我第一次尋找所謂的 Laravel 框架的時候,個人其中一個目標就是要找:利用最簡單的操做數據庫的方法。後來目標就停在了 Eloquent ORM 上。php
今天說一說 Eloquent ORM 的一些不易被發現和使用的方法。laravel
平時這麼寫:sql
$article = Article::find($article_id); $article->read_count++; $article->save();
利用 increment
函數數據庫
$article = Article::find($article_id); $article->increment('read_count');
固然能夠傳入數字,不僅是隻增減 1:express
Article::find($article_id)->increment('read_count'); Article::find($article_id)->increment('read_count', 10); // +10 Product::find($produce_id)->decrement('stock'); // -1
咱們來看看源代碼是怎麼實現的:數組
/** * Increment a column's value by a given amount. * * @param string $column * @param int $amount * @param array $extra * @return int */ public function increment($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = []) { if (! is_numeric($amount)) { throw new InvalidArgumentException('Non-numeric value passed to increment method.'); } $wrapped = $this->grammar->wrap($column); $columns = array_merge([$column => $this->raw("$wrapped + $amount")], $extra); return $this->update($columns); } /** * Decrement a column's value by a given amount. * * @param string $column * @param int $amount * @param array $extra * @return int */ public function decrement($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = []) { if (! is_numeric($amount)) { throw new InvalidArgumentException('Non-numeric value passed to decrement method.'); } $wrapped = $this->grammar->wrap($column); $columns = array_merge([$column => $this->raw("$wrapped - $amount")], $extra); return $this->update($columns); }
主要利用 $this->grammar
解析 $column 字段,轉變爲可執行的 sql 語句。app
/** * Wrap a value in keyword identifiers. * * @param \Illuminate\Database\Query\Expression|string $value * @param bool $prefixAlias * @return string */ public function wrap($value, $prefixAlias = false) { if ($this->isExpression($value)) { return $this->getValue($value); } // If the value being wrapped has a column alias we will need to separate out // the pieces so we can wrap each of the segments of the expression on it // own, and then joins them both back together with the "as" connector. if (strpos(strtolower($value), ' as ') !== false) { return $this->wrapAliasedValue($value, $prefixAlias); } return $this->wrapSegments(explode('.', $value)); } /** * Wrap the given value segments. * * @param array $segments * @return string */ protected function wrapSegments($segments) { return collect($segments)->map(function ($segment, $key) use ($segments) { return $key == 0 && count($segments) > 1 ? $this->wrapTable($segment) : $this->wrapValue($segment); })->implode('.'); } /** * Wrap a single string in keyword identifiers. * * @param string $value * @return string */ protected function wrapValue($value) { if ($value !== '*') { return '"'.str_replace('"', '""', $value).'"'; } return $value; }
注: $grammer
是個抽象類,項目會根據不一樣的數據庫,而採用不一樣的 $grammer
繼承類來實現查詢功能框架
最後一個參數是 $extra
,由於 increment
函數最後會執行 update()
方法,因此能夠把額外須要操做數據的語句放在 $extra
數組中。ide
這裏的 where
是前綴的做用,X
表示的是咱們的字段名,能夠簡化咱們的查詢寫法,平時都是這麼寫的:函數
$users = User::where('approved', 1)->get();
簡便的寫法:
$users = User::whereApproved(1)->get();
具體實現主要利用 __call
方法。
public mixed __call ( string $name , array $arguments )public static mixed __callStatic ( string $name , array $arguments )
在對象中調用一個不可訪問方法時,__call() 會被調用。
在靜態上下文中調用一個不可訪問方法時,__callStatic() 會被調用。
在 Query/Builder.php
中能夠看出:
/** * Handle dynamic method calls into the method. * * @param string $method * @param array $parameters * @return mixed * * @throws \BadMethodCallException */ public function __call($method, $parameters) { if (static::hasMacro($method)) { return $this->macroCall($method, $parameters); } if (Str::startsWith($method, 'where')) { return $this->dynamicWhere($method, $parameters); } $className = static::class; throw new BadMethodCallException("Call to undefined method {$className}::{$method}()"); }
where
查詢方法都會調用函數:
return $this->dynamicWhere($method, $parameters);
/** * Handles dynamic "where" clauses to the query. * * @param string $method * @param string $parameters * @return $this */ public function dynamicWhere($method, $parameters) { $finder = substr($method, 5); $segments = preg_split( '/(And|Or)(?=[A-Z])/', $finder, -1, PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE ); // The connector variable will determine which connector will be used for the // query condition. We will change it as we come across new boolean values // in the dynamic method strings, which could contain a number of these. $connector = 'and'; $index = 0; foreach ($segments as $segment) { // If the segment is not a boolean connector, we can assume it is a column's name // and we will add it to the query as a new constraint as a where clause, then // we can keep iterating through the dynamic method string's segments again. if ($segment !== 'And' && $segment !== 'Or') { $this->addDynamic($segment, $connector, $parameters, $index); $index++; } // Otherwise, we will store the connector so we know how the next where clause we // find in the query should be connected to the previous ones, meaning we will // have the proper boolean connector to connect the next where clause found. else { $connector = $segment; } } return $this; }
繼續看 addDynamic
函數:
/** * Add a single dynamic where clause statement to the query. * * @param string $segment * @param string $connector * @param array $parameters * @param int $index * @return void */ protected function addDynamic($segment, $connector, $parameters, $index) { // Once we have parsed out the columns and formatted the boolean operators we // are ready to add it to this query as a where clause just like any other // clause on the query. Then we'll increment the parameter index values. $bool = strtolower($connector); $this->where(Str::snake($segment), '=', $parameters[$index], $bool); }
最後回到了 $this->where(Str::snake($segment), '=', $parameters[$index], $bool);
常規的 where
語句上;
同時,這過程咱們能夠發現 whereX
方法,不只能夠傳入一個字段,並且還能夠傳入多個字段,用「And」或者 「Or」鏈接,且字段首字母用大寫「A~Z」。
在平時有太多的寫法都是,先查詢,再判斷是否存在,而後再決定是輸出,仍是建立。
如:
$user = User::where('email', $email)->first(); if (!$user) { User::create([ 'email' => $email ]); }
一行代碼解決:
$user = User::firstOrCreate(['email' => $email]);
注:這裏還有一個函數 firstOrNew
和 firstOrCreate
類似,看代碼:
/** * Get the first record matching the attributes or instantiate it. * * @param array $attributes * @param array $values * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model */ public function firstOrNew(array $attributes, array $values = []) { if (! is_null($instance = $this->where($attributes)->first())) { return $instance; } return $this->newModelInstance($attributes + $values); } /** * Get the first record matching the attributes or create it. * * @param array $attributes * @param array $values * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model */ public function firstOrCreate(array $attributes, array $values = []) { if (! is_null($instance = $this->where($attributes)->first())) { return $instance; } return tap($this->newModelInstance($attributes + $values), function ($instance) { $instance->save(); }); }
主要區別場景在於:若是是在已有 $attributes 下查找並建立的話,就能夠用 firstOrCreate
。若是當咱們須要先查詢而後再對 model 進行後續的操做的話,應使用 firstOrNew
方法,將 save 保存數據庫操做放在最後;以避免重複執行 save()
方法。
find() 函數經過主鍵獲取數據,平時都是獲取單數據,其實傳入的參數還能夠是「主鍵數組」,獲取多 models。
$users = User::find([1,2,3]);
咱們查看它的函數實現:
/** * Find a model by its primary key. * * @param mixed $id * @param array $columns * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|\Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection|static[]|static|null */ public function find($id, $columns = ['*']) { if (is_array($id) || $id instanceof Arrayable) { return $this->findMany($id, $columns); } return $this->whereKey($id)->first($columns); }
首先判斷的是 id 是否是 array,若是是的話,則執行 findMany 函數:
/** * Find multiple models by their primary keys. * * @param \Illuminate\Contracts\Support\Arrayable|array $ids * @param array $columns * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection */ public function findMany($ids, $columns = ['*']) { if (empty($ids)) { return $this->model->newCollection(); } return $this->whereKey($ids)->get($columns); }
獲取的結果是一個 Collection 類型。
Laravel 框架有不少地方值得咱們去研究,看 Laravel 是如何封裝方法的。Eloquent ORM 還有不少方法能夠一個個去看源代碼是怎麼實現的。
本文內容更多來自:https://laravel-news.com/eloquent-tips-tricks
還有不少函數均可以拿出來分析,如:
Relationship with conditions and ordering
public function orders() { return $this->hasMany('App\Order'); }
其實咱們能夠在獲取多訂單的同時,加入篩選語句和排序。如,獲取已支付並按更新時間倒序輸出:
public function paidOrders() { return $this->hasMany('App\Order')->where('paid', 1)->orderBy('updated_at'); }
「未完待續」