本文介紹HttpClient的鏈接管理,主要介紹使用BasichttpClientConnectionManager和PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager來實現強制安全,協議兼容和有效使用HTTP鏈接。java
自HttpClient 4.3.3起,BasicHttpClientConnectionManager可用做HTTP鏈接管理器的最簡單實現。它用於建立和管理一次只能由一個線程使用的單個鏈接。安全
獲取低級別鏈接的鏈接請求(HttpClientConnection)bash
BasicHttpClientConnectionManager connManager
= new BasicHttpClientConnectionManager();
HttpRoute route = new HttpRoute(new HttpHost("http://localhost:8080", 80));
ConnectionRequest connRequest = connManager.requestConnection(route, null);
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該requestConnection方法
從connManager獲得的鏈接池的特定路線來鏈接。該路線參數指定的「代理跳」到目標主機或目標主機自己的路由。服務器
能夠直接使用HttpClientConnection執行請求,但請記住,這種低級方法很冗長且難以管理。低級鏈接對於socket和http(如超時和目標主機信息)頗有用,但對於標準執行,HttpClient是一個更容易使用的API。多線程
該PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager將建立並管理咱們使用的每一個路線或目標主機的鏈接池。首先,讓咱們看看如何在一個簡單的HttpClient上設置這個鏈接管理器:併發
在HttpClient上設置PoolingHttpClientConnectionManagersocket
HttpClientConnectionManager poolingConnManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
CloseableHttpClient client
= HttpClients.custom().setConnectionManager(poolingConnManager)
.build();
client.execute(new HttpGet("/"));
assertTrue(poolingConnManager.getTotalStats().getLeased() == 1);
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接下來,讓咱們看看兩個不一樣線程中運行的兩個HttpClient如何使用相同的ConnectionManager:ide
使用兩個HttpClient鏈接到每一個目標主機ui
HttpGet get1 = new HttpGet("");
HttpGet get2 = new HttpGet("");
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
CloseableHttpClient client1
= HttpClients.custom().setConnectionManager(connManager).build();
CloseableHttpClient client2
= HttpClients.custom().setConnectionManager(connManager).build();
MultiHttpClientConnThread thread1
= new MultiHttpClientConnThread(client1, get1);
MultiHttpClientConnThread thread2
= new MultiHttpClientConnThread(client2, get2);
thread1.start();
thread2.start();
thread1.join();
thread2.join();
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請注意,咱們使用的是一個很是簡單的自定義線程實現,這裏是:this
自定義線程執行 GET請求
public class MultiHttpClientConnThread extends Thread {
private CloseableHttpClient client;
private HttpGet get;
// standard constructors
public void run(){
try {
HttpResponse response = client.execute(get);
EntityUtils.consume(response.getEntity());
} catch (ClientProtocolException ex) {
} catch (IOException ex) {
}
}
}
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請注意EntityUtils.consume(response.getEntity)
調用,必須使用響應的所有內容(實體),以便manager能夠將鏈接釋放回池中。
ConnectionManager默認配置選擇很好,可是,根據你的使用狀況,會存在可能過小的狀況,那麼,讓咱們來看看咱們如何配置:
增長能夠打開和管理的鏈接數超出默認限制
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
connManager.setMaxTotal(5);
connManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(4);
HttpHost host = new HttpHost("www.baeldung.com", 80);
connManager.setMaxPerRoute(new HttpRoute(host), 5);
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讓咱們回顧一下API:
所以,在不更改默認值的狀況下,咱們將很容易地達到鏈接管理器的限制 。讓咱們看看它是如何看起來的:
使用線程執行鏈接
HttpGet get = new HttpGet("http://localhost:8080");
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.custom().
setConnectionManager(connManager).build();
MultiHttpClientConnThread thread1
= new MultiHttpClientConnThread(client, get);
MultiHttpClientConnThread thread2
= new MultiHttpClientConnThread(client, get);
MultiHttpClientConnThread thread3
= new MultiHttpClientConnThread(client, get);
thread1.start();
thread2.start();
thread3.start();
thread1.join();
thread2.join();
thread3.join();
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正如咱們已經討論過的,默認狀況下每主機鏈接限制爲2。所以,在此示例中,咱們嘗試讓3個線程向同一主機發出3個請求,但只會並行分配2個鏈接。
讓咱們來看看日誌 - 咱們有三個線程正在運行,但只有2個線程鏈接:
[Thread-0] INFO o.b.h.c.MultiHttpClientConnThread
- Before - Leased Connections = 0
[Thread-1] INFO o.b.h.c.MultiHttpClientConnThread
- Before - Leased Connections = 0
[Thread-2] INFO o.b.h.c.MultiHttpClientConnThread
- Before - Leased Connections = 0
[Thread-2] INFO o.b.h.c.MultiHttpClientConnThread
- After - Leased Connections = 2
[Thread-0] INFO o.b.h.c.MultiHttpClientConnThread
- After - Leased Connections = 2
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引用HttpClient 4.3.3。reference:「 若是Keep-Alive
響應中沒有標頭,HttpClient假定鏈接能夠無限期保持活動。」。
爲了解決這個問題,而且可以管理死鏈接,咱們須要一個自定義的策略實現並將其構建到HttpClient中。
自定義保持長鏈接策略
ConnectionKeepAliveStrategy myStrategy = new ConnectionKeepAliveStrategy() {
@Override
public long getKeepAliveDuration(HttpResponse response, HttpContext context) {
HeaderElementIterator it = new BasicHeaderElementIterator
(response.headerIterator(HTTP.CONN_KEEP_ALIVE));
while (it.hasNext()) {
HeaderElement he = it.nextElement();
String param = he.getName();
String value = he.getValue();
if (value != null && param.equalsIgnoreCase
("timeout")) {
return Long.parseLong(value) * 1000;
}
}
return 5 * 1000;
}
};
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此策略將首先嚐試應用標題中所述的主機的Keep-Alive策略。若是響應頭中不存在該信息,則它將保持活動鏈接5秒。
如今,讓咱們用這個自定義策略建立一個客戶端:
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.custom()
.setKeepAliveStrategy(myStrategy)
.setConnectionManager(connManager)
.build();
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HTTP / 1.1規範規定,若是鏈接還沒有關閉,則能夠從新使用鏈接 - 這稱爲鏈接持久性。
一旦管理員發佈鏈接,它就會保持開放狀態以便重複使用。使用只能管理單個鏈接的BasicHttpClientConnectionManager時,必須先釋放鏈接,而後再將其從新租用:
BasicHttpClientConnectionManager 鏈接重用
BasicHttpClientConnectionManager basicConnManager =
new BasicHttpClientConnectionManager();
HttpClientContext context = HttpClientContext.create();
// low level
HttpRoute route = new HttpRoute(new HttpHost("", 80));
ConnectionRequest connRequest = basicConnManager.requestConnection(route, null);
HttpClientConnection conn = connRequest.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
basicConnManager.connect(conn, route, 1000, context);
basicConnManager.routeComplete(conn, route, context);
HttpRequestExecutor exeRequest = new HttpRequestExecutor();
context.setTargetHost((new HttpHost("", 80)));
HttpGet get = new HttpGet("");
exeRequest.execute(get, conn, context);
basicConnManager.releaseConnection(conn, null, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
// high level
CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.custom()
.setConnectionManager(basicConnManager)
.build();
client.execute(get);
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咱們來看看會發生什麼。
首先 - 注意咱們首先使用低級鏈接,這樣咱們就能夠徹底控制鏈接什麼時候釋放,而後是與HttpClient的正常更高級別鏈接。複雜的低級邏輯在這裏並非很相關 - 咱們惟一關心的是releaseConnection調用。這將釋放惟一可用的鏈接並容許重用。
而後,客戶端再次成功執行GET請求。若是咱們跳過釋放鏈接,咱們將從HttpClient獲取IllegalStateException:
java.lang.IllegalStateException: Connection is still allocated
at o.a.h.u.Asserts.check(Asserts.java:34)
at o.a.h.i.c.BasicHttpClientConnectionManager.getConnection
(BasicHttpClientConnectionManager.java:248)
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請注意,現有鏈接未關閉,只是釋放,而後由第二個請求從新使用。
與上面的示例相反,PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager容許透明地鏈接重用,而無需隱式釋放鏈接:
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:從新使用與線程的鏈接
HttpGet get = new HttpGet("");
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
connManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(5);
connManager.setMaxTotal(5);
CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.custom()
.setConnectionManager(connManager)
.build();
MultiHttpClientConnThread[] threads
= new MultiHttpClientConnThread[10];
for(int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++){
threads[i] = new MultiHttpClientConnThread(client, get, connManager);
}
for (MultiHttpClientConnThread thread: threads) {
thread.start();
}
for (MultiHttpClientConnThread thread: threads) {
thread.join(1000);
}
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上面的示例有10個線程,執行10個請求但只共享5個鏈接。
固然,這個例子依賴於服務器的Keep-Alive超時。爲確保鏈接在從新使用以前不會死亡,建議使用Keep-Alive策略配置客戶端。
配置鏈接管理器時惟一能夠設置的超時是Socket:
將Socket超時設置爲5秒
HttpRoute route = new HttpRoute(new HttpHost("http://localhost:8080", 80));
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
connManager.setSocketConfig(route.getTargetHost(),SocketConfig.custom().
setSoTimeout(5000).build());
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鏈接斷開用於檢測空閒和過時鏈接並關閉它們 ; 有兩種選擇能夠作到這一點。
在執行請求以前依賴HttpClient來檢查鏈接是否異常。這是一個耗時的選擇,並不老是最優的。
建立監視器線程以關閉空閒和/或關閉的鏈接。
設置HttpClient以檢查過期鏈接
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.custom().setDefaultRequestConfig(
RequestConfig.custom().setStaleConnectionCheckEnabled(true).build()
).setConnectionManager(connManager).build();
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使用異常的鏈接監視器線程
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.custom()
.setConnectionManager(connManager).build();
IdleConnectionMonitorThread staleMonitor
= new IdleConnectionMonitorThread(connManager);
staleMonitor.start();
staleMonitor.join(1000);
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該IdleConnectionMonitorThread 類列舉以下:
public class IdleConnectionMonitorThread extends Thread {
private final HttpClientConnectionManager connMgr;
private volatile boolean shutdown;
public IdleConnectionMonitorThread(
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connMgr) {
super();
this.connMgr = connMgr;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
while (!shutdown) {
synchronized (this) {
wait(1000);
connMgr.closeExpiredConnections();
connMgr.closeIdleConnections(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
}
}
} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
shutdown();
}
}
public void shutdown() {
shutdown = true;
synchronized (this) {
notifyAll();
}
}
}
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能夠正常關閉鏈接(嘗試在關閉以前刷新輸出緩衝區),或經過調用shutdown方法(未刷新輸出緩衝區)強制關閉鏈接。
要正確關閉鏈接,咱們須要執行如下全部操做:
關閉鏈接和釋放資源
connManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.custom()
.setConnectionManager(connManager).build();
HttpGet get = new HttpGet("");
CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(get);
EntityUtils.consume(response.getEntity());
response.close();
client.close();
connManager.close();
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若是管理器在沒有鏈接關閉的狀況下關閉,全部鏈接都將關閉並釋放全部資源。
重要的是要記住,這不會刷新現有鏈接可能正在進行的任何數據。
在本文中,咱們討論瞭如何使用HttpClient的HTTP ConnectionManager API來處理管理鏈接的整個過程,從打開和分配鏈接,管理多個代理的併發使用,到最終關閉它們。
咱們看到BasicHttpClientConnectionManager是一個處理單個鏈接的簡單解決方案,以及它如何管理低級鏈接。咱們還了解了PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager如何與HttpClient API 結合使用,以提供HTTP鏈接的高效且協議兼容的使用。