try: <statements> #運行try語句塊,並試圖捕獲異常 except <name1>: <statements> #若是name1異常發現,那麼執行該語句塊。 except (name2, name3): <statements> #若是元組內的任意異常發生,那麼捕獲它 except <name4> as <variable>: <statements> #若是name4異常發生,那麼進入該語句塊,並把異常實例命名爲variable except: <statements> #發生了以上全部列出的異常以外的異常 else: <statements> #若是沒有異常發生,那麼執行該語句塊 finally: <statement> #不管是否有異常發生,均會執行該語句塊。
說明python
raise語句用來手動拋出一個異常,有下面幾種調用格式:app
raise ValueError('we can only accept positive values')
當使用from的時候,第二個表達式指定了另外一個異常類或實例,它會附加到引起異常的__cause__屬性。若是引起的異常沒有捕獲,Python把異常也做爲標準出錯消息的一部分打印出來:
好比下面的代碼:函數
try: 1/0 except Exception as E: raise TypeError('bad input') from E
執行的結果以下:單元測試
Traceback (most recent call last): File "hh.py", line 2, in <module> 1/0 ZeroDivisionError: division by zero The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception: Traceback (most recent call last): File "hh.py", line 4, in <module> raise TypeError('bad input') from E TypeError: bad input
assert主要用來作斷言,一般用在單元測試中較多,到時候再作介紹。測試
with語句支持更豐富的基於對象的協議,能夠爲代碼塊定義支持進入和離開動做。
with語句對應的環境管理協議要求以下:ui
__enter__
和__exit__
方法。__enter__
方法會在初始化的時候運行,若是存在ass子在,__enter__
函數的返回值會賦值給as子句中的變量,不然,直接丟棄。__exit__(type,value,traceback)
方法就會被調用(帶有異常細節)。這些也是由 sys.exc_info返回的相同值.若是此方法返回值爲假,則異常會從新引起。不然,異常會終止。正常 狀況下異常是應該被從新引起,這樣的話才能傳遞到with語句以外。__exit__
方法依然會被調用,其type、value以及traceback參數都會以None傳遞。下面爲一個簡單的自定義的上下文管理類。this
class Block: def __enter__(self): print('entering to the block') return self def prt(self, args): print('this is the block we do %s' % args) def __exit__(self,exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb): if exc_type is None: print('exit normally without exception') else: print('found exception: %s, and detailed info is %s' % (exc_type, exc_value)) return False with Block() as b: b.prt('actual work!') raise ValueError('wrong')
若是註銷到上面的raise語句,那麼會正常退出。
在沒有註銷掉該raise語句的狀況下,運行結果以下:spa
entering to the block this is the block we do actual work! found exception: <class 'ValueError'>, and detailed info is wrong Traceback (most recent call last): File "hh.py", line 18, in <module> raise ValueError('wrong') ValueError: wrong
若是發生異常,那麼經過調用sys.exc_info()函數,能夠返回包含3個元素的元組。 第一個元素就是引起異常類,而第二個是實際引起的實例,第三個元素traceback對象,表明異常最初發生時調用的堆棧。若是一切正常,那麼會返回3個None。code
|Exception Name|Description| |BaseException|Root class for all exceptions| | SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter| |KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)| |Exception|Root class for regular exceptions| | StopIteration|Iteration has no further values| | GeneratorExit|Exception sent to generator to tell it to quit| | SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter| | StandardError|Base class for all standard built-in exceptions| | ArithmeticError|Base class for all numeric calculation errors| | FloatingPointError|Error in floating point calculation| | OverflowError|Calculation exceeded maximum limit for numerical type| | ZeroDivisionError|Division (or modulus) by zero error (all numeric types)| | AssertionError|Failure of assert statement| | AttributeError|No such object attribute| | EOFError|End-of-file marker reached without input from built-in| | EnvironmentError|Base class for operating system environment errors| | IOError|Failure of input/output operation| | OSError|Operating system error| | WindowsError|MS Windows system call failure| | ImportError|Failure to import module or object| | KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)| | LookupError|Base class for invalid data lookup errors| | IndexError|No such index in sequence| | KeyError|No such key in mapping| | MemoryError|Out-of-memory error (non-fatal to Python interpreter)| | NameError|Undeclared/uninitialized object(non-attribute)| | UnboundLocalError|Access of an uninitialized local variable| | ReferenceError|Weak reference tried to access a garbage collected object| | RuntimeError|Generic default error during execution| | NotImplementedError|Unimplemented method| | SyntaxError|Error in Python syntax| | IndentationError|Improper indentation| | TabErrorg|Improper mixture of TABs and spaces| | SystemError|Generic interpreter system error| | TypeError|Invalid operation for type| | ValueError|Invalid argument given| | UnicodeError|Unicode-related error| | UnicodeDecodeError|Unicode error during decoding| | UnicodeEncodeError|Unicode error during encoding| | UnicodeTranslate Error|Unicode error during translation| | Warning|Root class for all warnings| | DeprecationWarning|Warning about deprecated features| | FutureWarning|Warning about constructs that will change semantically in the future| | OverflowWarning|Old warning for auto-long upgrade| | PendingDeprecation Warning|Warning about features that will be deprecated in the future| | RuntimeWarning|Warning about dubious runtime behavior| | SyntaxWarning|Warning about dubious syntax| | UserWarning|Warning generated by user code|