本文同步自我的博客Flutter + Kotlin Multiplatform, Write Once Run Anywhere,轉載請註明出處。html
Flutter是Google 2017年推出的跨平臺框架,擁有Fast Development,Expressive and Flexible UI,Native Performance等特色。Flutter使用Dart做爲開發語言,Android和iOS項目能夠共用一套Dart代碼,不少人火燒眉毛的嘗試,包括我,但在學習的過程當中,同時在思考如下的問題:java
Flutter很優秀,但相對來講還比較新,目前並非全部的第三方SDK支持Flutter(特別是在國內),因此在使用第三方SDK時不少時候須要咱們編寫原生代碼集成邏輯,須要Android和iOS分別編寫不一樣的集成代碼。android
項目要集成Flutter,一次性替換全部頁面有點不太實際,可是部分頁面集成的時候,會面臨須要將數據庫操做等公用邏輯使用Dart重寫一遍的問題,由於原生的邏輯在其餘的頁面也須要用到,沒辦法作到只保留Dart的實現代碼,因此很容易出現一套邏輯須要提供不一樣平臺的實現如:Dao.kt
, Dao.swift
, Dao.dart
。固然可使用Flutter提供的MethodChannel
/FlutterMethodChannel
來直接調用原生代碼的邏輯,可是若是數據庫操做邏輯須要修改的時候,咱們依然要同時修改不一樣平臺的代碼邏輯。ios
項目組裏有內部的SDK,同時提供給不一樣項目(Android和iOS)使用,可是一些App須要集成Flutter,就須要SDK分別提供Flutter/Android/iOS的代碼實現,這時須要同時維護三個SDK反而增長了SDK維護者的維護和實現成本。git
因此,最後能夠把問題歸結爲原生代碼沒法複用,致使咱們須要爲不一樣平臺提供同一代碼邏輯實現。那麼有沒有能讓原生代碼複用的框架,答案是確定的,Kotlin Multiplatform是Kotlin的一個功能(目前還在實驗性階段),其目標就是使用Kotlin:Sharing code between platforms。github
因而我有一個大膽的想法,同時使用Flutter和Kotlin Multiplatform,雖然使用不一樣的語言(Dart/Kotlin),但不一樣平臺共用一套代碼邏輯實現。使用Kotlin Multiplatform編寫公用邏輯,而後在Android/iOS上使用MethodChannel
/FlutterMethodChannel
供Flutter調用公用邏輯。sql
接下來以實現公用的數據庫操做邏輯爲例,來簡單描述如何使用Flutter和Kotlin Multiplatform達到Write Once Run Anywhere。數據庫
接下來的內容須要讀者對Flutter和Kotlin Multiplatform有所瞭解。json
咱們使用Sqldelight實現公用的數據庫操做邏輯,而後經過kotlinx.serialization把查詢結果序列化爲json字符串,經過MethodChannel
/FlutterMethodChannel
傳遞到Flutter中使用。小程序
Flutter的目錄結構以下面所示:
|
|__android
| |__app
|__ios
|__lib
|__test
複製代碼
其中android
目錄下是一個完整的Gradle項目,參照官方文檔Multiplatform Project: iOS and Android,咱們在android
目錄下建立一個common
module,來存放公用的代碼邏輯。
apply plugin: 'org.jetbrains.kotlin.multiplatform'
apply plugin: 'com.squareup.sqldelight'
apply plugin: 'kotlinx-serialization'
sqldelight {
AccountingDB {
packageName = "com.littlegnal.accountingmultiplatform"
}
}
kotlin {
sourceSets {
commonMain.dependencies {
implementation deps.kotlin.stdlib.stdlib
implementation deps.kotlin.serialiaztion.runtime.common
implementation deps.kotlin.coroutines.common
}
androidMain.dependencies {
implementation deps.kotlin.stdlib.stdlib
implementation deps.sqldelight.runtimejvm
implementation deps.kotlin.serialiaztion.runtime.runtime
implementation deps.kotlin.coroutines.android
}
iosMain.dependencies {
implementation deps.kotlin.stdlib.stdlib
implementation deps.sqldelight.driver.ios
implementation deps.kotlin.serialiaztion.runtime.native
implementation deps.kotlin.coroutines.native
}
}
targets {
fromPreset(presets.jvm, 'android')
final def iOSTarget = System.getenv('SDK_NAME')?.startsWith("iphoneos") \
? presets.iosArm64 : presets.iosX64
fromPreset(iOSTarget, 'ios') {
binaries {
framework('common')
}
}
}
}
// workaround for https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/KT-27170
configurations {
compileClasspath
}
task packForXCode(type: Sync) {
final File frameworkDir = new File(buildDir, "xcode-frameworks")
final String mode = project.findProperty("XCODE_CONFIGURATION")?.toUpperCase() ?: 'DEBUG'
final def framework = kotlin.targets.ios.binaries.getFramework("common", mode)
inputs.property "mode", mode
dependsOn framework.linkTask
from { framework.outputFile.parentFile }
into frameworkDir
doLast {
new File(frameworkDir, 'gradlew').with {
text = "#!/bin/bash\nexport 'JAVA_HOME=${System.getProperty("java.home")}'\ncd '${rootProject.rootDir}'\n./gradlew \$@\n"
setExecutable(true)
}
}
}
tasks.build.dependsOn packForXCode
複製代碼
AccountingRepository
在common
module下建立commonMain
目錄,並在commonMain
目錄下建立AccountingRepository
類用於封裝數據庫操做邏輯(這裏不須要關心代碼實現細節,只是簡單的查詢數據庫結果,而後序列化爲json字符串)。
class AccountingRepository(private val accountingDB: AccountingDB) {
private val json: Json by lazy {
Json(JsonConfiguration.Stable)
}
...
fun getMonthTotalAmount(yearAndMonthList: List<String>): String {
val list = mutableListOf<GetMonthTotalAmount>()
.apply {
for (yearAndMonth in yearAndMonthList) {
val r = accountingDB.accountingDBQueries
.getMonthTotalAmount(yearAndMonth)
.executeAsOneOrNull()
if (r?.total != null && r.yearMonth != null) {
add(r)
}
}
}
.map {
it.toGetMonthTotalAmountSerialization()
}
return json.stringify(GetMonthTotalAmountSerialization.serializer().list, list)
}
fun getGroupingMonthTotalAmount(yearAndMonth: String): String {
val list = accountingDB.accountingDBQueries
.getGroupingMonthTotalAmount(yearAndMonth)
.executeAsList()
.map {
it.toGetGroupingMonthTotalAmountSerialization()
}
return json.stringify(GetGroupingMonthTotalAmountSerialization.serializer().list, list)
}
}
複製代碼
到這裏咱們已經實現了公用的數據庫操做邏輯,可是爲了Android/iOS更加簡單的調用數據庫操做邏輯,咱們把MethodChannel#setMethodCallHandler
/FlutterMethodChannel#setMethodCallHandler
中的調用邏輯進行簡單的封裝:
const val SQLDELIGHT_CHANNEL = "com.littlegnal.accountingmultiplatform/sqldelight"
class SqlDelightManager(
private val accountingRepository: AccountingRepository
) : CoroutineScope {
...
fun methodCall(method: String, arguments: Map<String, Any>, result: (Any) -> Unit) {
launch(coroutineContext) {
when (method) {
...
"getMonthTotalAmount" -> {
@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST") val yearAndMonthList: List<String> =
arguments["yearAndMonthList"] as? List<String> ?: emptyList()
val r = accountingRepository.getMonthTotalAmount(yearAndMonthList)
result(r)
}
"getGroupingMonthTotalAmount" -> {
val yearAndMonth: String = arguments["yearAndMonth"] as? String ?: ""
val r = accountingRepository.getGroupingMonthTotalAmount(yearAndMonth)
result(r)
}
}
}
}
}
複製代碼
由於MethodChannel#setMethodHandler
中Result
和FlutterMethodChannel#setMethodHandler
中FlutterResult
對象不同,因此咱們在SqlDelightManager#methodCall
定義result
function以回調的形式讓外部處理。
SqlDelightManager
在Android項目使用SqlDelightManager
,參考官方文檔Multiplatform Project: iOS and Android,咱們須要先在app
目錄下添加對common
module的依賴:
implementation project(":common")
複製代碼
參照官方文檔Writing custom platform-specific code,咱們在MainActivity
實現MethodChannel
並調用SqlDelightManager#methodCall
:
class MainActivity: FlutterActivity() {
private val sqlDelightManager by lazy {
val accountingRepository = AccountingRepository(Db.getInstance(applicationContext))
SqlDelightManager(accountingRepository)
}
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
GeneratedPluginRegistrant.registerWith(this)
MethodChannel(flutterView, SQLDELIGHT_CHANNEL).setMethodCallHandler { methodCall, result ->
@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
val args = methodCall.arguments as? Map<String, Any> ?: emptyMap()
sqlDelightManager.methodCall(methodCall.method, args) {
result.success(it)
}
}
}
...
}
複製代碼
SqlDelightManager
繼續參考Multiplatform Project: iOS and Android,讓Xcode項目識別common
module的代碼,主要把common
module生成的frameworks添加Xcode項目中,我簡單總結爲如下步驟:
./gradlew :common:build
,生成iOS frameworks有一點跟官方文檔不一樣的是,frameworks的存放目錄不同,由於Flutter項目結構把android
項目的build
文件路徑放到根目錄,因此frameworks的路徑應該是$(SRCROOT)/../build/xcode-frameworks
。能夠查看android/build.gradle
:
rootProject.buildDir = '../build'
subprojects {
project.buildDir = "${rootProject.buildDir}/${project.name}"
}
複製代碼
這幾步完成以後就能夠在Swift裏面調用common
module的Kotlin代碼了。參照官方文檔Writing custom platform-specific code,咱們在AppDelegate.swift
實現FlutterMethodChannel
並調用SqlDelightManager#methodCall
(Swift代碼全是靠Google搜出來的XD):
@UIApplicationMain
@objc class AppDelegate: FlutterAppDelegate {
lazy var sqlDelightManager: SqlDelightManager = {
Db().defaultDriver()
let accountingRepository = AccountingRepository(accountingDB: Db().instance)
return SqlDelightManager(accountingRepository: accountingRepository)
}()
override func application( _ application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey: Any]? ) -> Bool {
let controller: FlutterViewController = window?.rootViewController as! FlutterViewController
let sqlDelightChannel = FlutterMethodChannel(
name: SqlDelightManagerKt.SQLDELIGHT_CHANNEL,
binaryMessenger: controller)
sqlDelightChannel.setMethodCallHandler({
[weak self] (methodCall: FlutterMethodCall, flutterResult: @escaping FlutterResult) -> Void in
let args = methodCall.arguments as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
self?.sqlDelightManager.methodCall(
method: methodCall.method,
arguments: args,
result: {(r: Any) -> KotlinUnit in
flutterResult(r)
return KotlinUnit()
})
})
GeneratedPluginRegistrant.register(with: self)
return super.application(application, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: launchOptions)
}
...
}
複製代碼
能夠看到,除了MethodChannel
/FlutterMethodChannel
對象不一樣以及Kotlin/Swift語法不一樣,咱們調用的是同一方法SqlDelightManager#methodCall
,並不須要分別在Android/iOS上實現同一套邏輯。
到這裏咱們已經使用了Kotlin Multiplatform實現原生代碼複用了,而後咱們只需在Flutter使用MethodChannel
調用相應的方法就能夠了。
一樣的咱們在Flutter中也實現AccountingRepository
類封裝數據庫操做邏輯:
class AccountingRepository {
static const _platform =
const MethodChannel("com.littlegnal.accountingmultiplatform/sqldelight");
...
Future<BuiltList<TotalExpensesOfMonth>> getMonthTotalAmount(
[DateTime latestMonth]) async {
var dateTime = latestMonth ?? DateTime.now();
var yearMonthList = List<String>();
for (var i = 0; i <= 6; i++) {
var d = DateTime(dateTime.year, dateTime.month - i, 1);
yearMonthList.add(_yearMonthFormat.format(d));
}
var arguments = {"yearAndMonthList": yearMonthList};
var result = await _platform.invokeMethod("getMonthTotalAmount", arguments);
return deserializeListOf<TotalExpensesOfMonth>(jsonDecode(result));
}
Future<BuiltList<TotalExpensesOfGroupingTag>> getGroupingTagOfLatestMonth(
DateTime latestMonth) async {
return getGroupingMonthTotalAmount(latestMonth);
}
Future<BuiltList<TotalExpensesOfGroupingTag>> getGroupingMonthTotalAmount(
DateTime dateTime) async {
var arguments = {"yearAndMonth": _yearMonthFormat.format(dateTime)};
var result =
await _platform.invokeMethod("getGroupingMonthTotalAmount", arguments);
return deserializeListOf<TotalExpensesOfGroupingTag>(jsonDecode(result));
}
}
複製代碼
簡單使用BLoC來調用AccountingRepository
的方法:
class SummaryBloc {
SummaryBloc(this._db);
final AccountingRepository _db;
final _summaryChartDataSubject =
BehaviorSubject<SummaryChartData>.seeded(...);
final _summaryListSubject =
BehaviorSubject<BuiltList<SummaryListItem>>.seeded(BuiltList());
Stream<SummaryChartData> get summaryChartData =>
_summaryChartDataSubject.stream;
Stream<BuiltList<SummaryListItem>> get summaryList =>
_summaryListSubject.stream;
...
Future<Null> getGroupingTagOfLatestMonth({DateTime dateTime}) async {
var list =
await _db.getGroupingTagOfLatestMonth(dateTime ?? DateTime.now());
_summaryListSubject.sink.add(_createSummaryList(list));
}
Future<Null> getMonthTotalAmount({DateTime dateTime}) async {
...
var result = await _db.getMonthTotalAmount(dateTime);
...
_summaryChartDataSubject.sink.add(...);
}
...
複製代碼
在Widget中使用BLoC:
class SummaryPage extends StatefulWidget {
@override
State<StatefulWidget> createState() => _SummaryPageState();
}
class _SummaryPageState extends State<SummaryPage> {
final _summaryBloc = SummaryBloc(AccountingRepository.db);
...
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
...
body: Column(
children: <Widget>[
Divider(
height: 1.0,
),
Container(
color: Colors.white,
padding: EdgeInsets.only(bottom: 10),
child: StreamBuilder(
stream: _summaryBloc.summaryChartData,
builder: (BuildContext context,
AsyncSnapshot<SummaryChartData> snapshot) {
...
},
),
),
Expanded(
child: StreamBuilder(
stream: _summaryBloc.summaryList,
builder: (BuildContext context,
AsyncSnapshot<BuiltList<SummaryListItem>> snapshot) {
...
},
),
)
],
),
);
}
}
複製代碼
完結撒花,最後咱們來看看項目的運行效果:
Android | iOS |
---|---|
![]() |
![]() |
爲了保證代碼質量和邏輯正確性Unit Test是必不可少的,對於common
module代碼,咱們只要在commonTest
中寫一套Unit Test就能夠了,固然有時候咱們須要爲不一樣平臺編寫不一樣的測試用例。在Demo裏我主要使用MockK來mock數據,可是遇到一些問題,在Kotlin/Native沒法識別MockK
的引用。對於這個問題,我提了一個issue,目前還在處理中。
跨平臺這個話題在如今已是老生常談了,不少公司不少團隊都但願使用跨平臺技術來提升開發效率,下降人力成本,但開發的過程當中會發現踩的坑愈來愈多,不少時候並無達到當初的預期,我的認爲跨平臺的最大目標是代碼複用,Write Once Run Anywhere,讓多端的開發者共同實現和維護同一代碼邏輯,減小溝通致使實現的差別和多端代碼實現致使的差別,使代碼更加健壯便於維護。
本文簡單演示瞭如何使用Flutter和Kotlin Multiplatform來達到Write Once Run Anywhere的效果。我的認爲Kotlin Multiplatform有很大的前景,Kotlin Multiplatform還支持JS平臺,因此公用的代碼理論上還能提供給小程序使用(但願有機會驗證這個猜測)。在今年的Google IO上Google發佈了下一代UI開發框架Jetpack Compose,蘋果開發者大會上蘋果爲咱們帶來了SwiftUI,這意味着若是把這2個框架的API統一塊兒來,咱們可使用Kotlin來編寫擁有Native性能的跨平臺的代碼。Demo已經上傳到github,感興趣的能夠clone下來研究(雖然寫的很爛)。有問題能夠在github上提issue。Have Fun!