flask 是Python實現的輕量級web框架。沒有表單,orm等,但擴展性很好。不少Python web開發者十分喜歡。本篇介紹flask的簡單使用及其擴展。html
文中示例源碼已經傳到github:https://github.com/ZingP/webstudy.git.前端
pip install flask
flask是基於Werkzeug模塊和Jinja2模板引擎實現的。前者實現了WSGI協議。咱們來看一下用Werkzeug怎麼實現一個web服務端:python
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response @Request.application def hello(request): print(request) return Response('Hello Werkzeug!') if __name__ == '__main__': from werkzeug.serving import run_simple run_simple('localhost', 9000, hello)
而後運行該文件,從瀏覽器上訪問http://localhost:9000/ 就能看到Hello Werkzeug!了。mysql
開始第一個flask:git
from flask import Flask,render_template app = Flask(__name__) # 建立一個Flask對象,__name__傳成其餘字符串也行。 @app.route('/') def hello_world(): return 'Hello World!' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
直接運行,而後訪問http://127.0.0.1:5000/就能夠看到Hello world!了。其中Flask這個類中能夠初始化如下變量:(能夠點擊Flask進去看源碼,能夠看到構造函數)github
def __init__( self, import_name, # 能夠寫任意字符串,通常寫__name__,這樣不會重名 static_url_path=None, # 靜態文件前綴,若是該項配置成static_url_path='/yyy',訪問靜態文件的目錄則爲http://127.0.0.1:5000/sss/**.jpg static_folder='static', # 靜態文件路徑,好比在項目目錄下建立static目錄,存放靜態文件。訪問經過http://127.0.0.1:5000/static/**.jpg static_host=None, host_matching=False, subdomain_matching=False, template_folder='templates', # 模板文件夾,視圖函數中須要引入from flask import render_template instance_path=None, # 當前路徑/instance instance_relative_config=False, # 若是該項爲True,則會到 上面這個路徑下去找配置文件 root_path=None # 根目錄 ):
flask的配置有不少種方式:web
(1)經過字典類型配置,直接在視圖函數所在的py文件裏,經過app.config['字段名'] = 值,就能夠配置了。如:正則表達式
app.config['DEBUG'] = True # 打開調試模式,以字典的方式配置
字段名能夠有如下內容:redis
default_config = ImmutableDict({ 'ENV': None, 'DEBUG': None, 'TESTING': False, 'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS': None, 'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION': None, 'SECRET_KEY': None, 'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME': timedelta(days=31), 'USE_X_SENDFILE': False, 'SERVER_NAME': None, 'APPLICATION_ROOT': '/', 'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME': 'session', 'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN': None, 'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH': None, 'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY': True, 'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE': False, 'SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE': None, 'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST': True, 'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH': None, 'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT': timedelta(hours=12), 'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS': None, 'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS': False, 'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING': False, 'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME': 'http', 'JSON_AS_ASCII': True, 'JSON_SORT_KEYS': True, 'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR': False, 'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE': 'application/json', 'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD': None, 'MAX_COOKIE_SIZE': 4093, })
經過app.字段名 = 值,如:sql
app.debug = True # 調試模式
這種方式是之前一種方式爲基礎的,將第一種方式中的各類字段,抽出經常使用字段,讓其支持這種配置方式。
另外直接更新一個字典也能夠:
app.config.update({...}) #更新這個字典的方式
(2) 方式二:從py文件中導入配置。app.config.from_pyfile('.py文件'), 如:
app.config.from_pyfile('settings.py')
相似還有:
app.config.from_pyfile('settings.py') # app.config.from_envvar('環境變量名') # 若是環境變量名爲py文件,會自動調用app.config.from_pyfile() # app.config.from_json('json文件') # json文件形式 # app.config.from_mapping({"DEBUG": True}) # 字典形式 # app.config.from_object('python類或者類的路徑') # app.config.from_object('settings.TestConfig') # 在settings.py中: class Config(object): DEBUG = False TESTING = False DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:' class ProductionConfig(Config): DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo' class DevelopmentConfig(Config): DEBUG = True class TestConfig(Config): TESTING = True
注意:配置文件中的key必須是大寫;另外,經過類導入配置文件的路徑須要從sys.path中存在的開始寫。
flask 的路由系統是有一個裝飾器+視圖函數實現:
@app.route('/') def hello_world(): return 'Hello World!'
當我看到這樣的路由方式仍是比較驚訝的,不過不論是什麼樣的路由,最後都是將url和視圖函數一一對應。若是咱們點開route這個裝飾器,不難看到這樣一句源碼:
def route(self, rule, **options): """A decorator that is used to register a view function for a given URL rule. This does the same thing as :meth:`add_url_rule` but is intended for decorator usage:: @app.route('/') def index(): return 'Hello World' For more information refer to :ref:`url-route-registrations`. :param rule: the URL rule as string :param endpoint: the endpoint for the registered URL rule. Flask itself assumes the name of the view function as endpoint :param options: the options to be forwarded to the underlying :class:`~werkzeug.routing.Rule` object. A change to Werkzeug is handling of method options. methods is a list of methods this rule should be limited to (``GET``, ``POST`` etc.). By default a rule just listens for ``GET`` (and implicitly ``HEAD``). Starting with Flask 0.6, ``OPTIONS`` is implicitly added and handled by the standard request handling. """ def decorator(f): endpoint = options.pop('endpoint', None) self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options) return f return decorator
從self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options)這句看,flask是經過裝飾器把路由規則和視圖函數關聯起來。實際上咱們也能夠這麼寫路由:
def hello_world(): from flask import url_for url = url_for("xxx") print("URL:", url) return 'Hello World!' app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=hello_world, endpoint="xxx", methods=['GET', 'POST']) # endpoint 這裏用來反向生成url,默認是函數名 # methods 指的是支持的請求方式
不過推薦仍是用裝飾器的方式寫路由,經常使用路由寫法有如下幾種:
@app.route('/user/<username>') @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>') @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>') @app.route('/post/<path:path>') @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
注意,當匹配參數是,須要在視圖函數中接收一下,如:
@app.route('/user/<int:uid>') def hello_world(uid): print("UID:", uid) return 'Hello World!'
規則支持的匹配類型有如下幾種:
DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = { 'default': UnicodeConverter, 'string': UnicodeConverter, 'any': AnyConverter, 'path': PathConverter, 'int': IntegerConverter, 'float': FloatConverter, 'uuid': UUIDConverter, }
也許你會以爲這些路由規則不太自由,不夠用;那麼能夠經過自定義的方式:
from flask import Flask, url_for from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter app = Flask(__name__) # 自定義經過正則匹配url class RegexConverter(BaseConverter): """ 自定義URL匹配正則表達式 """ def __init__(self, map, regex): super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map) self.regex = regex # 會按照傳入的正則表達式進行匹配 def to_python(self, value): """ 路由匹配時,匹配成功後傳遞給視圖函數中參數的值 :param value: :return: """ return value def to_url(self, value): """ 使用url_for反向生成URL時,傳遞的參數通過該方法處理,返回的值用於生成URL中的參數 :param value: :return: """ val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value) return val # 添加到flask中 app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter @app.route('/index/<regex("\d+"):nid>') def index(nid): print(nid) url = url_for('index', nid=nid) # 反向生成url print(url) return 'Index' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
運行以後,訪問http://127.0.0.1:5000/index/9999會在後端打印nid是9999,而反向生成的url是/index/9999。
也許咱們想給視圖函數定製一些功能,好比加一些裝飾器,那應該這樣寫:
def auth(func): def inner(*args, **kwargs): print('before') result = func(*args, **kwargs) print('after') return result return inner @app.route('/index.html', methods=['GET', 'POST'], endpoint='index') @auth # 裝飾器必定要放在app.route這個裝飾器之下 def index(): return 'Index'
其中,裝飾器auth必定要放在app.route這個裝飾器之下才能使路由裝飾器先生效。路由還能夠這樣寫:
def index(): return "Index" # 方式一: # app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET", "POST"]) # 方式二: app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET", "POST"]) app.view_functions['index'] = index
是否能像django同樣支持CBV呢?固然能夠:
from flask import views def auth(func): def inner(*args, **kwargs): print('before') result = func(*args, **kwargs) print('after') return result return inner class IndexView(views.View): methods = ['GET'] decorators = [auth, ] def dispatch_request(self): print('Index') return 'Index!' app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) # name=endpoint 反向url使用
其中,decorators是須要添加的裝飾器。固然還能夠定義get,post等函數:
class IndexView(views.MethodView): methods = ['GET', 'POST'] decorators = [auth, ] def get(self): return 'Index.GET' def post(self): return 'Index.POST' app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) # name=endpoint
補充,@app.route和app.add_url_rule參數:
# rule, URL規則 # view_func, 視圖函數名稱 # defaults = None, 默認值, 當URL中無參數,函數須要參數時,使用defaults = {'k': 'v'}爲函數提供參數 # endpoint = None, 名稱,用於反向生成URL,即: url_for('名稱') # methods = None, 容許的請求方式,如:["GET", "POST"] # strict_slashes = None, 對URL最後的 / 符號是否嚴格要求, # 如:@app.route('/index', strict_slashes=False)訪問http: //www.xx.com/index/或http://www.xx.com/index都可 # @app.route('/index', strict_slashes=True)僅能訪問http://www.xx.com/index # redirect_to = None, 重定向到指定地址如:@app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>') # 或 # def func(adapter, nid): # return "/home/888" # @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func) # subdomain = None, 子域名訪問 app = Flask(import_name=__name__) app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'lyy.com:5000' @app.route("/", subdomain="admin") def static_index(): """Flask supports static subdomains This is available at static.your-domain.tld""" return "static.your-domain.tld" @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>") def username_index(username): """Dynamic subdomains are also supported Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic""" return username + ".your-domain.tld"
使用的是jinjia2語法,和django差很少。除了不支持simple_tag,畢竟有更簡便的方法自定義。
py文件:返回HTML文檔時須要引入 render_template
from flask import Flask, render_template app = Flask(__name__) # 可直接定義一個函數,到前端頁面去使用 def myhtml(abc): return '<h1>liuyouyuan{}</h1>'.format(abc) @app.route('/index', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): return render_template('index.html', yyy=myhtml) # yyy就至關於前端使用時的函數名字 if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
看看index.html直接給yyy()傳參數,就像調用Python函數同樣:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <p>{{ yyy("niubi")|safe}}</p> </body> </html>
7.1 視圖函數中拿到請求信息
在flask中,須要引入from flask import request, 經過request拿到請求信息。
from flask import Flask, request app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/') def hello_world(): print(request) # 引入request以後,不須要手動傳給視圖函數,flask內部會自動傳,直接獲取就行。 return 'Hello World!' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
能夠看到,引入request以後,不須要手動傳給視圖函數,flask內部會自動傳,直接獲取就行。能夠從request中獲取到的請求信息有:
# 請求相關信息 # request.method # request.args # request.form # request.values # request.cookies # request.headers # request.path # request.full_path # request.script_root # request.url # request.base_url # request.url_root # request.host_url # request.host # request.files # obj = request.files['the_file_name'] # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))
其中獲取文件直接save到一個目錄就行。
7.2 相應相關
from flask import render_template from flask import redirect from flask import make_response # 響應相關信息 # return "字符串" # return render_template('html模板路徑',**{}) # return redirect('/index.html') # response = make_response(render_template('index.html')) # response是flask.wrappers.Response類型 # response.delete_cookie('key') # response.set_cookie('key', 'value') # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
在flask中基本都是經過導入一個全局的變量,而後從視圖函數中直接引用,每一個視圖函數每次請求來拿到的都是不同的。
默認的Session是基於Cookies實現的,放在瀏覽器上。若是要對session加密,須要設置密鑰。基本使用以下:
from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/') def index(): if 'username' in session: return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username']) return 'You are not logged in' @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): if request.method == 'POST': session['username'] = request.form['username'] return redirect(url_for('index')) return ''' <form action="" method="post"> <p><input type=text name=username> <p><input type=submit value=Login> </form> ''' @app.route('/logout') def logout(): # 從session移除username session.pop('username', None) return redirect(url_for('index')) # 若是要加密session,在此處設置祕鑰 app.secret_key = 'reffbyujHSDU!ASn#UIddODN*1243 WEfM' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
flask中的SessionInterface留了兩個鉤子函數,咱們來看一下:
def open_session(self, app, request): """This method has to be implemented and must either return ``None`` in case the loading failed because of a configuration error or an instance of a session object which implements a dictionary like interface + the methods and attributes on :class:`SessionMixin`. """ raise NotImplementedError() def save_session(self, app, session, response): """This is called for actual sessions returned by :meth:`open_session` at the end of the request. This is still called during a request context so if you absolutely need access to the request you can do that. """ raise NotImplementedError()
請求來時,open_session會嘗試去獲取session;當返回信息時,會調用save_session。因此,咱們要自定義session時,只須要繼承接口類,再重寫這兩個方法便可。
如今新建一個session.py文件,寫好自定義的session類:
import uuid import json from flask.sessions import SessionInterface from flask.sessions import SessionMixin from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes class MySession(dict, SessionMixin): def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None): self.sid = sid self.initial = initial super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ()) def __setitem__(self, key, value): super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value) def __getitem__(self, item): return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item) def __delitem__(self, key): super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key) class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface): session_class = MySession container = {} def __init__(self): import redis self.redis = redis.Redis() def _generate_sid(self): return str(uuid.uuid4()) def _get_signer(self, app): if not app.secret_key: return None return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session', key_derivation='hmac') def open_session(self, app, request): """ 程序剛啓動時執行,須要返回一個session對象 """ sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name) if not sid: sid = self._generate_sid() return self.session_class(sid=sid) signer = self._get_signer(app) try: sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid) sid = sid_as_bytes.decode() except BadSignature: sid = self._generate_sid() return self.session_class(sid=sid) # session保存在redis中 # val = self.redis.get(sid) # session保存在內存中 val = self.container.get(sid) if val is not None: try: data = json.loads(val) return self.session_class(data, sid=sid) except: return self.session_class(sid=sid) return self.session_class(sid=sid) def save_session(self, app, session, response): """ 程序結束前執行,能夠保存session中全部的值 如: 保存到resit 寫入到用戶cookie """ domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app) path = self.get_cookie_path(app) httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app) secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app) expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session) val = json.dumps(dict(session)) # session保存在redis中 # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime) # session保存在內存中 self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val) session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid)) response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id, expires=expires, httponly=httponly, domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
用法以下:
from flask import Flask from flask import session from session import MySessionInterface app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'asdWhuDW!@##%bxwy' app.session_interface = MySessionInterface() @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', "POST"]) def login(): print(session) session['user1'] = 'lyy' session['user2'] = 'yy' del session['user2'] print(session) return "test mysession" if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
這樣就能夠了。
pip install flask-session 使用簡單,能夠參考https://pythonhosted.org/Flask-Session/。不過目前只支持flask0.8,此處不在演示。
咱們回想一下以前的全部介紹都是將視圖函數寫在同一個.py文件中的,對於微小項目能夠,可是稍微大點的項目咱們不可能把視圖函數都寫在同一個文件,否則找起來都很麻煩。因此,確定是要根據必定的邏輯進行目錄劃分的。藍圖的做用就是劃分目錄結構。
不過咱們在介紹藍圖以前,先嚐試着本身劃分一下目錄:
一個小項目,應該包含app就是app名稱,static放置靜態文件,views下將視圖按功能分爲多個py文件。run.py是入口。
(1)__init__.py:
from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) from .views import account
必定要記得導入視圖~~
(2)run.py:
from app import app if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
(3)account.py:
from .. import app @app.route('/') def hello_world(): return 'Hello World!'
(1)run.py:
from app01 import app if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
(2)account.py
from flask import Blueprint account = Blueprint('account', __name__, url_prefix='/yyy', template_folder='', static_folder='') # 能夠爲每一個藍圖單獨指定一個模板文件和靜態文件 @account.route('/') def hello_world(): return 'Hello blue!'
host.py:
from flask import Blueprint host = Blueprint('host', __name__) @host.route('/host.html') def hello_host(): return "host.."
__init__.py:
from flask import Flask from .views.account import account from .views.host import host app = Flask(__name__) app.register_blueprint(account) # 註冊藍圖 app.register_blueprint(host)
message在django中是沒有的,它是基於Session實現的一個保存數據的集合,其特色是:使用一次就刪除,能夠用於錯誤信息。直接看代碼吧:
from flask import Flask, flash, request, get_flashed_messages, url_for app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'ewqfQWDWEhqweofhqwofn' @app.route('/') def index1(): messages = get_flashed_messages() # 取出 print(messages) return "index" @app.route('/set', endpoint="xxx") def index2(): v = url_for("xxx") flash(v) # 存入 return 'hahahah'
這就OK了。
直接上代碼:
from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/') def index(): return "index" class MiddleWare: def __init__(self, wsgi_app): self.wsgi_app = wsgi_app def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): print("456") # do something return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs) if __name__ == "__main__": app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app) app.run(port=9999)
表單插件參考:WTForms orm能夠用:SQLAchemy 更多可看:http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions 。