轉載請標明出處:http://blog.csdn.net/lmj623565791/article/details/37620057 java
本系列教程主要來自於官網入門教程的翻譯,而後本身進行了部分的修改與實驗,內容僅供參考。 web
上一篇博客中咱們寫了經過一個命名的隊列發送和接收消息,若是你還不瞭解請點擊:RabbitMQ 入門 Helloworld。這篇中咱們將會建立一個工做隊列用來在工做者(consumer)間分發耗時任務。 學習
工做隊列的主要任務是:避免馬上執行資源密集型任務,而後必須等待其完成。相反地,咱們進行任務調度:咱們把任務封裝爲消息發送給隊列。工做進行在後臺運行並不斷的從隊列中取出任務而後執行。當你運行了多個工做進程時,任務隊列中的任務將會被工做進程共享執行。
這樣的概念在web應用中極其有用,當在很短的HTTP請求間須要執行復雜的任務。
一、 準備
咱們使用Thread.sleep來模擬耗時的任務。咱們在發送到隊列的消息的末尾添加必定數量的點,每一個點表明在工做線程中須要耗時1秒,例如hello…將會須要等待3秒。 測試
發送端: fetch
NewTask.java spa
- package com.zhy.rabbit._02_workqueue;
-
- import java.io.IOException;
-
- import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
-
- public class NewTask
- {
- //隊列名稱
- private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "workqueue";
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
- {
- //建立鏈接和頻道
- ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
- factory.setHost("localhost");
- Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
- Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
- //聲明隊列
- channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
- //發送10條消息,依次在消息後面附加1-10個點
- for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
- {
- String dots = "";
- for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++)
- {
- dots += ".";
- }
- String message = "helloworld" + dots+dots.length();
- channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
- System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
- }
- //關閉頻道和資源
- channel.close();
- connection.close();
-
- }
-
-
- }
接收端: .net
Work.java 線程
- package com.zhy.rabbit._02_workqueue;
-
- import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer;
-
- public class Work
- {
- //隊列名稱
- private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "workqueue";
-
- public static void main(String[] argv) throws java.io.IOException,
- java.lang.InterruptedException
- {
- //區分不一樣工做進程的輸出
- int hashCode = Work.class.hashCode();
- //建立鏈接和頻道
- ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
- factory.setHost("localhost");
- Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
- Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
- //聲明隊列
- channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
- System.out.println(hashCode
- + " [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
-
- QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
- // 指定消費隊列
- channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, consumer);
- while (true)
- {
- QueueingConsumer.Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
- String message = new String(delivery.getBody());
-
- System.out.println(hashCode + " [x] Received '" + message + "'");
- doWork(message);
- System.out.println(hashCode + " [x] Done");
-
- }
-
- }
-
- /**
- * 每一個點耗時1s
- * @param task
- * @throws InterruptedException
- */
- private static void doWork(String task) throws InterruptedException
- {
- for (char ch : task.toCharArray())
- {
- if (ch == '.')
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- }
- }
- }
Round-robin 轉發
使用任務隊列的好處是可以很容易的並行工做。若是咱們積壓了不少工做,咱們僅僅經過增長更多的工做者就能夠解決問題,使系統的伸縮性更加容易。
下面咱們先運行3個工做者(Work.java)實例,而後運行NewTask.java,3個工做者實例都會獲得信息。可是如何分配呢?讓咱們來看輸出結果:[x] Sent 'helloworld.1'
[x] Sent 'helloworld..2'
[x] Sent 'helloworld...3'
[x] Sent 'helloworld....4'
[x] Sent 'helloworld.....5'
[x] Sent 'helloworld......6'
[x] Sent 'helloworld.......7'
[x] Sent 'helloworld........8'
[x] Sent 'helloworld.........9'
[x] Sent 'helloworld..........10'
工做者1:
605645 [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
605645 [x] Received 'helloworld.1'
605645 [x] Done
605645 [x] Received 'helloworld....4'
605645 [x] Done
605645 [x] Received 'helloworld.......7'
605645 [x] Done
605645 [x] Received 'helloworld..........10'
605645 [x] Done 翻譯
工做者2:
18019860 [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld..2'
18019860 [x] Done
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld.....5'
18019860 [x] Done
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld........8'
18019860 [x] Done blog
工做者3:
18019860 [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld...3'
18019860 [x] Done
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld......6'
18019860 [x] Done
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld.........9'
18019860 [x] Done
能夠看到,默認的,RabbitMQ會一個一個的發送信息給下一個消費者(consumer),而不考慮每一個任務的時長等等,且是一次性分配,並不是一個一個分配。平均的每一個消費者將會得到相等數量的消息。這樣分發消息的方式叫作round-robin。
二、 消息應(message acknowledgments)
執行一個任務須要花費幾秒鐘。你可能會擔憂當一個工做者在執行任務時發生中斷。咱們上面的代碼,一旦RabbItMQ交付了一個信息給消費者,會立刻從內存中移除這個信息。在這種狀況下,若是殺死正在執行任務的某個工做者,咱們會丟失它正在處理的信息。咱們也會丟失已經轉發給這個工做者且它還未執行的消息。
上面的例子,咱們首先開啓兩個任務,而後執行發送任務的代碼(NewTask.java),而後當即關閉第二個任務,結果爲:
工做者2:
31054905 [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
31054905 [x] Received 'helloworld..2'
31054905 [x] Done
31054905 [x] Received 'helloworld....4'
工做者1:
18019860 [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld.1'
18019860 [x] Done
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld...3'
18019860 [x] Done
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld.....5'
18019860 [x] Done
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld.......7'
18019860 [x] Done
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld.........9'
18019860 [x] Done
能夠看到,第二個工做者至少丟失了6,8,10號任務,且4號任務未完成。
可是,咱們不但願丟失任何任務(信息)。當某個工做者(接收者)被殺死時,咱們但願將任務傳遞給另外一個工做者。
爲了保證消息永遠不會丟失,RabbitMQ支持消息應答(message acknowledgments)。消費者發送應答給RabbitMQ,告訴它信息已經被接收和處理,而後RabbitMQ能夠自由的進行信息刪除。
若是消費者被殺死而沒有發送應答,RabbitMQ會認爲該信息沒有被徹底的處理,而後將會從新轉發給別的消費者。經過這種方式,你能夠確認信息不會被丟失,即便消者偶爾被殺死。
這種機制並無超時時間這麼一說,RabbitMQ只有在消費者鏈接斷開是從新轉發此信息。若是消費者處理一個信息須要耗費特別特別長的時間是容許的。
消息應答默認是打開的。上面的代碼中咱們經過顯示的設置autoAsk=true關閉了這種機制。下面咱們修改代碼(Work.java):
- boolean ack = false ; //打開應答機制
- channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, ack, consumer);
- //另外須要在每次處理完成一個消息後,手動發送一次應答。
- channel.basicAck(delivery.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);
完整修改後的Work.java
- package com.zhy.rabbit._02_workqueue.ack;
-
- import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer;
-
- public class Work
- {
- //隊列名稱
- private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "workqueue";
-
- public static void main(String[] argv) throws java.io.IOException,
- java.lang.InterruptedException
- {
- //區分不一樣工做進程的輸出
- int hashCode = Work.class.hashCode();
- //建立鏈接和頻道
- ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
- factory.setHost("localhost");
- Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
- Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
- //聲明隊列
- channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
- System.out.println(hashCode
- + " [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
- QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
- // 指定消費隊列
- boolean ack = false ; //打開應答機制
- channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, ack, consumer);
- while (true)
- {
- QueueingConsumer.Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
- String message = new String(delivery.getBody());
-
- System.out.println(hashCode + " [x] Received '" + message + "'");
- doWork(message);
- System.out.println(hashCode + " [x] Done");
- //發送應答
- channel.basicAck(delivery.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);
-
- }
-
- }
- }
測試:
咱們把消息數量改成5,而後先打開兩個消費者(Work.java),而後發送任務(NewTask.java),當即關閉一個消費者,觀察輸出:
[x] Sent 'helloworld.1'
[x] Sent 'helloworld..2'
[x] Sent 'helloworld...3'
[x] Sent 'helloworld....4'
[x] Sent 'helloworld.....5'
工做者2
18019860 [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld..2'
18019860 [x] Done
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld....4'
工做者1
31054905 [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
31054905 [x] Received 'helloworld.1'
31054905 [x] Done
31054905 [x] Received 'helloworld...3'
31054905 [x] Done
31054905 [x] Received 'helloworld.....5'
31054905 [x] Done
31054905 [x] Received 'helloworld....4'
31054905 [x] Done
能夠看到工做者2沒有完成的任務4,從新轉發給工做者1進行完成了。
三、 消息持久化(Message durability)
咱們已經學習了即便消費者被殺死,消息也不會被丟失。可是若是此時RabbitMQ服務被中止,咱們的消息仍然會丟失。
當RabbitMQ退出或者異常退出,將會丟失全部的隊列和信息,除非你告訴它不要丟失。咱們須要作兩件事來確保信息不會被丟失:咱們須要給全部的隊列和消息設置持久化的標誌。
第一, 咱們須要確認RabbitMQ永遠不會丟失咱們的隊列。爲了這樣,咱們須要聲明它爲持久化的。
boolean durable = true;
channel.queueDeclare("task_queue", durable, false, false, null);
注:RabbitMQ不容許使用不一樣的參數從新定義一個隊列,因此已經存在的隊列,咱們沒法修改其屬性。
第二, 咱們須要標識咱們的信息爲持久化的。經過設置MessageProperties(implements BasicProperties)值爲PERSISTENT_TEXT_PLAIN。
channel.basicPublish("", "task_queue",MessageProperties.PERSISTENT_TEXT_PLAIN,message.getBytes());
如今你能夠執行一個發送消息的程序,而後關閉服務,再從新啓動服務,運行消費者程序作下實驗。
四、公平轉發(Fair dispatch)
或許會發現,目前的消息轉發機制(Round-robin)並不是是咱們想要的。例如,這樣一種狀況,對於兩個消費者,有一系列的任務,奇數任務特別耗時,而偶數任務卻很輕鬆,這樣形成一個消費者一直繁忙,另外一個消費者卻很快執行完任務後等待。
形成這樣的緣由是由於RabbitMQ僅僅是當消息到達隊列進行轉發消息。並不在意有多少任務消費者並未傳遞一個應答給RabbitMQ。僅僅盲目轉發全部的奇數給一個消費者,偶數給另外一個消費者。
爲了解決這樣的問題,咱們可使用basicQos方法,傳遞參數爲prefetchCount = 1。這樣告訴RabbitMQ不要在同一時間給一個消費者超過一條消息。換句話說,只有在消費者空閒的時候會發送下一條信息。
- int prefetchCount = 1;
- channel.basicQos(prefetchCount);
注:若是全部的工做者都處於繁忙狀態,你的隊列有可能被填充滿。你可能會觀察隊列的使用狀況,而後增長工做者,或者使用別的什麼策略。
測試:改變發送消息的代碼,將消息末尾點數改成6-2個,而後首先開啓兩個工做者,接着發送消息:
[x] Sent 'helloworld......6'
[x] Sent 'helloworld.....5'
[x] Sent 'helloworld....4'
[x] Sent 'helloworld...3'
[x] Sent 'helloworld..2'
工做者1:
18019860 [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld......6'
18019860 [x] Done
18019860 [x] Received 'helloworld...3'
18019860 [x] Done
工做者2:
31054905 [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
31054905 [x] Received 'helloworld.....5'
31054905 [x] Done
31054905 [x] Received 'helloworld....4'
31054905 [x] Done
31054905 [x] Received 'helloworld..2'
31054905 [x] Done
能夠看出此時並無照以前的Round-robin機制進行轉發消息,而是當消費者不忙時進行轉發。且這種模式下支持動態增長消費者,由於消息並無發送出去,動態增長了消費者立刻投入工做。而默認的轉發機制會形成,即便動態增長了消費者,此時的消息已經分配完畢,沒法當即加入工做,即便有不少未完成的任務。
五、完整的代碼
NewTask.java
- package com.zhy.rabbit._02_workqueue.ackandpersistence;
-
- import java.io.IOException;
-
- import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.MessageProperties;
-
- public class NewTask
- {
- // 隊列名稱
- private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "workqueue_persistence";
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
- {
- // 建立鏈接和頻道
- ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
- factory.setHost("localhost");
- Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
- Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
- // 聲明隊列
- boolean durable = true;// 一、設置隊列持久化
- channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, durable, false, false, null);
- // 發送10條消息,依次在消息後面附加1-10個點
- for (int i = 5; i > 0; i--)
- {
- String dots = "";
- for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++)
- {
- dots += ".";
- }
- String message = "helloworld" + dots + dots.length();
- // MessageProperties 二、設置消息持久化
- channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME,
- MessageProperties.PERSISTENT_TEXT_PLAIN, message.getBytes());
- System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
- }
- // 關閉頻道和資源
- channel.close();
- connection.close();
-
- }
-
- }
Work.java
- package com.zhy.rabbit._02_workqueue.ackandpersistence;
-
- import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
- import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer;
-
- public class Work
- {
- // 隊列名稱
- private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "workqueue_persistence";
-
- public static void main(String[] argv) throws java.io.IOException,
- java.lang.InterruptedException
- {
- // 區分不一樣工做進程的輸出
- int hashCode = Work.class.hashCode();
- // 建立鏈接和頻道
- ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
- factory.setHost("localhost");
- Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
- Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
- // 聲明隊列
- boolean durable = true;
- channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, durable, false, false, null);
- System.out.println(hashCode
- + " [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
- //設置最大服務轉發消息數量
- int prefetchCount = 1;
- channel.basicQos(prefetchCount);
- QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
- // 指定消費隊列
- boolean ack = false; // 打開應答機制
- channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, ack, consumer);
- while (true)
- {
- QueueingConsumer.Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
- String message = new String(delivery.getBody());
-
- System.out.println(hashCode + " [x] Received '" + message + "'");
- doWork(message);
- System.out.println(hashCode + " [x] Done");
- //channel.basicAck(delivery.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);
- channel.basicAck(delivery.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);
-
- }
-
- }
-
- /**
- * 每一個點耗時1s
- *
- * @param task
- * @throws InterruptedException
- */
- private static void doWork(String task) throws InterruptedException
- {
- for (char ch : task.toCharArray())
- {
- if (ch == '.')
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- }
- }
- }