[譯] JWT 與 Spring Cloud 微服務

keyholesoftware.com/2016/06/20/…java

做者:THOMAS KENDALLgit

轉載自公衆號:stackgcgithub

微服務安全是架構的重要部分之一。具體來講,就是認證和受權模式。web

微服務認證和受權處理方式有幾種選擇,但本文只介紹 JSON Web Token 的使用。spring

JSON Web Token

JSON Web Token(JWT)本質上是一個獨立的身份驗證令牌,能夠包含用戶標識、用戶角色和權限等信息,以及您能夠存儲任何其餘信息。任何人均可以輕鬆讀取和解析,並使用密鑰來驗證真實性。有關 JSON Web Token 的簡要介紹,請查看此頁面(jwt.io/introductio…json

微服務使用 JSON Web Token 的一個優勢是,咱們能夠配置它以便包含用戶擁有的任何權限。這意味着每一個服務不須要與受權服務交互才能受權用戶。安全

JWT 的另一個優勢是它們是可序列化的,足夠短的長度使得它可放置在請求頭中。服務器

工做原理

JWT 的工做流程至關簡單。第一次請求是一個帶有用戶名和密碼的無身份驗證端點的 POST。架構

認證成功後,響應將包含 JWT。以後全部的請求都附帶一個 HTTP 頭,其包含了 JWT 令牌:Authorization: xxxxx.yyyyy.zzzzzapp

全部服務間的請求都要經過該頭,以便其餘服務能夠應用受權。

開始編碼

咱們須要作的第一件事是弄清楚如何生成 JWT。幸運的是,咱們不是第一個踩坑的人,有幾個現成的 JWT 類庫。

我選擇了 Java JWT(github.com/jwtk/jjwt)。…

public class JsonWebTokenUtility {
 
    private SignatureAlgorithm signatureAlgorithm;
    private Key secretKey;
 
    public JsonWebTokenUtility() {
 
        // 這不是一個安全的實踐
        // 爲了簡化,我存儲了一個靜態的 key 在這裏
        // 實際上,在微服務環境中,key 是由配置服務器持有的
        signatureAlgorithm = SignatureAlgorithm.HS512;
        String encodedKey = "L7A/6zARSkK1j7Vd5SDD9pSSqZlqF7mAhiOgRbgv9Smce6tf4cJnvKOjtKPxNNnWQj+2lQEScm3XIUjhW+YVZg==";
        secretKey = deserializeKey(encodedKey);
    }
 
    public String createJsonWebToken(AuthTokenDetailsDTO authTokenDetailsDTO) {
        String token = Jwts.builder().setSubject(authTokenDetailsDTO.userId).claim("email", authTokenDetailsDTO.email)
                .claim("roles", authTokenDetailsDTO.roleNames).setExpiration(authTokenDetailsDTO.expirationDate)
                .signWith(getSignatureAlgorithm(), getSecretKey()).compact();
        return token;
    }
 
    private Key deserializeKey(String encodedKey) {
        byte[] decodedKey = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encodedKey);
        Key key = new SecretKeySpec(decodedKey, getSignatureAlgorithm().getJcaName());
        return key;
    }
 
    private Key getSecretKey() {
        return secretKey;
    }
 
    public SignatureAlgorithm getSignatureAlgorithm() {
        return signatureAlgorithm;
    }
 
    public AuthTokenDetailsDTO parseAndValidate(String token) {
        AuthTokenDetailsDTO authTokenDetailsDTO = null;
        try {
            Claims claims = Jwts.parser().setSigningKey(getSecretKey()).parseClaimsJws(token).getBody();
            String userId = claims.getSubject();
            String email = (String) claims.get("email");
            List roleNames = (List) claims.get("roles");
            Date expirationDate = claims.getExpiration();
 
            authTokenDetailsDTO = new AuthTokenDetailsDTO();
            authTokenDetailsDTO.userId = userId;
            authTokenDetailsDTO.email = email;
            authTokenDetailsDTO.roleNames = roleNames;
            authTokenDetailsDTO.expirationDate = expirationDate;
        } catch (JwtException ex) {
            System.out.println(ex);
        }
        return authTokenDetailsDTO;
    }
 
    private String serializeKey(Key key) {
        String encodedKey = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(key.getEncoded());
        return encodedKey;
    }
 
}
複製代碼

咱們有了這個工具類,以後須要在每一個微服務中配置 Spring Security。

爲此,咱們須要自定義一個驗證過濾器,若是存在請求頭,則讀取它。Spring 有一個認證過濾器 RequestHeaderAuthenticationFilter,咱們能夠繼承它。

public class JsonWebTokenAuthenticationFilter extends RequestHeaderAuthenticationFilter {
 
    public JsonWebTokenAuthenticationFilter() {
        // Don't throw exceptions if the header is missing
        this.setExceptionIfHeaderMissing(false);
 
        // This is the request header it will look for
        this.setPrincipalRequestHeader("Authorization");
    }
 
    @Override
    @Autowired
    public void setAuthenticationManager(AuthenticationManager authenticationManager) {
        super.setAuthenticationManager(authenticationManager);
    }
}
複製代碼

此時,頭已經以 PreAuthenticatedAuthenticationToken 的形式轉換爲 Spring Authentication 對象。

咱們如今須要一個 AuthenticationProvider 用於讀取令牌,從而進行身份驗證,並將其轉換爲咱們本身自定義的 Authentication 對象。

public class JsonWebTokenAuthenticationProvider implements AuthenticationProvider {
 
    private JsonWebTokenUtility tokenService = new JsonWebTokenUtility();
 
    @Override
    public Authentication authenticate(Authentication authentication) throws AuthenticationException {
        Authentication authenticatedUser = null;
        // Only process the PreAuthenticatedAuthenticationToken
        if (authentication.getClass().isAssignableFrom(PreAuthenticatedAuthenticationToken.class)
                && authentication.getPrincipal() != null) {
            String tokenHeader = (String) authentication.getPrincipal();
            UserDetails userDetails = parseToken(tokenHeader);
            if (userDetails != null) {
                authenticatedUser = new JsonWebTokenAuthentication(userDetails, tokenHeader);
            }
        } else {
            // It is already a JsonWebTokenAuthentication
            authenticatedUser = authentication;
        }
        return authenticatedUser;
    }
 
    private UserDetails parseToken(String tokenHeader) {
 
        UserDetails principal = null;
        AuthTokenDetailsDTO authTokenDetails = tokenService.parseAndValidate(tokenHeader);
 
        if (authTokenDetails != null) {
            List<GrantedAuthority> authorities = authTokenDetails.roleNames.stream()
                    .map(roleName -> new SimpleGrantedAuthority(roleName)).collect(Collectors.toList());
            principal = new User(authTokenDetails.email, "", authorities);
        }
 
        return principal;
    }
 
    @Override
    public boolean supports(Class<?> authentication) {
        return authentication.isAssignableFrom(PreAuthenticatedAuthenticationToken.class)
                || authentication.isAssignableFrom(JsonWebTokenAuthentication.class);
    }
 
}
複製代碼

有了這些組件,咱們能夠在 Spring Security 中使用 JWT 了。在進行服務間通訊時,咱們須要傳遞 JWT。

我使用了一個 Feign 客戶端,把 JWT 做爲參數。

@FeignClient("user-management-service")
public interface UserManagementServiceAPI {
 
    @RequestMapping(value = "/authenticate", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    AuthTokenDTO authenticateUser(@RequestBody AuthenticationDTO authenticationDTO);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST, value = "/roles")
    RoleDTO createRole(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken, @RequestBody RoleDTO roleDTO);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST, value = "/users")
    UserDTO createUser(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken, @RequestBody UserDTO userDTO);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.DELETE, value = "/roles/{id}")
    void deleteRole(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken, @PathVariable("id") int id);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.DELETE, value = "/users/{id}")
    void deleteUser(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken, @PathVariable("id") int id);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/roles")
    Collection<RoleDTO> findAllRoles(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/users")
    Collection<UserDTO> findAllUsers(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/roles/{id}", produces = "application/json", consumes = "application/json")
    RoleDTO findRoleById(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken, @PathVariable("id") int id);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/users/{id}", produces = "application/json", consumes = "application/json")
    UserDTO findUserById(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken, @PathVariable("id") int id);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/users/{id}/roles")
    Collection<RoleDTO> findUserRoles(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken, @PathVariable("id") int id);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.PUT, value = "/roles/{id}")
    void updateRole(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken, @PathVariable("id") int id, @RequestBody RoleDTO roleDTO);
 
    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.PUT, value = "/users/{id}")
    void updateUser(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String authorizationToken, @PathVariable("id") int id, @RequestBody UserDTO userDTO);
}
複製代碼

爲了傳遞 JWT,我在控制器的 Spring Security 中獲取它:

private String getAuthorizationToken() {
    String token = null;
    Authentication authentication = SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication();
    if (authentication != null && authentication.getClass().isAssignableFrom(JsonWebTokenAuthentication.class)) {
        JsonWebTokenAuthentication jwtAuthentication = (JsonWebTokenAuthentication) authentication;
        token = jwtAuthentication.getJsonWebToken();
    }
    return token;
}
複製代碼

JWT 能夠很好地適應分佈式微服務環境,並提供了大量功能。若是您正想爲下一個微服務項目設計一個安全架構,請考慮使用 JSON Web Token。

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