNOPSIS
passwd [--stdin] [USERNAME]
修改當前用戶名密碼
passwd:
[root@magedu home]# passwd Changing password for user root. New password: Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. [root@magedu home]#
修改其餘用戶的密碼,只有root用戶才能修改其餘用戶密碼
passwd USERNAME
[root@magedu home]# passwd oneday Changing password for user oneday. New password: BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
指定一個字符串輸入給用戶當密碼
echo "PASSWORD" | passwd --stdin USERNAME
[root@magedu home]# echo "gentoo" | passwd --stdin gentoo Changing password for user gentoo. passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
NAME
groupadd
SYNOPSIS
groupadd [option] GROUP_NAME
OPTIONS
-g GID :指定組ID;
[root@magedu home]# groupadd -g 2510 tongguan [root@magedu home]#
groupdel
[root@magedu home]# groupdel tongguan [root@magedu home]#
groupmod
-g:修改組ID;
[root@magedu home]# grep "weizheng" /etc/group weizheng:x:5015: [root@magedu home]# groupmod -g 1555 weizheng [root@magedu home]# grep "weizheng" /etc/group weizheng:x:1555: [root@magedu home]#
-n:修改組名
[root@magedu home]# grep "1555" /etc/group weizheng:x:1555: [root@magedu home]# groupmod -n caochao weizheng [root@magedu home]# grep "1555" /etc/group caochao:x:1555:
NAME
id
SYNOPSIS
id [OPTION] ... [USERNAME]
-u:只顯示UID
-g:只顯示GID
-G:顯示全部GID
[root@magedu home]# id -u weizheng 5013 [root@magedu home]# id -g weizheng 1555 [root@magedu home]# id -G liuyue 5012 4004 5004 5006 1345
su
su USERNAME :非登陸式切換,不會切換目標用戶的配置文件進行初始化;
[root@magedu home]# su liuyue 您好,請你天天加油學習,歡迎入坑 [liuyue@magedu home]$
su - USERNAME:登陸式切換,會從新讀取用戶的匹配文件初始化登錄信息;
[root@magedu home]# su - liuyue Last login: Sun Mar 31 16:02:28 CST 2019 on pts/0 您好,請你天天加油學習,歡迎入坑 [liuyue@magedu ~]$
NAME
chmod
SYNOPSIS
chmod [OPTION] MODE FILE
chmod --reference=FILE
OPTIONS
遞歸修改權限
-R,--recursive
[root@magedu tmp]# ll man total 124 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 53248 Mar 8 14:37 man1 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 192512 Mar 8 14:37 man3 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 16384 Mar 8 14:37 man5 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 173 Mar 8 14:37 man7 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 32768 Mar 8 14:37 man8 [root@magedu tmp]# chmod -R 774 man [root@magedu tmp]# ll man total 124 drwxrwxr-- 2 root root 53248 Mar 8 14:37 man1 drwxrwxr-- 2 root root 192512 Mar 8 14:37 man3 drwxrwxr-- 2 root root 16384 Mar 8 14:37 man5 drwxrwxr-- 2 root root 173 Mar 8 14:37 man7 drwxrwxr-- 2 root root 32768 Mar 8 14:37 man8
--reference=FILE
[root@magedu tmp]# ll man total 124 drwxrwxr-- 2 root root 53248 Mar 8 14:37 man1 drwxrwxr-- 2 root root 192512 Mar 8 14:37 man3 drwxrwxr-- 2 root root 16384 Mar 8 14:37 man5 drwxrwxr-- 2 root root 173 Mar 8 14:37 man7 drwxrwxr-- 2 root root 32768 Mar 8 14:37 man8 [root@magedu tmp]# chmod -R --reference=/etc/fstab man [root@magedu tmp]# ll man total 124 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 53248 Mar 8 14:37 man1 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 192512 Mar 8 14:37 man3 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 16384 Mar 8 14:37 man5 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 173 Mar 8 14:37 man7 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 32768 Mar 8 14:37 man8
chown
NAME
chown - change file owner and group
SYNOPSIS
chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...
chown [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
OPTIONS
-R --recursive:遞歸修改用戶或組
--reference=RFILE:以某個文件爲基準,修改用戶和組;
[root@magedu tmp]# ll man total 124 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 53248 Mar 8 14:37 man1 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 192512 Mar 8 14:37 man3 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 16384 Mar 8 14:37 man5 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 173 Mar 8 14:37 man7 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 32768 Mar 8 14:37 man8 [root@magedu tmp]# man chown [root@magedu tmp]# chown -R liuyue.liuyue /tmp/man [root@magedu tmp]# ll man total 124 drw-r--r-- 2 liuyue liuyue 53248 Mar 8 14:37 man1 drw-r--r-- 2 liuyue liuyue 192512 Mar 8 14:37 man3 drw-r--r-- 2 liuyue liuyue 16384 Mar 8 14:37 man5 drw-r--r-- 2 liuyue liuyue 173 Mar 8 14:37 man7 drw-r--r-- 2 liuyue liuyue 32768 Mar 8 14:37 man8 [root@magedu tmp]# ll man total 124 drw-r--r-- 2 liuyue liuyue 53248 Mar 8 14:37 man1 drw-r--r-- 2 liuyue liuyue 192512 Mar 8 14:37 man3 drw-r--r-- 2 liuyue liuyue 16384 Mar 8 14:37 man5 drw-r--r-- 2 liuyue liuyue 173 Mar 8 14:37 man7 drw-r--r-- 2 liuyue liuyue 32768 Mar 8 14:37 man8 [root@magedu tmp]# chown -R --reference=/etc/passwd /tmp/man [root@magedu tmp]# ll man total 124 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 53248 Mar 8 14:37 man1 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 192512 Mar 8 14:37 man3 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 16384 Mar 8 14:37 man5 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 173 Mar 8 14:37 man7 drw-r--r-- 2 root root 32768 Mar 8 14:37 man8