Promise是如何實現異步編程的?

Promise標準

不能免俗地貼個Promise標準連接Promises/A+。ES6的Promise有不少方法,包括Promise.all()/Promise.resolve()/Promise.reject()等,但其實這些都是Promises/A+規範以外的,Promises/A+規範只定義了一個Promise.then()方法,這是Promise的核心。git

基本結構

new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  let a = 0;
  if (a > 1) {
    resolve(a);
  } else {
    reject(a);
  }
}).then(res => {
  console.log(res);
}, err => {
  console.log(err);
})

Promise接收一個函數做爲參數,咱們稱之爲executor,該函數有兩個參數resolve和reject,這兩個參數也都是函數,而且,它們定義在Promise內部。github

那麼咱們定義一個class並定義一個_isFunction方法,用來校驗構造函數的參數必須是函數。再定義resolve和reject這兩個方法。編程

class MyPromise{
  constructor(executor){
    if(!this._isFunction(executor)){
      throw new Error(`Promise resolver ${executor} is not a function`);
    }
  }
  _isFunction(val){
    return Object.prototype.toString.call(val) === '[object Function]';
  }
  _resolve(){
    
  }
  _reject(){
    
  }
}

Promise狀態、resolve、reject

Promise有三種狀態,分別是pending(等待中)、fulfilled(成功)、rejected(失敗)。狀態改變只能從pending => fulfilled,或者pending => rejected。數組

resolve的做用,就是將Promise的狀態從pending改成fulfilled,它接收一個參數做爲Promise執行成功的值,這個值會傳給then的第一個回調函數。reject的做用是將Promise的狀態從pending改成rejected,它也接收一個參數做爲Promise執行失敗的值,這個值會傳給then的第二個回調函數。promise

那麼咱們定義好狀態_status、_resolve、_reject,再定義兩個數組_handleFulfilled、_handleRejected,分別存放then的成功和失敗回調集合。當用戶調用resolve或reject方法後,開始異步調用_handleFulfilled或_handleRejected數組中的回調。異步

class MyPromise {
  constructor(executor) {
    if (!this._isFunction(executor)) {
      throw new Error(`${executor} is not a function`);
    }
    this._status = "pending";
    this._value = undefined;
    this._handleFulfilled = [];
    this._handleRejected = [];
    // 不少文章在這裏給executor加了try catch,實際上原生Promise的executor中的錯誤並無捕獲
    executor(this._resolve.bind(this), this._reject.bind(this));
  }
  _isFunction(val) {
    return Object.prototype.toString.call(val) === "[object Function]";
  }
  _resolve(value) {
    if(this._status === 'pending'){
      this._status = "fulfilled";
      this._value = value;
      let cb;
      // 異步按順序調用並清空回調
      setTimeout(() => {
        while(cb = this._handleFulfilled.shift()){
          cb(value);
        }
      }, 0)
    }
  }
  _reject(value) {
    if(this._status === 'pending'){
      this._status = "rejected";
      this._value = value;
      let cb;
      // 異步按順序調用並清空回調
      setTimeout(() => {
        while ((cb = this._handleRejected.shift())) {
          cb(value);
        }
      }, 0);
    }
  }
}

Promise.then

Promise.then定義了兩個回調onFulfilled和onRejected異步編程

promise.then(onFulfilled, onRejected)

它們分別在Promise執行成功/失敗時執行,它們都是可選的,Promises/A+規範規定,若是onFulfilled或onRejected不是函數,將被忽略,Promise會繼續執行下一個then的回調。好比下面的例子會輸出1,.then(2)則被忽略了。函數

new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  resolve(1);
})
  .then(2)
  .then((res) => {
    console.log(res);
  });

then能夠鏈式調用,是由於每一個then都會返回一個新的Promise。then執行onFulfilled仍是onRejected,取決於Promise的狀態,若是Promise狀態爲pending,只會將onFulfilled和onRejected分別push到_handleFulfilled和_handleRejected數組;若是狀態爲fulfilled,會執行對應的onFulfilled;若是狀態是rejected,執行對應的onRejected;測試

那麼then方法的基本結構以下this

then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
    const self = this;
    const { _value, _status } = this;

  // 若是onFulfilled、onRejected不是函數,強制改成函數,而且該函數直接返回接收到的參數,傳後面的then的回調函數
  onFulfilled = self._isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (v) => v;
  onRejected = self._isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (v) => v;

  return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
    switch (_status) {
      case "pending":
        self._handleFulfilled.push(onFulfilled);
        self._handleRejected.push(onRejected);
        break;
      case "fulfilled":
        onFulfilled(_value);
        // todo
        break;
      case "rejected":
        onRejected(_value);
        // todo
        break;
      default:
        throw new Error('Promise resolver Unverified status');
        break;
    }
  });
}

在then鏈式調用的狀況下,若是前一個then返回的是一個新Promise,後一個then的回調必須等這個新Promise的狀態改變後纔會執行。舉例,下面的代碼輸出1以後,等待3秒纔會輸出2:

new Promise(resolve => {
  resolve()
}).then(() => {
  return new Promise(resolve => {
    console.log(1);
    setTimeout(() => {
      resolve()
    }, 3000)
  })
}).then(() => {
  console.log(2);
})

所以要對then的回調函數的返回值作個判斷,若是返回值不是Promise,利用resolve直接返回這個值;若是返回值是Promise,就要等這個Promise狀態變化以後再返回,而Promise狀態變化以後必定會調用then的回調函數,利用這個特性,將resolve、reject做爲then的回調函數便可。

then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
    const self = this;
    const { _value, _status } = this;

    // 若是onFulfilled、onRejected不是函數,強制改成函數,而且該函數直接返回接收到的參數,傳後面的then的回調函數
    onFulfilled = self._isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (v) => v;
    onRejected = self._isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (v) => v;

    return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      const fulfilled = (value) => {
        const res = onFulfilled(value);
        if (res instanceof MyPromise) {
          res.then(resolve, reject);
        } else {
          resolve(res);
        }
      };
      const rejected = (value) => {
        const res = onRejected(value);
        if (res instanceof MyPromise) {
          // 這裏是重點
          res.then(resolve, reject);
        } else {
          reject(res);
        }
      };
      switch (_status) {
        case "pending":
          self._handleFulfilled.push(fulfilled);
          self._handleRejected.push(rejected);
          break;
        case "fulfilled":
          fulfilled(_value);
          break;
        case "rejected":
          rejected(_value);
          break;
        default:
          throw new Error('Promise resolver Unverified status');
          break;
      }
    });
  }

完整代碼

class MyPromise {
  constructor(executor) {
    if (!this._isFunction(executor)) {
      throw new Error(`${executor} is not a function`);
    }
    this._status = "pending";
    this._value = undefined;
    this._handleFulfilled = [];
    this._handleRejected = [];
    // 不少文章在這裏給executor加了try catch,實際上原生Promise的executor中的錯誤並無捕獲
    executor(this._resolve.bind(this), this._reject.bind(this));
  }
  _isFunction(val) {
    return Object.prototype.toString.call(val) === "[object Function]";
  }
  _resolve(value) {
    if (this._status === "pending") {
      this._status = "fulfilled";
      this._value = value;
      let cb;
      // 異步按順序調用並清空回調
      setTimeout(() => {
        while ((cb = this._handleFulfilled.shift())) {
          cb(value);
        }
      }, 0);
    }
  }
  _reject(value) {
    if (this._status === "pending") {
      this._status = "rejected";
      this._value = value;
      let cb;
      // 異步按順序調用並清空回調
      setTimeout(() => {
        while ((cb = this._handleRejected.shift())) {
          cb(value);
        }
      }, 0);
    }
  }
  then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
    const self = this;
    const { _value, _status } = this;

    // 若是onFulfilled、onRejected不是函數,強制改成函數,而且該函數直接返回接收到的參數,傳後面的then的回調函數
    onFulfilled = self._isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (v) => v;
    onRejected = self._isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (v) => v;

    return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      const fulfilled = (value) => {
        const res = onFulfilled(value);
        if (res instanceof MyPromise) {
          res.then(resolve, reject);
        } else {
          resolve(res);
        }
      };
      const rejected = (value) => {
        const res = onRejected(value);
        if (res instanceof MyPromise) {
          // 這裏是重點
          res.then(resolve, reject);
        } else {
          reject(res);
        }
      };
      switch (_status) {
        case "pending":
          self._handleFulfilled.push(fulfilled);
          self._handleRejected.push(rejected);
          break;
        case "fulfilled":
          fulfilled(_value);
          break;
        case "rejected":
          rejected(_value);
          break;
        default:
          throw new Error('Promise resolver Unverified status');
          break;
      }
    });
  }
}

測試一下,先輸出1,3秒後輸出2,說明MyPromise的基本功能沒問題了。

new MyPromise((resolve) => {
  console.log(1);
  setTimeout(() => {
    resolve(2);
  }, 3000)
}).then(res => {
  console.log(res);
})

最後,總結一下,Promise是如何實現異步編程的?

Promise接收一個函數爲參數,傳入了兩個內部的方法resolve和reject,而後用then註冊回調函數,手動調用resolve或reject就能夠依次執行then的回調,而且給回調函數傳值。若是then返回的也是Promise,一樣的,手動調用resolve或reject後,纔會繼續往下執行。

其實本質上仍是回調函數,只不過寫法變了。

本文GitHub連接:Promise是如何實現異步編程的?

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