Django的用戶認證組件,自定義分頁

1、用戶認證組件

一、auth模塊

from django.conrtrib import auth

django.contrib.auth中提供了許多方法,這裏主要介紹其中的三個:

 1)authenticate()

    它提供了用戶認證,即驗證用戶名以及密碼是否正確,通常須要username和password兩個關鍵字參數。若是認證信息有效,會返回一個 User 對象。authenticate()會在User 對象上設置一個屬性標識那種認證後端認證了該用戶,且該信息在後面的登陸過程當中是須要的。當咱們試圖登陸一個從數據庫中直接取出來不通過authenticate()的User對象會報錯的!!css

user_obj = auth.authenticate(username="someone",password="somepassword")
  # 去auth_user表中查詢記錄,查詢成功則返回用戶對象,查詢失敗返回None

 2)login(HttpRequest, user)

   該函數接受一個HttpRequest對象,以及一個認證了的User對象。html

        此函數使用django的session框架給某個已認證的用戶附加上sessionid等信息。算法

from django.contrib import auth
   
  def my_view(request):
    username = request.POST['username']
    password = request.POST['password']
    user_obj = auth.authenticate(username=username, password=password)
    if not user_obj:                      # 成立表示去auth_user表認證成功
      auth.login(request, user_obj)    # 則保存用戶狀態
      # Redirect to a success page.
    else:
      # Return an 'invalid login' error message.

 3)logout(HttpRequest) - 註銷用戶  

      該函數接受一個HttpRequest對象,無返回值。當調用該函數時,當前請求的session信息會所有清除。該用戶即便沒有登陸,使用該函數也不會報錯。數據庫

from django.contrib import auth
   
  def logout_view(request):
    auth.logout(request)
    # Redirect to a logout success page

二、User對象

    from django.contrib.auth.models import User

 User 對象屬性:username,password(這兩個是必填項,password用哈希算法保存到數據庫)

1) User對象的is_authenticated()

   若是是真正的 User 對象,is_authenticated()的返回值恆爲 True 。用於檢查用戶是否已經經過了認證。經過認證並不意味着用戶擁有任何權限,甚至也不檢查該用戶是否處於激活狀態,這只是代表用戶成功的經過了認證。這個方法很重要, 在後臺用request.user.is_authenticated()判斷用戶是否已經登陸,若是true則能夠向前臺展現request.user.username。npm

       現有需求:django

              a、用戶登錄後才能訪問某些頁面;bootstrap

              b、若是用戶沒有登陸就訪問該頁面的話直接跳到登陸頁面;後端

              c、用戶在跳轉的登錄界面中完成登錄後,自動訪問跳轉到以前訪問的地址;session

       方法一: app

def my_view(request):
    if not request.user.is_authenticated():
      return redirect('%s?next=%s' % (settings.LOGIN_URL, request.path))

      方法二:django已經爲咱們設計好了一個用於此種狀況的裝飾器:login_requierd() 

from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
  @login_required
  def my_view(request):
    ...

  若用戶沒有登陸,則會跳轉到django默認的登陸URL '/accounts/login/ ' (這個值能夠在settings文件中經過LOGIN_URL進行修改,如:LOGIN_URL='/login/')。並傳遞當前訪問url的絕對路徑 (登錄成功後,會重定向到該路徑)。

2)建立用戶(使用create_user輔助函數建立用戶)

  from django.contrib.auth.models import User

  # 向auth_user表中添加一條用戶信息記錄
  user = User.objects.create_user(username='',password='',email='')
  # 跟之前的objects.create()的區別是create_user添加的記錄密碼字段是加密的

3)密碼檢查

 # 用戶要修改密碼的時候,首先讓他輸入原來的密碼,若給定的字符串經過了密碼檢查,返回True
  check_password(passwd)

4)修改密碼

# 使用set_password() 來修改密碼
  user = User.objects.get(username=request.user.username)
  user.set_password(raw_password="newpassword")
  user.save()

三、簡單示例

註冊:

def sign_up(request):
    state = None
    if request.method == 'POST':
      password = request.POST.get('password', '')
      repeat_password = request.POST.get('repeat_password', '')
      email = request.POST.get('email', '')
      username = request.POST.get('username', '')
      if User.objects.filter(username=username):
        state = 'user_exist'
      else:
        new_user=User.objects.create_user(username=username, password=password,email=email)
        new_user.save()
 
        return redirect('/book/')
    content = {
      'state': state,
      'user': None,}
    return render(request, 'sign_up.html', content)

修改密碼: 

@login_required
  def set_password(request):
    user = request.user
    state = None
    if request.method == 'POST':
      old_password = request.POST.get('old_password', '')
      new_password = request.POST.get('new_password', '')
      repeat_password = request.POST.get('repeat_password', '')
      if user.check_password(old_password):
        if not new_password:
          state = 'empty'
        elif new_password != repeat_password:
          state = 'repeat_error'
        else:
          user.set_password(new_password)
          user.save()
          return redirect("/log_in/")
      else:
        state = 'password_error'
    content = {
      'user': user,
      'state': state,
    }
    return render(request, 'set_password.html', content)

 

2、QueryDict類型

 

一、用戶發送get請求,其信息是存儲在 request.GET 中,而request.GET 是QueryDict類型的,該類型取值的方式與普通的字典相似,可是該字典是可讀,不可寫的,若是想要修改該字典中的內容須要對其進行深拷貝,才能修改

{"user":user,"page":2}   # QueryDict類型,與普通字典長的同樣,不可修改

 

二、如何修改?(深拷貝後獲得的能夠修改)

# 若請求中 ?a=1&b=2

request.GET["xxx"]=123
print(type(request.GET))   # 報錯 不可直接修改

import copy
params = copy.deepcopy(request.GET)  #深拷貝後能夠修改
params["xxx"]=123
print("params",params)

print(params.urlencode())    # "a=1&b=2&xxx=123"

分析:經過 urlencode()方法能夠反解爲請求時的 urlencode數據類型,所以該方法能夠用於保存搜索條件,經過將新的參數添加到 parmars 中,而後轉成 urlencode類型就能夠做爲,請求時的路徑,此時路徑就保存了搜索路徑的信息。

 

三、請求的分類

post 請求:通常是用來提交數據的(添加和修改),參數會有 contentType 數據格式

get 請求:通常是用來查詢的,參數是固定的 urlencode 類型

delete 請求:通常是用來刪除的,

3、自定義分頁

需求

數據庫中有大量的數據時,在分多頁展現的時候,須要用到分頁展現數據,

首先想數據庫中批量插入數據:

#批量插入數據:
        # for i in range(100):
        #     Book.objects.create(title="book_%s"%i,price=i*i)   #該方法較慢


        book_list=[]
        for i in range(100):
            book=Book(title="book_%s"%i,price=i*i)
            book_list.append(book)

        Book.objects.bulk_create(book_list)

具體實現代碼:

  該方法實現了 保存搜索條件 的功能

一、分頁的使用(views.py)

from app01.models import Book
from django.core.paginator import Paginator,EmptyPage
def index(request):from app01.page import Pagination   # 引入分頁的類

    current_page_num = request.GET.get("page",1)   # 從發送的請求中,?參數,獲取值
    book_list = Book.objects.all()

    pagination=Pagination(current_page_num,book_list.count(),request)  # 當前頁碼、總頁數、request
  
    book_list=book_list[pagination.start:pagination.end]   # pagination.start能夠直接獲得開始頁的值

    return render(request,"index.html",locals())

二、建立 Pagination 類用於分頁展現(app01中建立 page.py 用來成名分頁的類)

class Pagination(object):

    def __init__(self,current_page_num,all_count,request,per_page_num=10,pager_count=11,):   #默認參數能夠改變
        """
        封裝分頁相關數據
        :param current_page_num: 當前訪問頁的數字
        :param all_count:    分頁數據中的數據總條數
     :request:裏面request.GET中含有get請求發送的鍵值對


        :param per_page_num: 每頁顯示的數據條數
        :param pager_count:  最多顯示的頁碼個數
        """
        try:
            current_page_num = int(current_page_num)
        except Exception as e:
            current_page_num = 1

        if current_page_num <1:
            current_page_num = 1

        self.current_page_num = current_page_num

        self.all_count = all_count
        self.per_page_num = per_page_num

        # 實際總頁碼
        all_pager, tmp = divmod(all_count, per_page_num)
        if tmp:
            all_pager += 1
        self.all_pager = all_pager


        self.pager_count = pager_count
        self.pager_count_half = int((pager_count - 1) / 2)  # 5


        # 保存搜索條件 

        import copy
        self.params=copy.deepcopy(request.GET) # {"a":"1","b":"2"}


    @property
    def start(self):
        return (self.current_page_num - 1) * self.per_page_num

    @property
    def end(self):
        return self.current_page_num * self.per_page_num



    # 該方法用於在頁面渲染分頁的標籤按鈕
    def page_html(self):
        # 若是總頁碼 < 11個:
        if self.all_pager <= self.pager_count:
            pager_start = 1
            pager_end = self.all_pager + 1
        # 總頁碼  > 11
        else:
            # 當前頁若是<=頁面上最多顯示11/2個頁碼
            if self.current_page_num <= self.pager_count_half:
                pager_start = 1
                pager_end = self.pager_count + 1

            # 當前頁大於5
            else:
                # 頁碼翻到最後
                if (self.current_page_num + self.pager_count_half) > self.all_pager:

                    pager_start = self.all_pager - self.pager_count + 1
                    pager_end = self.all_pager + 1

                else:
                    pager_start = self.current_page_num - self.pager_count_half
                    pager_end = self.current_page_num + self.pager_count_half + 1

        
        page_html_list = []   # 存放分頁標籤,用於總體渲染

        # 首頁
        self.params["page"]=1   # 添加鍵值對,page=1

        first_page = '<li><a href="?%s">首頁</a></li>' % (self.params.urlencode(),)
        page_html_list.append(first_page)


        # 上一頁
        self.params["page"]=self.current_page_num - 1

        if self.current_page_num <= 1:
            prev_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">上一頁</a></li>'
        else:
            prev_page = '<li><a href="?%s">上一頁</a></li>' % (self.params.urlencode(),)

        page_html_list.append(prev_page)


        # 中間頁
        for i in range(pager_start, pager_end):

            self.params["page"]=i

            if i == self.current_page_num:
                temp = '<li class="active"><a href="?%s">%s</a></li>' %(self.params.urlencode(),i)
            else:
                temp = '<li><a href="?%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.params.urlencode(),i,)    # 保存搜索條件
            page_html_list.append(temp)


        # 下一頁
        self.params["page"]=self.current_page_num + 1

        if self.current_page_num >= self.all_pager:
            next_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">下一頁</a></li>'
        else:
            next_page = '<li><a href="?%s">下一頁</a></li>' % (self.params.urlencode(),)
        page_html_list.append(next_page)

        # 尾頁
        self.params["page"]=self.all_pager
        
        last_page = '<li><a href="?%s">尾頁</a></li>' % (self.params.urlencode(),)
        page_html_list.append(last_page)


        return ''.join(page_html_list)

 三、頁面的渲染(html)

  藉助bootstrap的樣式

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.3.7/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>

<!-- 渲染數據庫的內容 -->
<ul>
    {% for book in book_list %}
    <li>{{ book.title }} ---- {{ book.price }}</li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>

<!-- 生成分頁的標籤 藉助bootstrap的樣式 nav ul-->
<nav aria-label="Page navigation">
  <ul class="pagination">

   {{ pagination.page_html|safe }}

  </ul>
</nav>


</body>
</html>


自定義分頁參考

1、分頁的實現與使用

class Pagination(object):
    """
    自定義分頁
    """
    def __init__(self,current_page,total_count,base_url,params,per_page_count=10,max_pager_count=11):
        try:
            current_page = int(current_page)
        except Exception as e:
            current_page = 1
        if current_page <=0:
            current_page = 1
        self.current_page = current_page
        # 數據總條數
        self.total_count = total_count

        # 每頁顯示10條數據
        self.per_page_count = per_page_count

        # 頁面上應該顯示的最大頁碼
        max_page_num, div = divmod(total_count, per_page_count)
        if div:
            max_page_num += 1
        self.max_page_num = max_page_num

        # 頁面上默認顯示11個頁碼(當前頁在中間)
        self.max_pager_count = max_pager_count
        self.half_max_pager_count = int((max_pager_count - 1) / 2)

        # URL前綴
        self.base_url = base_url

        # request.GET
        import copy
        params = copy.deepcopy(params)
        params._mutable = True
        # 包含當前列表頁面全部的搜索條件
        # {source:[2,], status:[2], gender:[2],consultant:[1],page:[1]}
        # self.params[page] = 8
        # self.params.urlencode()
        # source=2&status=2&gender=2&consultant=1&page=8
        # href="/hosts/?source=2&status=2&gender=2&consultant=1&page=8"
        # href="%s?%s" %(self.base_url,self.params.urlencode())
        self.params = params

    @property
    def start(self):
        return (self.current_page - 1) * self.per_page_count

    @property
    def end(self):
        return self.current_page * self.per_page_count

    def page_html(self):
        # 若是總頁數 <= 11
        if self.max_page_num <= self.max_pager_count:
            pager_start = 1
            pager_end = self.max_page_num
        # 若是總頁數 > 11
        else:
            # 若是當前頁 <= 5
            if self.current_page <= self.half_max_pager_count:
                pager_start = 1
                pager_end = self.max_pager_count
            else:
                # 當前頁 + 5 > 總頁碼
                if (self.current_page + self.half_max_pager_count) > self.max_page_num:
                    pager_end = self.max_page_num
                    pager_start = self.max_page_num - self.max_pager_count + 1   #倒這數11個
                else:
                    pager_start = self.current_page - self.half_max_pager_count
                    pager_end = self.current_page + self.half_max_pager_count

        page_html_list = []
        # {source:[2,], status:[2], gender:[2],consultant:[1],page:[1]}
        # 首頁
        self.params['page'] = 1
        first_page = '<li><a href="%s?%s">首頁</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.params.urlencode(),)
        page_html_list.append(first_page)

        # 上一頁
        self.params["page"] = self.current_page - 1
        if self.params["page"] < 1:
            pervious_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="%s?%s" aria-label="Previous">上一頁</span></a></li>' % (
            self.base_url, self.params.urlencode())
        else:
            pervious_page = '<li><a href = "%s?%s" aria-label = "Previous" >上一頁</span></a></li>' % (
            self.base_url, self.params.urlencode())
        page_html_list.append(pervious_page)

        # 中間頁碼
        for i in range(pager_start, pager_end + 1):
            self.params['page'] = i
            if i == self.current_page:
                temp = '<li class="active"><a href="%s?%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.params.urlencode(), i,)
            else:
                temp = '<li><a href="%s?%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.params.urlencode(), i,)
            page_html_list.append(temp)

        # 下一頁
        self.params["page"] = self.current_page + 1
        if self.params["page"] > self.max_page_num:
            self.params["page"] = self.current_page
            next_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href = "%s?%s" aria-label = "Next">下一頁</span></a></li >' % (
            self.base_url, self.params.urlencode())
        else:
            next_page = '<li><a href = "%s?%s" aria-label = "Next">下一頁</span></a></li>' % (
            self.base_url, self.params.urlencode())
        page_html_list.append(next_page)

        # 尾頁
        self.params['page'] = self.max_page_num
        last_page = '<li><a href="%s?%s">尾頁</a></li>' % (self.base_url, self.params.urlencode(),)
        page_html_list.append(last_page)

        return ''.join(page_html_list)

2、使用

"""
自定義分頁組件的使用方法:
    pager_obj = Pagination(request.GET.get('page',1),len(HOST_LIST),request.path_info,request.GET)
    host_list = HOST_LIST[pager_obj.start:pager_obj.end]
    html = pager_obj.page_html()
    return render(request,'hosts.html',{'host_list':host_list,"page_html":html})
"""

3、批量查數據

#批量建立數據
    # booklist = []
    # for i in range(100):
    #     booklist.append(models.Book(name="book" + str(i), price=20 + i * i))
    #
    # models.Book.objects.bulk_create(booklist)
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