Day 7 – Object, String, StringBuffer.

Today I learned about Object class, String, StringBuffer, StringBuilder.

Object class:

The most common methods which are applicable for any java object are defined in Object class, it acts as root for all java classes.

There are 11 methods in Object class, I am going to explain about some.

1. toString():

We use this method to get String representation of an object, if our class do not contain a toString() method then Object class toString() executes.

class Student 
{
	String name;
	int rollno;
	Student(String name, int rollno)
	{
		this.name = name;
		this.rollno = rollno;
	}
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		Student s1 = new Student("sri",476);
		Student s2 = new Student("Mohan",467);
		System.out.println(s1); // We did not override toString() hence Object class toString() is called
		System.out.println(s2);
	}}
/* the output is 
Student@1c78e57
Student@5224ee
*/

In the above example Object class toString() is executed which returns Classname@hexadecimalString_representation_of_hashcode.

In String classes, StringBuffer, all Wrapper classes, all Collection classes toString() is overridden for meaningful representation of an object.

Now lets override toString() in our class to return name.

class Student 
{
	String name;
	int rollno;
	Student(String name, int rollno)
	{
		this.name = name;
		this.rollno = rollno;
	}
	public String toString()
	{
		return name;
	}
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		Student s1 = new Student("sri",476);
		Student s2 = new Student("Mohan",467);
		System.out.println(s1); // We did not override toString() hence Object class toString() is called
		System.out.println(s2);
	}}
/* the output is 
sri
Mohan
*/

2. hashCode():

For every object JVM will generate a unique number which is known as hashcode.JVM will use this hashcode while saving objects into  hashing related datastructures like hashset, hashmap, hashtable.

We can override hashCode() based on our requirement but its good if we have a unique number as hashcode for every object.

If in our class, object class toString() executes then it calls hashCode() internally.

Lets override hashCode() in the below example and observe the output.

class Test 
{
	int i;
	Test(int i)
	{
		this.i = i;
	}
	public int hashCode()
	{
		return i;
	}
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		Test t1 = new Test(10);
		Test t2 = new Test(100);
		System.out.println(t1);//Test@a
		System.out.println(t2);//Test@64
	}}

You can observe that output for t1 is Test@a , since we overridden hashCode in our class to return i , toString() internally calls our hashCode() in place of Object class hashCode().

3. equals()

Object class equals() is used for reference comparision. In String , Wrapper, Collection classes .equals() is overridden for content comparison, but in StringBuffer class .equals() isn’t overridden hence even if both objects are equal .equals() returns false.

class Test1 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		String s1 = new String("harsha");
		String s2 = new String("harsha");
		System.out.println(s1.equals(s2)); //true
                System.out.println(s1.hashCode() == s2.hashCode());//true 
 
		StringBuffer a1 = new StringBuffer("harsha");
		StringBuffer a2 = new StringBuffer("harsha");
		System.out.println(a1.equals(a2)); //false
                System.out.println(a1.hashCode() == a2.hashCode());//false
	}}

If two objects are equal by .equals() then their hashcodes are equal.

String

Strings are Immutable i.e., once we create any String object then we cannot make any changes to it, if we make any then with those changes a new object will be created this is known as Immutability.

class StringDemo 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		String s1 = new String("harsha");
		s1.concat(" solutions");
		String s2 = s1.concat("innovations!");
		s1.concat("soft");
		System.out.println(s2);
		System.out.println(s1);
	}}

In above example eight objects are created, 4 in heap and 4 in SCP.

In Heap:

「harsha」 is created and assigned to s1, 「harsha solutions」 is created in heap and has no reference, now 「harsha innovations」 is created and is assigned to s2 and at last 「harsha soft」 is also dynamically created and eventually lost as it has no reference.

In String Constant Pool:

「harsha」, 「solution」,」innovations」,」soft」 are created.

Some points you need to know about Strings

• Garbage collector is not allowed to access SCP area, i.e.,even though the object do not contain any reference variable its not eligible for GC.
• For every String constant one object will be created in SCP.
• Object creation is optional in SCP, first JVM will check if any object is present with SCP with same content, if any match is found then its reused and if no match is found then new object is created.
• If we use 「new」 operator then compulsorily an object will be created in Heap.
• Due to Runtime operation if an object is to be created then it is done in Heap not in SCP.
• Existence of duplicate objects in SCP is not possible.

class StringDemo2 
{
public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		String s1 = new String("I am the boss!");
		String s2 = new String("I am the boss!");
		System.out.println(s1 == s2); //false
		//since s1 and s2 are two different objects created in heap.
		String s3 = "I am the boss!";
		System.out.println(s1 == s3); //false
		//since s1 is an object created in heap and s3 is object created in SCP.
		String s4 = "I am the boss!";
		System.out.println(s3 == s4);//true
		//s3 and s4 points to same object in SCP, since duplicate objects are not allowed in SCP.
		String s5 = "I am" +" the boss!";
		System.out.println(s3 == s5);//true
		//for runtime operation, a new object will be created in heap and the above isn't a runtime operation!
		//so it points to same object previously created in SCP.
		String s6= "I am";
		String s7 = s6 + " the boss!";
		System.out.println(s3 == s7);//false
		//s7 is an object created during Runtime so it is created in heap.
 
	}}

 intern():

By using heap object if we want to get corresponding SCP object then we should go for intern() method.

class StringInternDemo 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		String s1 = new String("harsha");
		String s2 = s1.intern();		
		System.out.println(s1 == s2); //false
		//since s2 is created in SCP
		String s3 = "harsha";
		System.out.println(s2 == s3); //true
		//since s3 is created in SCP
	}}

//Program demonstrating some methods of String class
class StringDemo3  
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		String s = "Sri Harsha";
		System.out.println(s.charAt(3));
		s = s.concat(" Bolisetti");
		System.out.println("Sri".equals(s));
		//this is overriding version of .equals() in Object class
		System.out.println("sri harsha bolisetti".equalsIgnoreCase(s));
		String lname = s.substring(11);
		System.out.println(lname);
		String fname = s.substring(0,10);
		System.out.println(fname);
 
		System.out.println("length of my name is " +s.length());
 
		String s2 = s.replace('s','Z');
		System.out.println(s2);
 
		System.out.println(s.toLowerCase());
		System.out.println(s.toUpperCase());
 
		System.out.println("    Sri Harsha Bolisetti    ".trim()); 
		//trim() removes spaces at the begining and end of the String but not middle blank spaces.
		System.out.println(s.indexOf('B'));
		System.out.println(s.lastIndexOf('i'));
	}}
	/*
	Output of the above program is 	
false
true
Bolisetti
Sri Harsha
length of my name is 20
Sri HarZha BoliZetti
sri harsha bolisetti
SRI HARSHA BOLISETTI
Sri Harsha Bolisetti
11
19
*/

StringBuffer

StringBuffer is mutable i.e, we can make changes in an object without need to create a new object.

Constructors:

1. StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();

It creates an empty StringBuffer object with default initial capacity 16. Once it reaches its maximum capacity, a new StringBuffer object  is created with capacity (current capacity + 1)* 2.

2.  StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(int initial capacity);

It creates StringBuffer with specified initial capacity.

3. StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(String s);

Creates an equivalent StringBuffer object for the given String with capacity equal to s.length()+16.

class StringBufferDemo1 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
		System.out.println(sb.capacity());
		sb.append("0123456789123456");
		System.out.println(sb.capacity()); //16
		sb.append("1");
		System.out.println(sb.capacity()); //34
 
		StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer(11);
		System.out.println(sb1.capacity());//11
 
		StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("harsha");
		System.out.println(sb2.capacity());// 22 (16+6 )
	}
}

Program to demonstrate methods in StringBuffer

class StringBufferDemo2 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("I will win no matter the consequences");
		System.out.println(sb.charAt(3));
		sb.setCharAt(3,'I');
		System.out.println(sb);
 
		sb.append(" Cool!");
		System.out.println(sb);
 
		sb.insert(12,"!!Inserted here!!");
		System.out.println(sb);
 
		sb.delete(12,28);
		System.out.println(sb);
 
		sb.deleteCharAt(12);
		System.out.println(sb);
 
		System.out.println(sb.reverse());
		System.out.println(sb.reverse());
 
		sb.setLength(14);
		System.out.println(sb);
 
		sb.ensureCapacity(100);
		System.out.println(sb.capacity());
 
		sb.trimToSize();
		System.out.println(sb.capacity());
	}}
	/* Output
	i
I wIll win no matter the consequences
I wIll win no matter the consequences Cool!
I wIll win n!!Inserted here!!o matter the consequences Cool!
I wIll win n!o matter the consequences Cool!
I wIll win no matter the consequences Cool!
!looC secneuqesnoc eht rettam on niw llIw I
I wIll win no matter the consequences Cool!
I wIll win no
108
14
*/

 StringBuilder:

Its almost same as StringBuffer including methods and constructors, except that every method present inside StringBuffer is synchronized while methods in StringBuilder aren’t synchronized.