SQL 基礎

  1 建立模式
  2 create schema <schema_name> authorization <username> 沒有指定schema_name時默認是用戶名
  3 
  4 刪除模式
  5 drop schema <schema_name> <cascade | restrict>
  6 
  7 
  8 建立表
  9 create table student.sc            ;定義表中的兩個主碼以及外碼
 10 (sno char(7),
 11 cno char(4),
 12 grade smallint,
 13 primary key(sno, cno),
 14 foreign key sno references student(sno),
 15 foreign key sno references course(cno)
 16 );                    /*最後一行沒有逗號，外碼引用的必須是主碼*/
 17 
 18 修改表
 19 alter table <table_name>
 20 [ add <新列名> <數據類型> [完整性約束] ]
 21 [ drop [完整性約束名] [列名] ]
 22 [ modify <列名> <數據類型> ];
 23 
 24 刪除表
 25 
 26 drop table <表名>;
 27 
 28 
 29 建立索引
 30 create [unique] [cluster] index <索引名>
 31 on <表名>( <列名> [ <次序> ] [, <列名> [ <次序> ] ] ....);
 32 
 33 刪除索引
 34 drop index <索引名>
 35 
 36 
 37 插入元組
 38 insert
 39 into <表名> [ ( <屬性列1> [, <屬性列2>...] ) ]
 40 values ( <常量1> [, <常量2>] ... )
 41 
 42 insert into sc(sno,cno)
 43 values('200215128','1')
 44 
 45 修改元組
 46 update <表名>
 47 set <列名> = <表達式> [, <列名> = <表達式> ]...            
 48 [where <條件>];
 49 
 50 update student
 51 set sage = 22
 52 where sno = '200215121'
 53 
 54 刪除元組
 55 delete
 56 from <表名>
 57 [where <條件> ];
 58 
 59 delete
 60 from student
 61 where sno = '200215121'
 62 
 63 
 64 使用視圖建立語句建視圖，經過視圖查詢數據:
 65 create view <視圖名> [(<列名>[,<列名>]...)]            ;列名要麼所有指定，要麼所有不指定
 66 as 
 67 <子查詢>
 68 [with check option];
 69 
 70 drop view <視圖名>;
 71 
 72 
 73 建立用戶
 74 create user <username> [with] [DBA | RESOURCE | CONNECT];
 75 create user  zx_root   IDENTIFIED by 'xxxxx@localhost';
 76 
 77 刪除用戶
 78 drop user <username>;
 79 
 80 
 81 受權
 82 grant <權限> [,<權限> ]...                    ;all privileges, select, update, insert, delete
 83 on <對象類型> <對象名> [,<對象類型> <對象名>]...
 84 to <用戶> [,<用戶>]...                        ;public
 85 [with grant option];
 86 
 87 grant all privileges
 88 on table student, course
 89 to u2, u3;
 90 
 91 grant update(sno)
 92 on table student
 93 to u4;
 94 
 95 grant insert
 96 on table sc
 97 to u5
 98 with grant option
 99 
100 回收受權
101 revoke <權限>[,<權限>]...
102 on <對象類型> <對象名> [,<對象類型> <對象名>]...
103 from <用戶> [,<用戶>]...
104 
105 revoke select
106 on table sc
107 from public
108 
109 
110 建立角色
111 create role <rolename>
112 
113 給角色受權
114 grant <權限> [,<權限>]...
115 on <對象類型> <對象名>
116 to <角色> [,<角色>]...
117 
118 grant <角色1> [,<角色2>]...
119 to <角色3> [,<角色4>]...
120 [with admin option]
121 
122 收回角色權限
123 revoke <權限> [,<權限>]...
124 on <對象類型> <對象名>
125 from <角色> [,<角色>]...
126 
127 create role r1;
128 
129 grant select, update, insert
130 on table student
131 to r1;
132 
133 grant r1
134 to 王平,張明
135 
136 revoke select
137 on table student
138 from r1;
139 
140 
141 審計
142 
143 audit alert,update
144 on sc;
145 
146 noaudit all
147 on sc;
148 
149 
150 實體完整性
151 primary key(sno,cno);
152 
153 參照完整性
154 foreign key sno reference student(sno);
155 
156 用戶定義完整性
157 create table sc
158 (sno char(7) not null,
159 cno char(4) not null,
160 grade smallint not null,);
161 
162 create table dept
163 (deptno number,
164 dname varchar(9) unique,
165 );
166 
167 create table student
168 (sno char(7) primary key,
169 ssex char(2) check (ssex in ('男','女')),);
170 
171 表級用戶定義完整性
172 check (ssex = '女' or sname not like 'ms.%' );            /*男性名字不能以ms.開頭*/
173 
174 完整性約束命名子句
175 constraint <完整性約束條件名> [primary key短語 | foreign key 短語 | check 短語]
176 
177 create stable student
178 (sno number(5)
179     constraint c1 check (sno between 90000 and 99999),
180 sname varchar(20)
181     constraint c2 not null,
182 sage number(3)
183     constraint c3 check (sage <30),
184 ssex varchar(2)
185     constraint c4 check (ssex in ('男','女'),
186 constraint studentKey primary key(sno),
187 );
188 
189 alter table student
190 drop constraint c4;
191 
192 alter table student
193 add constraint c4 check (ssex in ('男','女'));
194 
195 域中完整性限制
196 create domain genderdomain char(2)
197 constraint gd check (value in ('男','女'));
198 
199 alter domain genderdomain
200 add constraint gd check (value in ('1','0'));
201 
202 alter domain genderdomain
203 drop constraint gd;
204 
205 
206 
207 
208 查詢
209 seletct [ all | distinct ] <目標列表達式> [, <目標列表達式> ]...
210 from <表名或視圖名> [, <表名或視圖名> ]...
211 [ where <條件表達式> ]
212 [ group by <列名1> [ having <條件表達式> ] ]
213 [ order by <列名2> [ asc | desc ] ]
214 
215 表單查詢
216 
217 select sname name,2015-sage year
218 from student
219 where sno = 200215121
220 
221 select sname, sdept, sage
222 from student
223 where sage between 20 and 23        /*not between and*/
224 
225 select sname, ssex
226 from student
227 where sdept in ('cs','ma','is')     /*not in*/
228 
229 select *
230 from student
231 where sno like '2002%21'            /*%任意多個字符,_單個字符, [ escape '\' ] 表示'\'爲換碼字符，not like */
232 
233 select sno,cno
234 from sc
235 where grade is null            /*is not*/
236 
237 select sno,grade
238 from sc
239 where cno = '3'
240 order by grade desc,sno
241 
242 select cno, count( distinct sno )
243 from sc
244 group by cno
245 
246 鏈接查詢，嵌套查詢
247 
248 select sname
249 from student
250 where sdept = 'cs' and sage < 20            /*or, not*/
251 
252 select first.cno, second.cpno
253 from course first, course second
254 where first.cpno = second.cno                /*<>是不等於*/
255 
256 select sname
257 from student
258 where sno in
259     (select sno
260     from sc
261     where cno = '2' );
262 
263 select sno,cno
264 from sc x
265 where grade >= 
266     (select avg(grade)
267     from sc y
268     where y.sno = x.sno);
269 
270 select sname,sage
271 from student
272 where sage < any
273     (select sage
274     from student
275     where sdept = 'cs');            /*all*/
276 
277 select sname
278 from student
279 where not exists
280     (select *
281     from course
282     where not exists   
283         (select *
284         from sc
285         where sno = student.sno
286         and    cno = course.cno ));            /*not exists 沒有*/
287 
288 集合查詢:
289 
290 select * 
291 from student
292 where sdept='cs'
293 union
294 select *
295 from student
296 where sage<=19;
297 
298 select *
299 from student
300 where sdept='cs'
301 intersect
302 select *
303 from student
304 where sage<=19;
305 
306 select *
307 from student
308 where sdept='cs'
309 except
310 select *
311 from student
312 where sage<=19;
313 
314 
315 
316 數據類型
317 char(n)                長度爲n的定長字符串
318 varchar(n)                最大長度爲n的可變字符串
319 int                    長整形,可寫做integer
320 smallint                短整形
321 numberic(p,d)            定點數，有p位數字（不包括符號，小數點）組成，小數點後有d位小數
322 real                    取決於機器精度的浮點數
323 double precision            取決於機器精度的雙精度浮點數
324 float(n)                浮點數，精度至少爲n爲數字
325 date                    日期,YYYY-MM-DD
326 time                    時間,HH:MM:SS
327 
328 
329 
330 小問題
331 
332 
333 "=" 兩邊能夠沒有空格
334 
335 
336 
337 實例：
338 
339 
340 create DataBase SpjDB
341 on (name=spj_dat,
342 filename='D:\Sql_Server\spj_data.mdf',
343 size=10mb)
344 log 
345 on (name=spj_log,
346 filename='D:\Sql_Server\spj_log.ldf',
347 size=3mb)
348 
349 
350 Create table S
351 (SNO char(4) primary key,
352 SNAME char(10),
353 STATUS smallint,
354 CITY char(12))
355 
356 insert into s
357 values('S1','精益','20','天津');
358 
359 insert into s
360 values('S2','盛錫','10','北京');
361 
362 
363 Create table p
364 (PNO char(4) primary key,
365 PNAME char(10),
366 COLOR char(4),
367 WEIGHT smallint)
368 
369 insert into P
370 values('p1','螺母','紅','12');
371 insert into P
372 values('p2','螺栓','綠','17');
373 insert into P
374 
375 
376 Create table J
377 (JNO char(4) primary key,
378 PNAME char(10),
379 CITY char(10))
380 
381 insert into J
382 values('J1','三建','北京');
383 insert into J
384 values('J2','一汽','長春');
385 insert into J
386 
387 
388 Create table SPJ
389 (SNO char(2),
390 PNO char(2),
391 JNO char(2),
392 QTY smallint)
393 
394 
395 insert into SPJ
396 values('S1','P1','J1','200');
397 insert into SPJ
398 values('S1','P1','J3','100');
399