Linux 2 unit4 磁盤劃分

unit4  管理系統中的簡單分區和文件系統

###磁盤劃分###
分爲主分區<最多四個>和擴展分區（可劃分爲邏輯分區<通常16個>）
口令：fdisk /dev/vdb
過程：
[root@station ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb    ##劃分磁盤
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x7718cb65.
Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a  toggle a bootable flag
   b  edit bsd disklabel
   c  toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d  delete a partition
   g  create a new empty GPT partition table
   G  create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
   l  list known partition types
   m  print this menu
   n  add a new partition
   o  create a new empty DOS partition table
   p  print the partition table
  q   quit without savingchanges
   s  create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t  change a partition's system id
   u  change display/entry units
   v  verify the partition table
   w  write table to disk and exit
   x  extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x7718cb65

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System

Command (m for help): n     ##建立一個新分區
Partition type:
   p  primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e  extended      ##擴展分區
Select (default p): p   ##主分區
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519):+1G   ##所劃分大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p  primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e  extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (2099200-20971519, default 2099200):
Using default value 2099200
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2099200-20971519, default 20971519):+500M
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p    ##查看已分區

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x7718cb65

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/vdb1            2048     2099199    1048576   83  Linux
/dev/vdb2         2099200     3123199      512000  83  Linux

Command (m for help): wq      ##保存退出
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@station ~]# partprobe    ##同步分區表（在磁盤劃分每步以後都要進行的操做）

####磁盤分區查看####
[root@station ~]# cat /proc/partitions ##查看磁盤分區

[root@station ~]# blkid   ##查看可用分區

/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1"TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb5: UUID="e8fc576b-5c7c-4cba-9541-68d6ecca5958"TYPE="xfs"
[root@station ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb3  ##格式化vdb3分區
meta-data=/dev/vdb3             isize=256    agcount=4,agsize=6400 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=853, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                  extsz=4096   blocks=0,rtextents=0
[root@station ~]# blkid  ##查看可用分區
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1"TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb5: UUID="e8fc576b-5c7c-4cba-9541-68d6ecca5958"TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb3: UUID="24af62cd-d6a3-4a62-8954-e7e0b9261cfb"TYPE="xfs"   ##和上面對比出現此類型
[root@station ~]# vim /etc/fstab

[root@station ~]# mount -a  ##文檔的當即生效
[root@station ~]# df   ##查看掛載

[root@station ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/   ##掛載
[root@station ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3178824   7295076  31% /
devtmpfs          927072       0   927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660      84   942576   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660   17028   925632   2% /run
tmpfs             942660       0   942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1        1038336   32928  1005408   4% /mnt
[root@station ~]# mount
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel)
devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,seclabel,size=927072k,nr_inodes=231768,mode=755)
securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)#
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts(rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,seclabel,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel,mode=755)
tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,seclabel,mode=755)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)
pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls type cgroup(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)
configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/vda1 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)
rpc_pipefs on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw,relatime)
selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime)
systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs(rw,relatime,fd=29,pgrp=1,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct)
mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime,seclabel)
debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,seclabel)
sunrpc on /proc/fs/nfsd type nfsd (rw,relatime)
gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/0/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse(rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0)
fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw,relatime)
/dev/vdb5 on /mnt type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)
/dev/vdb3 on /mnt type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)
[root@station ~]# man mount   ##可用來查看mount命令

####磁盤分區的劃分####
[root@station ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3240564   7233336 31% /
devtmpfs          927072       0   927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     472   942188   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660   17056   925604   2% /run
tmpfs             942660       0   942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb5          98988    5280    93708   6% /mnt
[root@station ~]# umount /mnt/  ##卸載
[root@station ~]# vim /etc/fstab
[root@station ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb（同上系統磁盤劃分）

[root@station ~]# partprobe ##同步分區表
Error: Partition(s) 5 on /dev/vdb have been written, but we have been unable toinform the kernel of the change, probably because it/they are in use.  As a result, the old partition(s) will remainin use.  You should reboot now beforemaking further changes.
[root@station ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3240564   7233336 31% /
devtmpfs          927072       0   927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     472   942188   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660   17040   925620   2% /run
tmpfs             942660       0   942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup


####swap分區的創建與優先級的改變####
[root@station ~]# swapon -s   ##顯示簡短的裝置訊息
[root@station ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p  primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e  extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519):+4G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 4 GiB is set

Command (m for help): t  ##更改文件系統
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): l ##查看列表

 0 Empty           24  NEC DOS         81 Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris       
 1 FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 2 XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83 Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 3 XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84 OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 4 FAT16 <32M      40  Venix 80286     85 Linux extended  c7  Syrinx        
 5 Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86 NTFS volume set da  Non-FSdata   
 6 FAT16           42  SFS             87 NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS /.
 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88 Linux plaintext de  DellUtility  
 8 AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df BootIt        
 9 AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1 DOS access    
 a OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrackDM      94  Amoeba BBT     e3  DOS R/O       
 b W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4 SpeedStor     
 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs       
 e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6Aux a5  FreeBSD         ee GPT            
 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10  OPUS            55 EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11  Hidden FAT12    56 Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f1 SpeedStor     
12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9 NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor     
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 61  SpeedStor       ab Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary 
16  Hidden FAT16    63 GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS /HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS   
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7 BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE
18  AST SmartSleep  65 Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fd Linux raid auto
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep       
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           be Solaris boot    ff  BBT           
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix     
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82   ##改成swap格式
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x193165fb

   Device Boot      Start         End     Blocks   Id System
/dev/vdb1            2048     8390655    4194304   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@station ~]# partprobe   ##同步分區表
[root@station ~]# cat /proc/partitions   ##查看已劃分的磁盤
major minor  #blocks  name

 253        0  10485760 vda
 253        1  10484142 vda1
 253      16   10485760 vdb
 253      17    4194304 vdb1
[root@station ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1"TYPE="xfs"
[root@station ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb1   ##更改分區爲swap格式
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4194300 KiB
no label, UUID=2b215655-7b6c-4f89-a685-07ff48ea6dc8
[root@station ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1"TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="2b215655-7b6c-4f89-a685-07ff48ea6dc8"TYPE="swap"   
[root@station ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb1   ##自動啓動此swap裝置
[root@station ~]# swapon -s    ##顯示簡短的裝置訊息
Filename                Type        Size    Used    Priority
/dev/vdb1                               partition   4194300 0   -1
[root@station ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb   ##再次劃分
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p  primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e  extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (8390656-20971519, default 8390656):
Using default value 8390656
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (8390656-20971519, default 20971519):+1G
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set

Command (m for help): t   #更改格式
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82  ##選swap格式
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x193165fb

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/vdb1            2048     8390655    4194304   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/vdb2         8390656    10487807    1048576   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device orresource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@station ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1"TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="2b215655-7b6c-4f89-a685-07ff48ea6dc8"TYPE="swap"
[root@station ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb2    ##更改格式
/dev/vdb2: No such file or directory
[root@station ~]# part
parted     partprobe  partx     
[root@station ~]# partprobe   ##同步分區表
[root@station ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="2b215655-7b6c-4f89-a685-07ff48ea6dc8"TYPE="swap"
[root@station ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
no label, UUID=fb1c1a9f-c380-43c3-bb6a-afbf8105cfa8
[root@station ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1"TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="2b215655-7b6c-4f89-a685-07ff48ea6dc8"TYPE="swap"
/dev/vdb2: UUID="fb1c1a9f-c380-43c3-bb6a-afbf8105cfa8"TYPE="swap"
[root@station ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb2  ##激活vdb2
[root@station ~]# swapon -s ##查看是否激活
Filename                Type        Size    Used    Priority
/dev/vdb1                               partition   4194300 0   -1
/dev/vdb2                               partition   1048572 0   -2
[root@station ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb2   ##關閉vdb2
[root@station ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb2 -p 1 （臨時）##激活同時優先級爲1
[root@station ~]# swapon -s  ##查看是否激活
Filename                Type        Size    Used    Priority
/dev/vdb1                               partition   4194300 0   -1
/dev/vdb2                               partition   1048572 0   1
[root@station ~]# vim /etc/fstab     （永久更改優先級）
[root@station ~]# swapon -s
Filename                Type        Size    Used    Priority
/dev/vdb1                               partition   4194300 0   -1
/dev/vdb2                               partition   1048572 0   1



###磁盤分區的刪除###
[root@station ~]# swapon -s    ##查看激活的設備
Filename                Type        Size    Used    Priority
/dev/vdb1                               partition   4194300 0   -1
/dev/vdb2                               partition   1048572 0   1
[root@station ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb{1,2} ##關閉已經激活的設備
[root@station ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): p    ##查看已劃分分區

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x193165fb

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/vdb1            2048     8390655    4194304   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/vdb2         8390656    10487807    1048576   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): d  ###刪除
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1
Partition 1 is deleted

Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 2
Partition 2 is deleted

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x193165fb

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@station ~]# partprobe   ##同步分區表
[root@station ~]# cat /proc/partitions   ##查看存在分區
major minor  #blocks  name

 253        0  10485760 vda
 253        1  10484142 vda1
 253      16   10485760 vdb

###非交互式創建分區####
[root@station ~]# vim fdisk.sh   ##寫自動劃分腳本
[root@station ~]# chmod +x fdisk.sh   ##加執行權限
[root@station ~]# ./fdisk.sh /dev/vdb p +100M ##劃分大小爲100M的分區
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): Partition type:
   p  primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
   e  extended
Select (default p): Partition number (3,4, default 3): First sector(3123200-20971519, default 3123200): Using default value 3123200
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3123200-20971519, default 20971519):Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.


###磁盤配額#####
[root@station ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p  primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e  extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519):+500M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device orresource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@station ~]# mkdir /pub/
[root@station ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /pub/
[root@station ~]# su - westos
Last login: Sat Apr 22 01:57:03 EDT 2017 on pts/1
[westos@station ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/file bs=1M count=1000   ##從/dev/zero劃分大小爲1G的到/pub/file
dd: error writing ‘/pub/file’: No space left on device
472+0 records in
471+0 records out
494383104 bytes (494 MB) copied, 2.02753 s, 244 MB/s
[westos@station ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/file bs=1M count=100
100+0 records in
100+0 records out
104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 1.47655 s, 71.0 MB/s
[westos@station ~]$ exit
logout
[root@station ~]# umount /pub/
[root@station ~]# mount -o usrquota,grpquota /dev/vdb1 /pub/  ##磁盤參數（-o)去掛載<用戶和組>
[root@station ~]# quotaon -ugv /dev/vdb1  ##激活參數(ugv用戶，組，顯示激活過程)
quotaon: Enforcing group quota already on /dev/vdb1
quotaon: Enforcing user quota already on /dev/vdb1
[root@station ~]# edquota -u westos  ##查看文件配置內容（設定限額）
[root@station ~]# ls -l /pub/
total 102400
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 104857600 Apr 22 02:04 file
[root@station ~]# edquota -u westos
[root@station ~]# ls /pub/
file
[root@station ~]# su - westos
Last login: Sat Apr 22 02:03:58 EDT 2017 on pts/1
[westos@station ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/file bs=1M count=100
100+0 records in
100+0 records out
104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 0.216038 s, 485 MB/s
[westos@station ~]$ exit
logout
[root@station ~]# edquota -u westos    ##查看文件配額的顯示


###磁盤並列（raid）####
[root@station ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3241352   7232548 31% /
devtmpfs          927072       0   927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     472   942188   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660   17036   925624   2% /run
tmpfs             942660       0   942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
[root@station ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
     ###同上
[root@station ~]# partprobe  ##同步分區表
[root@station ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/vdb{1..3} ##創建原本不存在的設備，用兩塊空閒一塊創建raid1
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
    may not be suitable as a bootdevice.  If you plan to
    store '/boot' on this device pleaseensure that
    your boot-loader understands md/v1.xmetadata, or use
    --metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? yes
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@station ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md0   ##格式化
meta-data=/dev/md0              isize=256    agcount=4,agsize=31980 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=127920, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=853, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                  extsz=4096   blocks=0,rtextents=0
[root@station ~]# mount /dev/md0 /mnt  ##掛載
[root@station ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3241360   7232540 31% /
devtmpfs          927072       0   927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     472   942188   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660   17084   925576   2% /run
tmpfs             942660       0   942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/md0          508268   25744   482524   6% /mnt
[root@station ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1        10G  3.1G 6.9G  31% /
devtmpfs        906M     0  906M   0% /dev
tmpfs           921M  472K 921M   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs           921M   17M 904M   2% /run
tmpfs           921M     0 921M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/md0        497M   26M 472M   6% /mnt


[root@station ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0  ##查看設備信息

[root@station ~]# mdadm -f /dev/md0 /dev/vdb2 ##手動使使第二塊壞掉
mdadm: set /dev/vdb2 faulty in /dev/md0
[root@station ~]# mdadm -r /dev/md0 /dev/vdb2  ##刪除第二塊
mdadm: hot removed /dev/vdb2 from /dev/md0
[root@station ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0  ##查看設備信息
/dev/md0:
        Version : 1.2
  Creation Time : Sat Apr 22 02:45:232017
     Raid Level : raid1
     Array Size : 511680 (499.77 MiB523.96 MB)
  Used Dev Size : 511680 (499.77 MiB523.96 MB)
   Raid Devices : 2
  Total Devices : 2
    Persistence : Superblock ispersistent

    Update Time : Sat Apr 22 02:55:212017
          State : clean
 Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 0

           Name : station.domain13.example.com:0  (local to hoststation.domain13.example.com)
           UUID :fb08cc81:d5ba9e1d:5defa070:44de50ca
         Events : 37

    Number   Major  Minor   RaidDevice State
       0     253      17        0      active sync   /dev/vdb1
       2     253      19        1      active sync   /dev/vdb3
[root@station ~]# mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/vdb2  ##添加新設備
mdadm: added /dev/vdb2
[root@station ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/vdb2  ##再次查看設備信息
/dev/md0:
        Version : 1.2
  Creation Time : Sat Apr 22 02:45:232017
     Raid Level : raid1
     Array Size : 511680 (499.77 MiB523.96 MB)
  Used Dev Size : 511680 (499.77 MiB523.96 MB)
   Raid Devices : 2
  Total Devices : 3
    Persistence : Superblock ispersistent

    Update Time : Sat Apr 22 02:55:412017
          State : clean
 Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 1

           Name :station.domain13.example.com:0  (local tohost station.domain13.example.com)
           UUID :fb08cc81:d5ba9e1d:5defa070:44de50ca
         Events : 38

    Number   Major  Minor   RaidDevice State
       0     253      17        0      active sync   /dev/vdb1
       2     253      19        1      active sync   /dev/vdb3

       3     253      18        -      spare  /dev/vdb2
mdadm: /dev/vdb2 does not appear to be an md device

實驗監控命令：
watch -n 1 cat /proc/mdstat
watch -n 1 'cat /proc/mdstat;echo ====;df -h'

###刪除設備###
[root@station ~]# umount /mnt  ##卸載
[root@station ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3240512   7233388 31% /
devtmpfs          927072       0   927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     472   942188   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660   17116   925544   2% /run
tmpfs             942660       0   942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
[root@station ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
        Version : 1.2
  Creation Time : Sat Apr 22 02:45:232017
     Raid Level : raid1
     Array Size : 511680 (499.77 MiB523.96 MB)
  Used Dev Size : 511680 (499.77 MiB523.96 MB)
   Raid Devices : 2
  Total Devices : 3
    Persistence : Superblock ispersistent

    Update Time : Sat Apr 22 03:04:362017
          State : clean
 Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 1

           Name : station.domain13.example.com:0  (local to hoststation.domain13.example.com)
           UUID :fb08cc81:d5ba9e1d:5defa070:44de50ca
         Events : 38

    Number   Major  Minor   RaidDevice State
       0     253      17        0      active sync   /dev/vdb1
       2    253       19        1     active sync   /dev/vdb3

       3     253      18        -      spare  /dev/vdb2
[root@station ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md0  ###中止設備
mdadm: stopped /dev/md0
[root@station ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb  ##新建磁盤設備
同上
[root@station ~]# partprobe   ##同步分區表