Spring中Configuration的理解

從Spring3.0,@Configuration用於定義配置類,可替換xml配置文件,被註解的類內部包含有一個或多個被@Bean註解的方法,這些方法將會被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext類進行掃描,並用於構建bean定義,初始化Spring容器。html

注意:@Configuration註解的配置類有以下要求:web

  • @Configuration不能夠是final類型;
  • @Configuration不能夠是匿名類;
  • 嵌套的configuration必須是靜態類。

1、@Configuation加載Spring方法

1.一、@Configuration配置spring並啓動spring容器

@Configuration標註在類上,至關於把該類做爲spring的xml配置文件中的<beans>,做用爲:配置spring容器(應用上下文)spring

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啓動初始化。。。");
    }
}

至關於:app

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"  
    xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
    xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false">


</beans>

主方法進行測試:ide

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
    }
}

從運行主方法結果能夠看出,spring容器已經啓動了:函數

 

1.二、@Configuration啓動容器+@Bean註冊Bean,@Bean下管理bean的生命週期

@Bean標註在方法上(返回某個實例的方法),等價於spring的xml配置文件中的<bean>,做用爲:註冊bean對象源碼分析

bean類:測試

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 銷燬。。。");
    }
}

配置類:this

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;

@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啓動初始化。。。");
    }

    // @Bean註解註冊bean,同時能夠指定初始化和銷燬方法
    // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }
}

主方法測試類:url

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
        
         //獲取bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}

結果:

注: 
(1)、@Bean註解在返回實例的方法上,若是未經過@Bean指定bean的名稱,則默認與標註的方法名相同; 
(2)、@Bean註解默認做用域爲單例singleton做用域,可經過@Scope(「prototype」)設置爲原型做用域; 
(3)、既然@Bean的做用是註冊bean對象,那麼徹底能夠使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等註解註冊bean,固然須要配置@ComponentScan註解進行自動掃描。

 

@Bean下管理bean的生命週期

能夠使用基於 Java 的配置來管理 bean 的生命週期。@Bean 支持兩種屬性,即 initMethod 和destroyMethod,這些屬性可用於定義生命週期方法。在實例化 bean 或即將銷燬它時,容器即可調用生命週期方法。生命週期方法也稱爲回調方法,由於它將由容器調用。使用 @Bean 註釋註冊的 bean 也支持 JSR-250 規定的標準 @PostConstruct 和 @PreDestroy 註釋。若是您正在使用 XML 方法來定義 bean,那麼就應該使用 bean 元素來定義生命週期回調方法。如下代碼顯示了在 XML 配置中一般使用 bean 元素定義回調的方法。

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啓動初始化。。。");
    }

    //@Bean註解註冊bean,同時能夠指定初始化和銷燬方法
    @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }
}

啓動類:

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
        System.out.println(tb);
        
        TestBean tb2 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb2.sayHello();
        System.out.println(tb2);
    }
}

結果:

分析:

結果中的1:代表initMethod生效

結果中的2:代表@Scope("prototype")生效

1.三、@Configuration啓動容器+@Component註冊Bean

bean類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

//添加註冊bean的註解
@Component
public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 銷燬。。。");
    }
}

配置類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;

@Configuration
//添加自動掃描註解,basePackages爲TestBean包路徑
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啓動初始化。。。");
    }

    /*// @Bean註解註冊bean,同時能夠指定初始化和銷燬方法
    // @Bean(name="testNean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }*/
}

主方法測試獲取bean對象:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
        
         //獲取bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}

sayHello()方法都被正常調用。

1.四、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 註冊 AppContext 類的兩種方法

1.4.一、 配置類的註冊方式是將其傳遞給 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 構造函數

public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        //獲取bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
    }

1.4.二、 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 的register 方法傳入配置類來註冊配置類

public static void main(String[] args) {
  ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
  ctx.register(AppContext.class)
}

1.五、配置Web應用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)

過去,您一般要利用 XmlWebApplicationContext 上下文來配置 Spring Web 應用程序,即在 Web 部署描述符文件 web.xml 中指定外部 XML 上下文文件的路徑。XMLWebApplicationContext 是 Web 應用程序使用的默認上下文類。如下代碼描述了 web.xml 中指向將由 ContextLoaderListener 監聽器類載入的外部 XML 上下文文件的元素。

<web-app>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>
            org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
        </listener-class>
    </listener>
    <servlet>
    <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>
        org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
    </servlet-class>
    </servlet>

...
</web-app>

如今,您要將 web.xml 中的上述代碼更改成使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 類。切記,XmlWebApplicationContext 是 Spring 爲 Web 應用程序使用的默認上下文實現,所以您永遠沒必要在您的web.xml 文件中顯式指定這個上下文類。如今,您將使用基於 Java 的配置,所以在配置 Web 應用程序時,須要在web.xml 文件中指定 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 類。上述代碼將修改以下:

<web-app>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextClass</param-name>
        <param-value>
            org.springframework.web.context.
            support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
        </param-value>
    </context-param>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>
            demo.AppContext
        </param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>
            org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
        </listener-class>
    </listener>
    <servlet>
    <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>
        org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
    </servlet-class>
    <init-param>
        <param-name>contextClass</param-name>
        <param-value>
            org.springframework.web.context.
            support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
        </param-value>
    </init-param>
    </servlet>

...
</web-app>

以上修改後的 web.xml 如今定義了 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext 上下文類,並將其做爲上下文參數和 servlet 元素的一部分。上下文配置位置如今指向 AppContext 配置類。這很是簡單。下一節將演示 bean 的生命週期回調和範圍的實現。

1.六、@Configuation總結

 @Configuation等價於<Beans></Beans>

 @Bean等價於<Bean></Bean>

 @ComponentScan等價於<context:component-scan base-package="com.dxz.demo"/>

 

2、組合多個配置類

2.一、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;

@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
public class WebConfig {
}

bean類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;

public class TestBean2 {
    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 sayHello...");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "TestBean2 username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 初始化。。。");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 銷燬。。。");
    }
}

測試類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        // 獲取bean
        TestBean2 tb = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}

結果:

 2.二、在@configuration中引入其它註解配置

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;

import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestConfiguration;

@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
@Import(TestConfiguration.class)
public class WebConfig {
}

測試類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestBean;

public class TestMain2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);

        // 若是加載spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        // 獲取bean
        TestBean2 tb2 = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
        tb2.sayHello();
        
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}

結果:

2.三、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必須是靜態類)

經過配置類嵌套的配置類,達到組合多個配置類的目的。但注意內部類必須是靜態類。

上代碼:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean start");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean destory");
    }
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;

public class DataSource {

    private String dbUser;
    private String dbPass;
    public String getDbUser() {
        return dbUser;
    }
    public void setDbUser(String dbUser) {
        this.dbUser = dbUser;
    }
    public String getDbPass() {
        return dbPass;
    }
    public void setDbPass(String dbPass) {
        this.dbPass = dbPass;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "DataSource [dbUser=" + dbUser + ", dbPass=" + dbPass + "]";
    }
}

配置類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration3")
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器啓動初始化。。。");
    }
    
    @Configuration
    static class DatabaseConfig {
        @Bean
        DataSource dataSource() {
            return new DataSource();
        }
    }
}

啓動類:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration註解的spring容器加載方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替換ClassPathXmlApplicationContexts
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

         //bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
        
        DataSource ds = (DataSource) context.getBean("dataSource");
        System.out.println(ds);
    }
}

結果:

TestConfiguration容器啓動初始化。。。
TestBean sayHello...
DataSource [dbUser=null, dbPass=null]

三、@EnableXXX註解

配合@Configuration使用,包括 @EnableAsync, @EnableScheduling, @EnableTransactionManagement, @EnableAspectJAutoProxy, @EnableWebMvc。

@EnableAspectJAutoProxy---《spring AOP 之:@Aspect註解

@EnableScheduling--《Spring 3.1新特性之二:@Enable*註解的源碼,spring源碼分析之定時任務Scheduled註解

四、@Profile邏輯組配置

見《Spring的@PropertySource + Environment,@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value配合使用

五、使用外部變量

一、@PropertySource + Environment,經過@PropertySource註解將properties配置文件中的值存儲到Spring的 Environment中,Environment接口提供方法去讀取配置文件中的值,參數是properties文件中定義的key值。
二、@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value

見《Spring的@PropertySource + Environment,@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value配合使用

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