先來看列表中的append和extend的幫助文檔
app
>>> help(list.append) # 往列表末尾添加對象ide
Help on method_descriptor:函數
append(...)性能
L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end對象
>>> help(list.extend) # 往經過添加迭代對象來擴充列表ip
Help on method_descriptor:element
extend(...)文檔
L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterableit
>>>io
再來看二者的示例
# append日後添加單獨一個元素
>>> A = ["a", "b"]
>>> A.append(1)
>>> A
['a', 'b']
# append日後添加一整個列表
>>> A = ["a", "b"]
>>> A.append(["c", "d"])
>>> A
['a', 'b', ['c', 'd']]
# append日後添加一個迭代對象
>>> A = ["a", "b"]
>>> A.append(range(10))
>>> A
['a', 'b', range(0, 10)]
# append日後添加函數和類對象
>>> a = [1, 2]
>>> class A:
... pass
>>> def B():
... pass
>>> a.append(A)
>>> a.append(B)
>>> a
[1, 2, <class '__main__.A'>, <function B at 0x000000000404B598>]
# 往列表A,擴充一個列表對象
>>> A = ["a", "b"]
>>> A.extend(["c", "d"])
>>> A
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
# 往列表A,擴充一個迭代對象range(4)
>>> A = ["a", "b"]
>>> A.extend(range(4))
>>> A
['a', 'b', 0, 1, 2, 3]
# 往列表A,擴充一個迭代對象"ABCD"
>>> A = [1, 2]
>>> A.extend("ABCD")
>>> A
[1, 2, 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
再來看往extend後添加單獨元素會報錯,由於單獨元素是不可迭代的。
>>> A = ["a", "b"]
>>> A.extend(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
'int' object is not iterable
綜合上面的示例及報錯信息,來總結extend, append方法:
extend只能添加可迭代對象,而append便可添加可迭代對象,也能夠添加單獨元素
append後面添加的對象,無論是單獨元素,列表,可迭代對象,通通算一個元素往列表最後加入
extend日後擴充的對象,是拿後面可迭代的全部元素往裏面添加
再來看+,+=的示例
# +=操做
>>> A = ["a", "b"]
>>> B = ["c", "d"]
>>> A += B
>>> A
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
# +操做
>>> A = ["a", "b"]
>>> B = ["c", "d"]
>>> A = A + B
>>> A
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
從上面的例子能看看出不管是+仍是+=,都只能在列表之間操做
>>> A = ["a", "b"]
>>> B = 1
>>> A += B
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
'int' object is not iterable
>>> A = A + B
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "int") to list
can only concatenate list (not "int") to list
>>> A + range(10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "range") to list
can only concatenate list (not "range") to list
>>>
綜合上面的示例及報錯,來總結+,+=:
不管是+仍是+=只能在兩個列表之間操做
都不能添加非列表對象
再來從id來看操做對象的變化
# 執行extend後,A的id不變
>>> A = [1, 2]
>>> B = [3, 4]
>>> id(A)
61099656
>>> A.extend(B)
>>> A
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> id(A)
61099656
# 執行append後,A的id不變
>>> A = [1, 2]
>>> B = [3, 4]
>>> id(A)
65986184
>>> A.append(B)
>>> A
[1, 2, [3, 4]]
>>> id(A)
65986184
# 執行+=後,A的id不變
>>> A = [1, 2]
>>> B = [3, 4]
>>> id(A)
63943112
>>> A += B
>>> A
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> id(A)
63943112
# 執行+後,A的id發生變化
>>> A = [1, 2]
>>> B = [3, 4]
>>> id(A)
61026568
>>> A = A + B
>>> A
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> id(A)
61026952
從上面的id來看,彷佛又可總結出:
執行extend,append,+=這三個操做都是原地修改列表,都不會引發id的變化
執行+,會拷貝出一個新的對象,會引發id的變化
若是執行+操做,一旦操做對象不少的話,常常須要拷貝新對象,性能是四者中最差的
最後總結:
extend原地修改列表,只可添加可迭代對象,待添加的對象有多少個就往原對象中添加多少個
append原地修改列表,可添加任何對象,但不管是什麼對象,在末尾添加,並且只算一個元素
+=原地修改列表,只可執行列表之間的操做,效果上至關於extend
+會拷貝成一個新對象,並且只能執行列表之間的操做,性能問題要考慮