簡介html
MySQL複製中較常見的複製架構有「一主一從」、「一主多從」、「雙主」、「多級複製」和「多主環形機構」等,見下圖;前端
最經常使用,也最靈活的就要數「一主多從」複製架構了,其能知足多種需求,如:mysql
爲不一樣的角色使用不一樣的備庫(例如添加不一樣的索引或使用不一樣的存儲引擎);sql
把一臺備庫當作待用的主庫,除了複製沒有其它數據傳輸;數據庫
將一臺備庫放在遠程數據中心,用做災難恢復;bash
延遲一個或多個備庫,以備災難恢復;服務器
使用其中一個備庫,做爲備份、培訓、開發或者測試使用服務器;架構
而「雙主」複製架構則用於特殊的場景下,如兩個處於不一樣地理位置的辦公室,且都須要一份可寫的數據拷貝;socket
這種架構最大的問題是如何解決數據衝突和不一致,尤爲當兩臺服務器同時修改同一行記錄,或同時在兩臺服務器上向一個包含auto_increment列的表裏插入數據時;ide
而經過將一臺服務器設置爲只讀的被動服務器,則能夠很好的避免數據寫入衝突的問題,這種主動-被動模式下的主-主複製架構使得反覆切換主動和被動服務器很是方便,能夠實如今不關閉服務器的狀況下執行維護、優化表、升級操做系統或其餘任務;
配置主動-被動模式的主-主複製架構的通常流程:
確保兩臺服務器上有相同的數據;
啓用二進制日誌,選擇惟一的服務器ID,並建立複製帳號;
啓用備庫更新的日誌記錄,這是故障轉移和故障恢復的關鍵;
把被動服務器配置成只讀,防止可能與主動服務器上的更新產生衝突;
啓動每一個服務器的MySQL實例;
將每一個主庫設置爲對方的備庫,使用新建立的二進制日誌開始工做;
同時爲了消除不一樣地理位置的站點單點故障問題,能夠爲每一個主庫增長冗餘,即爲每個主庫增長一個從庫;
而MMM(=Master-Master Replication Manager for MySQL)則是一套腳本集合,用以監控、管理雙主複製架構,經過設置一個可寫的VIP和多個只讀的VIP,完成故障自動轉移、讀負載分攤等功能;
架構設計
服務器規劃
虛IP規劃
配置部署
雙主複製架構部署
MySQL或MariaDB的安裝初始化可詳見博客「MySQL架構」
利用mysqld_multi在一臺主機上啓動多個mysqld實例
數據庫初始化
# 在主機Host1和Host2上 cd /usr/local/mysql scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mariadb_data_3406/ scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mariadb_data_3506/
數據庫配置
# 在主機Host1上 vi /etc/my.cnf [mysqld_multi] mysqld = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe mysqladmin = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin [mysqld1] port = 3406 socket = /tmp/mysql3406.sock skip-external-locking key_buffer_size = 256M max_allowed_packet = 1M table_open_cache = 256 sort_buffer_size = 1M read_buffer_size = 1M read_rnd_buffer_size = 4M myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M thread_cache_size = 8 query_cache_size= 16M thread_concurrency = 2 datadir = /data/mariadb_data_3406 innodb_file_per_table = 1 default_storage_engine = InnoDB log-bin=mysql-bin relay-log=/data/relaylogs_3406/relay-bin # 指定中繼日誌路徑 log_slave_updates=1 # 開啓從庫更新操做寫入二進制日誌功能 auto_increment_increment=2 # 雙主複製中自增加字段的步長 auto_increment_offset=1 # 雙主複製中自增加字段的起始值,此爲1 sync_binlog = 1 # 可保證事務日誌及時寫入磁盤文件 binlog_format=row server-id = 11 # 注意server-id的惟一性 [mysqld2] port = 3506 socket = /tmp/mysql3506.sock skip-external-locking key_buffer_size = 256M max_allowed_packet = 1M table_open_cache = 256 sort_buffer_size = 1M read_buffer_size = 1M read_rnd_buffer_size = 4M myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M thread_cache_size = 8 query_cache_size= 16M thread_concurrency = 2 datadir = /data/mariadb_data_3506 innodb_file_per_table = 1 default_storage_engine = InnoDB log-bin=mysql-bin relay-log=/data/relaylogs_3506/relay-bin log_slave_updates=1 sync_binlog = 1 binlog_format=row server-id = 12 # 在主機Host2上 vi /etc/my.cnf [mysqld_multi] mysqld = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe mysqladmin = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin [mysqld1] port = 3406 socket = /tmp/mysql3406.sock skip-external-locking key_buffer_size = 256M max_allowed_packet = 1M table_open_cache = 256 sort_buffer_size = 1M read_buffer_size = 1M read_rnd_buffer_size = 4M myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M thread_cache_size = 8 query_cache_size= 16M thread_concurrency = 2 datadir = /data/mariadb_data_3406 innodb_file_per_table = 1 default_storage_engine = InnoDB log-bin=mysql-bin relay-log=/data/relaylogs_3406/relay-bin log_slave_updates=1 auto_increment_increment=2 # # 雙主複製中自增加字段的步長 auto_increment_offset=2 # 雙主複製中自增加字段的起始值,此爲2 sync_binlog = 1 binlog_format=row server-id = 21 [mysqld2] port = 3506 socket = /tmp/mysql3506.sock skip-external-locking key_buffer_size = 256M max_allowed_packet = 1M table_open_cache = 256 sort_buffer_size = 1M read_buffer_size = 1M read_rnd_buffer_size = 4M myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M thread_cache_size = 8 query_cache_size= 16M thread_concurrency = 2 datadir = /data/mariadb_data_3506 innodb_file_per_table = 1 default_storage_engine = InnoDB log-bin=mysql-bin relay-log=/data/relaylogs_3506/relay-bin log_slave_updates=1 sync_binlog = 1 binlog_format=row server-id = 22
#################################### 主: log-bin=mysql-bin log-slave-updates=1 sync-binlog=1 binlog_format=row relay-log= /data/relaylogs/relay-bin server-id = 11 auto-increment-increment = 2 auto-increment-offset = 2 #################################### 主: log-bin=/data/binlogs/master-bin binlog_format=row sync_binlog = 1 log_slave_updates = 1 auto-increment-increment = 2 auto-increment-offset = 1 server-id = 21 relay-log = /data/relaylogs/relay-bin ###################################### 從: log-bin=mysql-bin relay-log = /data/relaylogs/relay-bin binlog_format=row sync-binlog = 1 log-slave-updates = 1 datadir=/mydata/data server-id = 12 ##################################### 從: relay-log=/data/relaylogs/relay-bin log-bin=mysql-bin binlog_format=row log_slave_updates=1 sync-binlog =1 server-id = 22
啓動數據庫實例
# 在主機Host1和Host2上 /etc/init.d/mysqld_multi start 1 # 中止服務操做是/etc/init.d/mysqld_multi stop 1 /etc/init.d/mysqld_multi start 2 # 中止服務操做是/etc/init.d/mysqld_multi stop 2
登陸數據庫
# 在主機Host1和Host2上 mysql -S /tmp/mysql3406.sock # 登陸master1或master2 mysql -S /tmp/mysql3506.sock # 登陸slave1或slave2
建立所需帳戶(在Master1實例上)
grant replication client on *.* to '3m_moni'@'192.168.0.%' identified by '3m_12345'; # 建立MMM的監控帳戶 grant super,replication client,process on *.* to '3m_agen'@'192.168.0.%' identified by '3m_12345'; # 建立MMM的代理帳戶 grant replication slave on *.* to '3m_repl'@'192.168.0.%' identified by '3m_12345'; # 建立複製帳戶
配置數據同步
# 每次從庫鏈接主庫前,需先查詢對應主庫的二進制日誌文件及其事件位置,即在主庫上執行show master status便可,據此決定從庫鏈接時的master_log_file和master_log_pos參數; # slave1實例上 change master to master_host='192.168.0.45',master_port=3406,master_user='3m_repl',master_password='3m_12345',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',master_log_pos=2448; # master2實例上 change master to master_host='192.168.0.45',master_port=3406,master_user='3m_repl',master_password='3m_12345',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000002',master_log_pos=365; # slave2實例上 change master to master_host='192.168.0.46',master_port=3406,master_user='3m_repl',master_password='3m_12345',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000004',master_log_pos=342; # master1實例上 change master to master_host='192.168.0.46',master_port=3406,master_user='3m_repl',master_password='3m_12345',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000004',master_log_pos=342;
查看同步狀態
# 重點檢查Slave_IO_Running、Slave_SQL_Running和Master_Server_Id等參數 MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.0.45 Master_User: 3m_repl Master_Port: 3406 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000005 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 326 Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000010 Relay_Log_Pos: 613 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000005 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Master_Server_Id: 11
MMM安裝部署
Host1主機上:部署agent和monitor
yum -y install mysql-mmm-* # 配置公共設置 vi /etc/mysql-mmm/mmm_common.conf active_master_role writer <host default> cluster_interface eth0 pid_path /var/run/mysql-mmm/mmm_agentd.pid bin_path /usr/libexec/mysql-mmm/ replication_user 3m_repl# 複製帳戶 replication_password 3m_12345# 複製帳戶密碼 agent_user 3m_agen# agent帳戶 agent_password 3m_12345# agent帳戶密碼 </host> <host db1> ip 192.168.0.45 mysql_port 3406# 可指定需鏈接的mysqld的端口 mode master peer db2# peer表示db一、db2是同等級別的 </host> <host db2> ip 192.168.0.46 mysql_port 3406 mode master peer db1 </host> <host db3> ip 192.168.0.45 mysql_port 3506 mode slave </host> <host db4> ip 192.168.0.46 mysql_port 3506 mode slave </host> <role writer> hosts db1, db2 ips 192.168.0.11# 可寫VIP只配置一個 mode exclusive# 表示排它 </role> <role reader> hosts db1, db2,db3,db4 ips 192.168.0.12,192.168.0.13,192.168.0.14,192.168.0.15 # 只讀VIP可配置多個 mode balanced# 表示能夠共用 </role> ========== scp mmm_common.conf 192.168.0.46:/etc/mysql-mmm/ # 將公共配置文件拷貝至其它主機 ========== # 配置監控設置 vi /etc/mysql-mmm/mmm_mon.conf include mmm_common.conf <monitor> ip 127.0.0.1 pid_path /var/run/mysql-mmm/mmm_mond.pid bin_path /usr/libexec/mysql-mmm status_path /var/lib/mysql-mmm/mmm_mond.status ping_ips 192.168.0.45,192.168.0.46# 健康監測時需ping的主機IP,不是VIP哦 auto_set_online 60 </monitor> <host default> monitor_user 3m_moni# 監控帳戶 monitor_password 3m_12345 # 監控帳戶密碼 </host> debug 0 # 配置agent設置 vi /etc/mysql-mmm/mmm_agent.conf include mmm_common.conf this db1# 由於在一臺主機上啓用了2個mysqld實例,故可配置2個this參數哦 this db3
Host2主機上:只需部署agent
yum -y install mysql-mmm-agent # 配置agent設置 vi /etc/mysql-mmm/mmm_agent.conf include mmm_common.conf this db2 this db4
服務啓動
# 在主機Host1上
service mysql-mmm-agent [root@mysql mysql-mmm]# mmm_control show db1(192.168.0.45) master/ONLINE. Roles: reader(192.168.0.14), writer(192.168.0.11) db2(192.168.0.46) master/ONLINE. Roles: reader(192.168.0.13) db3(192.168.0.45) slave/ONLINE. Roles: reader(192.168.0.15) db4(192.168.0.46) slave/ONLINE. Roles: reader(192.168.0.12)
測試驗證
查看雙主複製架構中基於MMM實現的狀態信息:
service mysql-mmm-monitor start
# 在主機Host1上 [root@mysql mysql-mmm]# mmm_control show db1(192.168.0.45) master/ONLINE. Roles: reader(192.168.0.14), writer(192.168.0.11) db2(192.168.0.46) master/ONLINE. Roles: reader(192.168.0.13) db3(192.168.0.45) slave/ONLINE. Roles: reader(192.168.0.15) db4(192.168.0.46) slave/ONLINE. Roles: reader(192.168.0.12)
手動進行各節點的健康監測
# 在主機Host1上 [root@mysql mysql-mmm]# mmm_control checks db4 ping [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db4 mysql [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db4 rep_threads [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db4 rep_backlog [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK: Backlog is null db2 ping [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db2 mysql [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db2 rep_threads [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db2 rep_backlog [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK: Backlog is null db3 ping [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db3 mysql [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db3 rep_threads [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db3 rep_backlog [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK: Backlog is null db1 ping [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db1 mysql [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db1 rep_threads [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK db1 rep_backlog [last change: 2014/05/06 22:38:27] OK: Backlog is null
補充說明
在本篇的演示案例中,前端程序若要與MySQL通訊,則寫庫需鏈接192.168.0.11:3406,讀庫可鏈接192.168.0.12-15中的一個或多個,端口多是3406或3506;
在只讀VIP漂移時,會致使前端程序鏈接的mysqld端口發生變化,因此生產環境下仍是統一使用3306端口爲宜;
利用MMM實現了雙主複製架構中的故障自動轉移後,mysql並不是直接與前端程序通訊,還需配合使用讀寫分離器(如Ameoba),以統一對外的鏈接地址,由讀寫分離器負責讀寫的向下分配;