1.1 本小節示例及練習: John Smith died in World War Two. (sv結構,die爲不及物動詞,主語+不及物動詞能夠構成意思完整的句子) John Smith killed three enemy soldiers. (svo結構,kill爲及物動詞,主語+及物動詞+賓語構成意思完整的句子) John Smith was a soldier. (svc結構,注意be動詞後邊的補語是名詞) John smith was courageous. (svc結構,be動詞後邊接形容詞補語,一般不翻譯"是或爲") Taroko Gorge is beautiful. (svc結構,太魯閣峽谷很美,不翻譯是) The soup is too hot. (svc結構,不翻譯是) The dress looks pretty. (svc結構,look可換成be,那件裙子很好看) The dog seems friendly. (svc結構,seem可換成be,那隻狗好像很友善) His demands appear reasonable. (svc結構,appear可換成be,他的要求顯得很合理) His trip sound exciting. (svc結構,sound可換成be,他的旅行聽起來很刺激) I feel sick. (svc結構,feel可換成be,我感受不舒服) The drug tastes bitter. (svc結構,taste可換成be,藥很苦) The story proved false. (svc結構,prove可換成be,故事經證明是捏造的) He became a teacher. (svc結構,become可換成be,他當了老師) A nurse makes a good wife. (svc結構,make可換成be,娶護士作太太真不錯) I find the dress pretty. (svoc結構,形容詞作賓語的補語,我以爲這衣服很漂亮) The meat made the dog friendly. (svoc結構,形容詞作賓語的補語,肉讓狗變得很友善) They consider his demands reasonable. (svoc結構,形容詞作賓語的補語,他們認爲他的要求是合理的) He found the trip exciting. (svoc結構,形容詞作補語,他以爲此次旅行很刺激) The food made me sick. (svoc結構,形容詞作補語,這種食物使我想吐) I don't find the drug bitter. (svoc結構,形容詞作補語,我並不以爲藥很苦) I consider the story false. (svoc結構,形容詞作補語,我認爲故事是捏造的) His college training made him a teacher. (svoc結構,名詞作補語,他的大學教育使他成爲一名教師) Most people consider a nurse a good wife. (svoc結構,名詞作補語,大多數人認爲護士會是稱職的太太) I think; therefore I am. (sv結構,be動詞後無補語,翻譯爲」存在「。笛卡爾:」我思故我在「) To be or not to be, that is the question. (sv結構,be動詞後無補語,翻譯爲」存在「。漢姆雷特:」要存在仍是不要存在(要不要活下去),那是個問題「) John's father give him a dog. (svoo結構,」主語「給」賓語「一個」物品「,兩個賓語一個是給的接收對象,一個是給的東西) John's father called him a dog. (svoc結構,」主語「罵」賓語「是」物品「,賓語和補語隱含」等因而「的關係) The magician moved his fingers quickly. (svo) The police found the letter missing. (svoc) The police found the missing letter. (svo) He ordered himself a steak and a bottle of red wine. (svoo) Don't you like dancing? (svo) ■The President has gone abroad on a visit. (sv,abroad譯爲」到國外、在國外「,其自己是adj或adv,主語President和謂語has gone已構成完整的意思」總統走了「,不須要補語。) ■That sounds like a good idea. (svc) The box feels heavy. (svc) ■He told his guests a dirty joke at the party. (svoo) The people elected Bill Clinton President. (svoc) The child asks her mother a million questions a day. (svoo) Monkeys love bananas. (svo) ■You can leave the door open. (svoc,door和open有」等因而「的暗示,謂語爲普通動詞) ■The company has gone bankrupt. (svc,主語company配上謂語has gone不能說明完整的意思,須要補語banrupt補充說明,而且謂語has gone能夠換爲be動詞) Why don't you answer me? (svo) ■I consider you a member of family. (svoo,一個是稱呼的對象,一個是稱呼。) It never rains in California. (sv) You'll look better with these designer glasses on. (svc) ■I can see better without these reading glasses. (sv,主語I和謂語see已構成完整的意思」我能看見「,不須要補語) Do you call me a liar? (svoc)
1.2 本小節示例及練習 注:(Determiner、Adjective、Noun) a new book (DAN) many good students (DAN) his beautiful wife (DAN) the best answer (DAN) those sweet roses (DAN) Of these answers, this one is the best. (省略名詞,只保留限定詞和形容詞的名詞短語) I want those. (指着玫瑰花說,限定詞those作省略的名詞短語) Unmarried men are rare species these days. ("未婚男性目前是稀有品種了",men指名是複數,不能加限定詞) {rare:adj:罕見的,珍貴的,煎的嫩的;species:n:種類,(單復同)物種;} Honesty is not necessarily the best policy. (抽象名詞無形狀不能用"一個"來形容) Fresh water is a precious resource in Saudi Arabia. (無形狀的物質名詞也不能用"一個"來形容) There are five Sundays this month. (在月份的範圍下,星期五有多個,其做爲可數名詞) I have an appointment on Sunday. (在本週範圍下,星期一僅一個,其做爲專有名詞) Mr. Elson was president of the high school. (補語位置的專有名詞,president自己爲普通名詞,但其做爲句意內獨一無二的專有名詞Mr.Elson的補語,起補充說明做用的補語是能夠和主語劃等號的,故是president也可視爲專有名詞) Some say he was a better president than Mr. Robert. (句意是比較兩任校長,president能夠加s,所以非專有名詞) Mr. Elson is also a member of the Council of the city. (補語位置的名詞短語表示的是一組人裏邊的一個,不能作專有名詞) Mattin Wales, Head of the football team, at the time, wore a mustache. (補語做同位語,本句的補語其實是形容詞從句who was Head of the football team at the time的省略,who表明Mattin Wales,Head做爲主語補語等同於Mattin Wales,所以可看做專有名詞) Clinton made Gorle campaign partner of the Presidential election. (不光是主語的補語,賓語的補語也要注意專有名詞的問題。本句中的競選搭檔[副總統]是賓語Gorle的補語,具備相等的意味且在句意中惟一,故做爲專有名詞。) I need a book to read on my trip. (帶本書讀,不特指哪一本) I have finished the book you lent me. (你借個人那本書,特指那本書) Modern history is my favorite subject. (history是抽象名詞,不可數於是也不能加a,modern只是修飾詞不具備明確指示的功能) The history of recent China is a sorry record. (特指近代中國的那段歷史,須要定冠詞the) He should be home; I saw a light in his house. (雖然有in the house修飾,但一所房子的燈不少,看到的只是一盞燈,不具備明確指示。"a(an)是one的弱化") Turn off the portal light. (特指大門口的那盞燈燈,一般只有一個。"the 是that和those的弱化") I am goting to the office now. (雖未明確指示,但有清楚的暗示:老婆知道是說的"老公上班的辦公室",須要定冠詞the) Do you mind if I open the window? (雖未明確指示,但對話情景暗示是"身旁"的那扇,須要定冠詞) Do you mind if i open a window? (a window表示一扇窗戶或任意窗戶,無明確指代,其意思是"打開車內的一扇窗戶",尤爲在公交車上,對着某人說打開車內的任何一扇窗戶會不和情理。但若是是多人在轎車中抽菸時,在徵求車內全部人的意見時,"想打開隨便一扇窗戶透氣"的情形確實合理的。) This is not the John Smith I know. (專有名詞和定冠詞是衝突的,不能並存。若使用了the,則表示還有其餘的或兩個以上的個體存在,而特指這一個,所以也就不能稱其爲專有名詞了。本句中隱含着用於比較的兩個John,而特指出不是我認識的那個,所以加定冠詞是合理的。) This is a photography show of the Taibei 50 years ago. (「這是展現50年前的臺北的攝影展」,50年前的臺北和現在的臺北明顯不一樣,句中的專有名詞Taibei加了定冠詞the後成爲普通名詞,特指50年前的那個。) the Pacific (Ocean) (Pacific是形容詞,而Ocean有多個,加the表示名爲"太平洋"的那個,只不過由於不會引發歧義而省略了普通名詞Ocean。完徹底全的普通名詞,而非所謂的專有名詞。) the Atlantic (Ocean) (省略Ocean的普通名詞,"大西洋") the Indian Ocean (此處因省略Ocean後會引發歧義,不能區分是印第安人仍是印度洋,因此不能省略) the Mediterranean (Sea) (地中海) the Dead Sea (不能省略sea,不然沒法區分the Dead[死者]仍是表示死海) the Philippine Islands = the Philippines (省略Island並把羣島的s移到philippine的後邊,用來表示菲律賓羣島,同時也能區分菲律賓人和菲律賓羣島,是很合理的省略) the Alp Mountains = the Alps (省略Mountain並把s移到Alp後邊,表示阿爾卑斯羣山) the Mississippi (River) (密西西比河) the Titanic (Ship) (泰坦尼克號) the Hilton (Hotel) (希爾頓酒店) the United States of America (形容詞和普通名詞組成的名詞短語,加the表示特指稱爲"美國"的那個聯合州,而America是專有名詞,所以不加the) the United Nations (省略of the world的普通名詞,有時簡稱爲the UN) ■The carpenter repaired D. [A] the table's legs [B] table's legs [C] legs of the table [D] the legs of the table 註釋:全部格的兩種表現形式,用於人和其餘生物時用s形式;而用於無生命的物體則用of。本句屬無生物,應用of,而且of the table指出是"那些"桌腿,因此須要定冠詞the。 ■Mr.Smith has three A under his name. [A] shoe stores [B] shoes stores [C] shoe store [D] shoestores 註釋:複合名詞時,前面的名詞放在形容詞位置,當形容詞而用只能爲單數。句中有three限定,所以用stores,故選A。 The house sits on a C road. [A] twelve feet in width [B] of twelve feet [C] twelve-foot-wide [D] twelve-feet 註釋:空格位置是形容詞,只能放單詞而且作形容詞時只能用單數,故選C。 These men and women are all C. [A] language's teachers [B] languages teachers [C] language teachers [D] languages' teachers 註釋:"語言教師"是複合名詞,只能從B、C選,且language作形容詞爲單數,故C。 He ordered C for breakfast. [A] orange juice, bread and butter, coffee, and bacon, and eggs [B] orange, juice, bread, and butter, coffee and bacon, and eggs [C] orange juice, bread and butter, coffee, and bacon and eggs 註釋:bread and butter"奶油土司"是一種食品,而且兩個詞都不可數,所以不須要限定詞;bacon and eggs"火腿蛋"亦是,雖然eggs是可數的,但領頭的bacon不可數,所以也不加限定詞。 The prime minister is the real ruler and prince is merely a C. [A] little [B] small [C] nobody [D] none 註釋:nobody譯爲"無名小卒",做爲普通名詞看待,能夠加a。A、B都是形容詞,而none就是no one,由於no已經就是限定詞了,所以不能加冠詞。{prime minister首要大臣,即重臣。merely僅僅,只不過} ■Living in the city, he was always being annoyed by noises of C. [A] one sort of other [B] one sort of the other [C] one sort or another [D] one or others sorts 註釋:one sort or another是經常使用短語,譯爲"各類各樣的"。它自己其實就是one sort or another sort省略重複單詞的結果。 ■Writing is one thing and talking is quite B. [A] the other [B] another [C] others [D] the others 註釋:another thing和one thing是相對應得兩個經常使用短語,表示"不一樣的兩件事",其中another 是省略了重複詞thing的結果。 The majority of the Members of Parliament are men, but there are D women, of course. [A] few [B] little [C] any [D] quite a few 註釋:any用於否認句或疑問句,疑問句時譯爲"一些",否認句中譯爲"任何",再次此不合適。little修飾不可數名詞,few修飾可數名詞,可是few具備"沒多少"的否認意味,a few則是"有一些"的確定意味。副詞quite用來強調語氣,表示"還很多",而且有鏈接詞but也能夠看出上下文要求確定語氣。 A is what he said: Don't go out! [A] This [B] That [C] The [D] These 註釋:表示上文講過的一句話,能夠用this或that。如:There's going to be a raise.Isn't this/that great? 可是表明下文要說的一句話只能用this。 ■Whether you serve coffee or tea doesn't matter; B will do. [A] any [B] either [C] some [D] all 註釋:二者之間選一個用either,三者之間選一個用any。 As we hac finished the first chapter, now we will read B. [A] second [B] the second [C] second one [D] the two 註釋:the second對稱於前面的the first,而且學生和老師都明白特指的是哪一章。 He has two daughters; one is singer and C an actress. [A] another [B] other [C] the other [D] the others 註釋:兩個,除去唱歌的,就是指明瞭剩下的"那一個",須要定冠詞the。注意the other後省略了is。 ■He asked if eighty dollars was enough, and I said that B twenty would do. [A] more [B] another [C] other [D] the other 註釋:80刀中已有4個20刀,因此再來一個another,就湊夠100刀了。 ■Mary Kurt, A of the troupe, was strongly against smoking. [A] alto [B] the alto [C] an alto [D] altos 註釋:空格位置是Mary Kurt的同位語,同位語時要考慮專有名詞,有根據was判斷是單數,所以符合專有名詞,不加冠詞。alto男高音或女高音,troupe(演出的)一個團或一個班} ■This kid of ball-pen holds A ink than that. [A] less [B] fewer [C] much [D] little 註釋:ink不可數,排除fewer。而且than that比較級,應該用選A。可數時,多用many(比較級more),少用few(less);不可數時,多用much(more),少用little(less); John woeks harder than B boy in his class. [A] all other [B] any other [C] all the other [D] any 註釋:空格後邊是boy,所以用單數的B或D。英語要求嚴格的比較級,只能說比班上"別的"同窗用功,否則會形成"本身比本身用功"的語病,因此須要other來限定範圍。 ■I was told to take the pills B six hours. [A] each [B] every [C] other [D] the other 註釋:多久一次,須要用限定詞every來限定,例如:every day,every week,every two months,every century,every hundred years。雖然six hours是複數,可是像hours、miles、pounds等表明"單位"的字眼也可當單數使用,例如:Three miles is a long way to walk,所以這裏並不衝突。 The man was badly wounded, but there could still be C hope. [A] little [B] few [C] a little [D] a few 註釋:空格後爲不可數名詞,所以用A或C,根據句意因選擇C,表示還有些但願,A則表示"基本沒但願了"。 B these people are going to the concert. [A] The most [B] Most of [C] Most [D] Almost 註釋:空格後有完整的名詞且已有限定詞these,所以不能直接加限定詞,須要用介詞of隔開,並且這裏most表示"大部分"而非高級於是也不用加the,故選B。
1.3 本小節示例及練習 Huang piches a fast ball. Li swings. It looks like a hit. The shortstop fails to stop it. It's a double! 釋意:黃[平洋]投出快速球,李[居明]揮棒,好像是安打,游擊手沒有攔到球,是二壘安打!{pich:投出,用瀝青覆蓋,推銷,球場,瀝青,街頭商販攤位;swing:搖擺,旋轉,動搖;hit:安打;shortstop:(棒球)游擊手} 註釋:體育播報比賽常常會用到一連串的如今簡單式,雖然其並未交代時間副詞,可每一句都是如今發生的,也就是now的一瞬間的最小的括弧。 pitches… -------(*)--------> now Bush is the U.S. President. 布什是現任總統,早幾年或晚幾年都不是,因此句子的時間是以now爲中心的括弧,故用如今簡單式。 is -----(---*---)-----> now All mothers love their children. 古今皆然,媽媽愛小孩,這是以now爲中心的一個極大的括弧,用如今簡單式。 love (-----*----->) now 7-ELEVEN is selling big cokes at a discount this month. be動詞當動詞看,時間副詞this month是以now爲核心的括弧,故用簡單式is。而打折活動是持續動做,所以用如今分詞作補語來強調持續性。 is ----(---*---)----> now this month According to the NASA survey, the ozone layer is being depleted. 本句是以now爲中心的較大的括弧,所以動詞用簡單式,其動詞is做爲連綴動詞則不要被翻譯。being depleted看成補語看待,being只有詞尾-ing的意義"正在…",depleted的過去分詞詞尾-ed有被動的意思"被消耗",being depleted解釋爲"正在被消耗",看成形容詞補語看待,用來形容主語"臭氧層"。{survey:調查,研究,測量;ozone layer:臭氧層;deplete:耗盡,使空竭} is --(---*---)--> now The U.S. established diplomatic relations with the P.R.C. in 1979. in 1979來修飾動詞establish(創建)的時間,表示中美見交發生在這段時間內,所以可用括弧將in 1979括起來,而且括弧在now的左邊,屬於過去時間,故用established。{diplomatic:外交的,老練的} established ----(-----------)-----*----> in 1979 now The movable print was introduced to England in 1485. 時間副詞in 1485是一個發生在過去的括弧,其處在now的左邊,所以動詞采用was,雖然be動詞是無心義的連綴動詞,只用來鏈接主語和補語,其雖不須要翻譯但必須用be動詞來決定時態。過去分詞introduced看成形容詞補語看待,其過去分詞詞尾-ed表達被動的意義。 was --(----------)----*---> in 1485 now I was visiting clients the whole day yesterday. 把be動詞視爲動詞,時間副詞the whole day yesterday做爲一個過去時間的括弧,所以動詞時態爲過去式的was,雖然be動詞是無心義的連綴動詞,用來鏈接主語和補語,其不須要翻譯但要用來決定時態。如今分詞visiting看成形容詞補語看待,其如今分詞詞尾-ing表達一種持續性,即"正在"、"一直"的口吻。 was --(--------------------------------)------*----> the whole day yesterday now I was watching TV when I heard the doorbell. 時間副詞when I heard the doorbell是過去發生的很短的瞬間的時間括弧,因此動詞須要用過去簡單式。be動詞用於鏈接主語和形容詞補語,其自己並沒有具體意義,如今分詞watching表示持續動做,"正在"、"一直"看電視。 was --(----------------------------------)-----*----> when I heard the doorbell now The witness was being questioned in court when he had a heart attack. 時間副詞when he had a heart attack是心臟病突發瞬間的最小的時間括弧,而其中的had表示是過去發生的時間,故該句是be動詞選用was的過去簡單式。be動詞鏈接主語和形容詞補語,即:being和questioned兩個分詞都視爲形容詞,be動詞自己無心義,此處的being用形容詞詞尾-ing表示"正在",過去分詞questioned用形容詞詞尾-ed表示"被質詢",所以作主語補語的being questioned解釋爲"正在被質詢"。{witness:證人} was --(------------------------------------)------*-----> when he had a heart arrack now There will be a major election in March. 時間副詞in March是發生在將來的時間括弧,所以採用簡單式。由於事情還未發生,尚不肯定,因此要加助動詞will,譯爲"到時候會"。 will be ------*-----(-------------)---> now in March Don't call me at six tomorrow. I'll still be sleeping then. 時間副詞then,表明明天早上6:00那一刻,是最小的時間括弧,由於在now右邊故採用將來簡單式。把be動詞當作動詞,將來式will be後邊的sleeping作形容詞補語,其詞尾-ing表示持續性,譯爲:"在睡覺"。將來式動詞will be中,連綴動詞be無心義不須要翻譯,只須要解釋will部分"會"便可。 will be ------*-------(--------------------)----> now then at six tomorrow The building will be razed next month. 時間副詞next month是發生在將來的時間括弧,故用將來簡單式。將來式will be後面的過去分詞作形容詞補語,用來修飾主語"房子",其過去分詞詞尾-ed表示被動的意味,譯爲:"被拆除"。 will be ------*-------(---------------)-----> now next month I'm sure I have seen this face somewhere. I'm sure的動詞am能夠表示是如今時間,除此以外,再無時間副詞交代具體時間,也就是說:"看到"這個動做沒有明確括出是哪一個時間段發生的,只有個箭頭狀的描述,表示截止到如今爲止。這就是典型的如今完成式的條件,故用have been,譯爲:"看過"。 have seen……| --------------------*-----> now We have been working overtime for a week to fill your order. 譯爲:咱們持續加班一個星期趕出你定的貨。 把be動詞當動詞看,則動詞時態劃分爲簡單式和完成式兩種。時間副詞for a week表示「到如今,算算有一個星期之久了」,這時候重點在於「算到如今已經有……了」,所以強調的是截止時間,是箭頭形狀的時間狀態,故採用完成式have been來配合。be動詞後的如今分詞working作補語,其形容詞詞尾-ing表示持續性,表達「一直在加班」的意思,用來形容主語We。have been中,be做爲無心思的連綴動詞而沒必要翻譯,只要翻譯出完成式的部分「已經」和時間副詞「有一個星期」便可。 have seen…………| ------------------------*---> for a week now The house has been redecorated twice since they moved in. 時間副詞since they moved in雖然是表示開始計算的時間點,但語氣重點是「算到如今是多久,截止到如今是多久」,因此仍用完成式。redecorated是過去分詞形式的形容詞補語,表示被動的意味。 |……>have seen…………| -------*---------------------------*---> moved in now Many soldiers had died from pneumonia before the discovery of penicillin. 時間副詞before the discovery of penicillin(盤尼西林發現於1928年)是一個以1928年爲截止的箭頭,而且其發生在now的左側,故用過去完成式had died。過去完成式就是用來表示發生於過去的某個截止時間點以前的事情。 had died --------------------------------*------------*-----> discovery now before the discovery………| I had been smoking three packs of cigarettes a day before I decided to quit. 時間副詞before I decided to quit表示「在我決定之間」,是到「我決定」的那個時間點的箭頭,其時間副詞的動詞用了過去式decided,表示是過去下的決定,因此用過去完成式had been。形容詞短語smoking three packs作補語,-ing詞尾表示持續性,即:其天天都抽三包煙而且「一直如此」,來形容主語。 had been ---------------------------*----------*-----> decided now before I decided………| Japan had not been defeated yet by the time Germany surrendered unconditionally. 時間副詞是「算到德國無條件投降爲止」,是一個截止在過去時間的箭頭,要用過去完成式。連綴動詞be無心義沒必要翻譯,形容詞補語是過去分詞defeated,具備被動的意味,即:「被戰勝」,用來形容日本。 had not been -----------------------------------------------*---------------*-----> surrendered now by the time Germany surrendered………| Next April, I will have worked here for 20 years. 本句中,雖然有時間副詞Next April表示一個括弧的時間,彷佛應該用簡單式。但本句真實的另外一個時間副詞是for 20 years,表示「算到四月爲止有20年了」,所以是一個箭頭時間的形式。再者,一我的不能再四月爲公司工做20年,這裏的next april表示的是一個截止時間,因此要用完成式。這個截止時刻在now的右側,所以動詞前加will,是將來完成式。 will have worked ----*-------------------(----)----------------> now next April for 20 years………| Come back at 5:00. Your car will have been fixed by then. 翻譯:五點再來吧,那時候你的車確定已經修好了。 時間副詞by then表示「到那個時候」,而時間副詞5:00表示具體時刻,也就是「到5點的時候」是箭頭時間形式,而且截止時間在now的右側,故要用將來完成式will have been。連綴動詞be無心義沒必要翻譯,只要翻譯時態「已經」來鏈接主語和過去分詞補語("-ed詞尾表示被修好")便可。 will have been ----*-------------------*----------------> now 5:00 by then………| In two more minutes, she will have been talking on the phone for three hours! 時間副詞In two more minutes和for 3 hours表示「再過2分鐘,算到那時就有3個小時了」,是一個發生在未來的now右側的箭頭時間形式,應該用未來完成式will have been。be動詞無心義不翻譯,所以只要翻譯時態「已經」便可。形容詞補語talking on the phone表示持續性,即:一直在說。 will have been ----*-------------------*----------------> now in 2 minutes for 3 hours………| So far we C nothing from him. [A] have been heard [B] did not hear [C] have heard [D] have not heard 註釋:時間副詞so far表示"到目前爲止",是個箭頭時間形式,故用完成式。而主語是we,表示"聽到……消息"時應該用主動語態,故從C和D中選擇,應爲空格後跟有否認詞nothing,所以選擇C。 At present a new road D in that part of the city. [A] is building [B] will be built [C] will have built [D] is being built 註釋:時間副詞at present表示"如今",應用如今簡單式,所以從A和D中選擇。而主語road和動詞build配合應代表"被建造"的意思,故形容詞補語選擇具備"被動"意味的,故選D。 Our city B a great deal. It doesn't resemble the one of three years ago. [A] changes [B] has changed [C] is changing [D] will change 註釋:句子的後半句表示"如今它和三年前以大不相同",所以能夠看出空格部分表示的是從三年前到如今的變化,強調的是"到如今"這個時間點,是箭頭時間形式,所以用如今完成式,即B。若是沒有第二句的描述,A和C也是正確的,表示"常常在變"。{resemble:動詞,表示"與……類似","像"的意思;} When Anna phoned me I had just finished my work and A to take a bath. [A] was starting [B] have started [C] starting [D] will start 註釋:時間副詞when Anna phoned me和已知動詞had just finished可知動做發生在過去,是發生在過去的時間括弧,因此排除如今式B和未來式D。空格是由對等鏈接And鏈接的,其要求對稱,所以只能選擇僅有的動詞短語A,以便於had just finished對稱。另外,時間副詞是過去的時間括弧,前半句I had just finished強調一種"截止到那時剛完成做業"的意味,因此用過去完成式,而I was starting則表示"在那段時間括弧我要作什麼",所以用過去簡單式,形容詞補語starting表示」正在……,持續的意思「。 ■There C some very bad storms recently. [A] is [B] are [C] have been [D] have 註釋:時間副詞recently表示"不久前到如今爲止",是箭頭時間形式,故用完成式。表示"有"的句型用there is/are,其完成式爲There have been。 The future price of this stock D by several factors. [A] is going to determine [B] will determine [C] will be determine [D] will be determined 註釋:主語future price表示將來價格,所以時間是在將來。整句的意思是在"將來時間括弧"內的價格由多種因素決定,故用未來簡單式B或D,而主語和動詞determin明顯應該用被動態配合,所以形容詞補語採用被動式,故選D。 The camera was invented in the 19th century. At that time, most photographers B professionals. [A] are [B] were [C] have been [D] bad been 註釋:時間副詞at that time(the 19th century),表示過去的那段時間括弧。所以用過去簡單式,即B。 The whole area was flooded because it C for weeks. [A] rains [B] has rained [C] had been raining [D] was raining 註釋:時間副詞for weeks和動詞was flooded,表示是過去時間,並且for weeks強調已經有數週了,強調一種"截止到目前"已經有數週了的意味,故選用過去完成式。形容詞補語rainning採用-ing詞尾表示動做的持續,故C。 By next Sunday you A with us for three months. [A] will have stayed [B] will stay [C] shall stay [D] have stayed 解釋:時間副詞by next Sunday,表示到下個週日爲止,是發生在未來的箭頭時間形式,並且for three months也有強調"到那時已有三個月了"的意味,所以選用未來完成式A。 ■We could smell that some one C a cigar. [A] would be smoking [B] was smoked [C] had been smoking [D] would be smoked 註釋:主語some one和動詞smoke應採用主動語態,所以形容詞補語表示不能爲被動語態,故排除B和D。而would be somking表示"將抽未抽",如此就不能聞出來,只能選擇過去完成式,表示"到聞到煙味這個時刻爲止,咱們能夠聞出來",是箭頭時間形式,故選擇C。 Boy: Do you want to go and see Gone with the Wind with me tonight? ■Girl: No! I have seen (see) it. 註釋:強調的是看過,而不是什麼時候看的。即"到如今爲止,已經看過",所以是箭頭時間形式,故have seen。 Boy: Oh, really? When did you see it? Girl: I went (go) to see it the first day it was on -- last Monday. 註釋:時間副詞the first day it was on,表示它第一次上映的那個時間括弧,應用過去簡單式,故went. ■Boy: To tell you the truth, I have seen it too. In fact, I had seen (see) it before you did. 註釋:時間副詞before you did,表示截止到你看以前,是箭頭時間形式,引用過去完成式had seen。 Girl: That's impossible. I tole you I saw it the first day it was on. ■Boy: But it's the truth! I saw (see) it seven or eight years ago, the last time that old picture came (come) in town. 註釋:時間副詞seven or eight years ago,清楚的標示出動做發生在"七八年前這個時間段",是括弧時間形式,故用過去簡單式。若是用過去完成式had seen也沒錯,表示"到七八年前爲止的之前,已經看過"的意思,強調的語氣側重點稍有不一樣。 時間副詞the last time,則表示動做發生在上次來鎮裏的那個時間括弧段,故用過去簡單式。 Girl: In that case, why did you ask me to go in the first place? ■Boy: Well, I just wanted (want) to go out with you tonight. Since you have seen the picture, will you go to the baseball game with me instead? 註釋:句子的問題是why did you……, 故回答是wanted。此外,句子問題是"爲啥一開始請我去(時間段)?",回答"那個時間括弧段",我是想約你今晚出去,由於發生的時間確切,故用過去簡單式。 Girl: I guess (guess) I will, if Father says Okay. But you will have to pick me up at my place. 註釋:發生時間就是now,應用如今簡單式。 Boy: Great! I will see (see) you at 5:30 then. I'll bring my car. 註釋:發生在確切的5:30這個瞬間的時間括弧段,故用將來簡單式。 Girl: But why 5:30? Why not seven o' clock? ■Boy: Because the game will have been starting (start) by then. These evening games will begin (begin) at 6:30, you know. Don't forget now, 5:30 at your place! 註釋:時間副詞by then,表示"到了那個時候,已經開始了",是箭頭時間形式,而且發生在將來,故爲未來完成式will have been。而比賽是個持續性動做,故形容詞補語用-ing形式表示持續性,即will have been starting。注意,這裏也能夠使用would have started,用would表示假設語氣,"若是拖到7點纔去,那就看不成了"這樣的口吻。 時間副詞at 6:30,表示全部的這些比賽(these evening games)發生在肯定的6:30這個時間括弧中,又由於還未開始,故爲未來簡單式will begin。
1.4 本小節示例及練習: I am glad to know you. 本句是很常見的簡單句子,可是「爲何用不定式,而不用動名詞knowing you」? 緣由是:不定式來自助動詞的變化,如該句可改寫成:I am glad because I can know you. ---> 進一步改寫成:I am glad because I am able to know you. 此時,句子是鏈接詞because引導的副詞從句,從句的主語I和主句的主語I相同,能夠省略重複元素,而be動詞是無心義的連綴動詞,這樣就能夠省略從句中的「I am」。可是,當從句省略了主語I和連綴動詞be以後,剩下的內容已經不能構成一個完整的從句結構了,如此一來,鏈接詞becuase也就沒有存在的必要,剩下的不定式to know you自己就帶有able to的暗示,因此就變成:I am glad to know you. 翻譯爲「很高興能認識你」,這裏的to know就是able to know,也就是can know的變化。 I will go. (不定式與助動詞共同點——後均接動詞原型) I want to go. (不定式與助動詞共同點——後均接動詞原型) He is right. He may be right. (不定式與助動詞共同點——均有「不肯定」的語氣) He seems to be right. (不定式與助動詞共同點——均有「不肯定」的語氣) It must be raining now. (助動詞用來猜想如今或將來時間的事情) 聽到外邊「嘩啦嘩啦「的聲音,必定下雨了。must自己沒有過去式的拼法,must用來猜想如今或將來時間的事情。 must be -------*--------> now It may rain any minute. (助動詞用來猜想如今或將來時間的事情) 看到天空烏雲密佈,隨時均可能下雪。 It might even snow. (助動詞用來猜想如今或將來時間的事情) 翻譯爲:說不定還會下雪。這兩句都是將來時態,這時的may、might不表示如今式或過去式,僅表示比較保留、比較沒有把握的猜想語氣,might比may更沒有把握。本句中,may、might是用來猜想如今或將來時間的事情,因而可知不定式和助動詞都只能用來猜想如今和將來的事情,這種重要的」不肯定語氣「能夠用來判斷什麼時候該用不定式。 may rain might snow ------*------(-----------------)---> now any minute It must have rained last night. (不定式與助動詞共同點——均缺少表達過去時間的能力,須要用完成式來表達相對的過去時間) 早上起來看到地上溼溼的,昨晚必定下過雨。 must have rained ----(------------------------)------*---> last night now It seems to have rained last night. (不定式與助動詞共同點——均缺少表達過去時間的能力,須要用完成式來表達相對的過去時間) 翻譯爲:昨晚好像下過雨。句中的seems是如今式,表示"如今看起來"、"如今推測",但是推測的是昨天晚上的事情,因此下雨應該是過去式。不定式和助動詞都只能表示語氣強弱的差異,沒法表達過去時間,而且所以其後要跟動詞原型,故也不能用動詞過去式表示過去時間,所以只好用完成式來表示過去。 to have rained seems ----(--------------------)--------*------> last night now They plan to marry next month. (svo) 本句中的to marry next month是plan的賓語,賓語位置應該放名詞,可爲何不放動名詞,而放不定式呢?原句可轉變爲They plan that they will marry next month,而marry是計劃中的事情,下月才發生,故用將來式,而後再把they will marry改爲they are to marry,這時候省略掉重複的主語和連綴動詞be,就成了不定式They plan to marry next month。此外,不定式表示對」如今或未來的猜想「,是不肯定的語氣,而動名詞適合描述既成事實的事情。 I avoid making the same mistake twice. (svo) 本局中使用動名詞making會比不定式to make恰當,由於to make其實就是will make的省略,既然主句意義爲」避免「,而不定式又表示」將會作「,意思就變得矛盾不清楚了, 所以這裏適合動名詞。 I avoid something. (svo) avoid表示"避免",其後的賓語位置應該放名詞,所以只有動名詞和不定式能夠作名詞。而不定式有"將會作"的意思,即:I will make the same mistake twice,這樣就與句意有衝突,因此這就是傳統語法所說的avoid後只能接動名詞的緣由。 I hate to say this, but I think you're mistaken. (svo) 本句中,hate雖然也有否認的意味,但其後依然接了不定式to say ,這是由於to say是must say的變化,在句中表示"雖然很不肯意說,可是不得不說"的意味,所以是符合句子的語意的。 I like to be the first. (svo) 翻譯爲:我喜歡排第一。不定式to be是I can be的變化,使用不定式是合理的。 I don't like to wait too long. (svo) 不定式to wait是I will wait的變化,使用不定時也是合理的。 I dislike standing in long lines. (svo) 本句中,dislike表示不喜歡,其自己具備否認的意味,而不定式意味着"將會去作",而且dislike也沒有"不得不作"的意思,因此這裏"不喜歡"和"不定式的將會作"會衝突,因此這裏適用動名詞。 I always try to be on time. (svo) 本句中,to be on time視爲I can be on time的變化,主語動詞try有"嘗試"的不肯定意味,因此後接不定式to be on time表示"但願可以準時"。 Why don't you try being late for a change? (svo) 本句中,假設主語每次約會都很準時,結果對方遲到好久,別人會指點他說:"下次故意遲到試試看"。準時不是哪麼容易作到的,不肯定的不可控因素太多,因此能夠說try to be on time(I try if I can be on time),但本句的遲到確實很容易必定作獲得的,不存在不肯定性的因素,因此不適合用不定式。此句中,若是用不定式就成爲I try to be late(I try if I can be late,我努力嘗試遲到,但不肯定可以成功),聽起來很怪異。而本句中的try being late for a change,是表示"遲到"是必定能作到的,不存在不肯定性,因此沒用不定式,但try所暗示的不肯定性,再也不"遲到"一事自己,而是在"試試遲到一下的後果會如何"。 Please remember to give me a wake-up call at 6:00 tomorrow. (vo) 本句中,要求服務生明天打電話叫起牀,也就是(Please remember you must give me a call),可是電話還沒打,仍是存在不肯定性的,因此must give或will give就演化成to give。 I remember calling her at 6:00 last night. (svo) 本句彙總,沒有用不定式而用了動名詞,表示"我記得昨天曾打過電話(I remember that I called her last night)",是既成事實而沒有不肯定的語氣,故用動名詞calling。 The speaker stopped talking at the second bell. (svo) 本句的talking能夠視爲he was talking的變化,表示演講是一直持續的動做,而後才停下來,表示動做的持續性。 The speaker stopped a second to drink some water. (sv) 本句中的不定式to drink是he could drink的變化:The speaker stopped a second so that he could drink some water,so that引到的副詞從句表示"爲了要喝口水",從句是爲了修飾動詞stopped的緣由,改爲不定式表示"停下來,將要喝口水(to drink some water)",這個不定式短語仍然是副詞類用來修飾動詞stopped。 The little girl asked her mother to come to the PTA meeting. (svoc) 本句翻譯爲:小女孩邀請她媽媽來開母姊會。句子能夠改寫成:The little girl asked if her mother would come to the PTA meeting. (svo),ask是普通動詞,邀請人蔘加,但別的意願是不肯定的,因此會牽涉到語氣助詞would come,進而演化爲不定式to come。 The teacher made the little girl stay behind. (svoc) 翻譯爲:老師叫小女孩留下來。本句描述祈使句中的使役動詞後接動詞原型的狀況,祈使句(命令句)中使用動詞原型,像let、have、make等使役動詞後要接動詞原型,就是由於這種強迫性質的語氣,其結果是肯定的,已沒有助動詞存在的空間,因此不會演變爲不定式。 The teacher asked the little girl to stay behind. (svoc) 若是老師客氣的問道,Will you stay behind?這是小女孩就有選擇的自由,其是否留下來的結果是不肯定的,因此會有助動詞,進而演化爲不定式。 John had his car painted over. (svoc) 本句翻譯爲:約翰把車子讓人從新漆過了。使役動詞後便不只僅能夠跟動詞原型,由於had……done表示讓別人幫本身作了什麼事。 I heard her playing the violin. (svoc) 本句翻譯爲:我聽到她在拉小提琴。感官動詞後節動詞原型的狀況,像see、hear、watch這種感受字眼,只能配合確實發生的事情使用,而不能和帶有"不肯定、未發生"涵義的不定式連用。本句中,感官動詞與如今分詞連用,表示她正在拉小提琴被我聽到,這裏用如今分詞表示動詞的持續性。 I heard her cry out in pain. (svoc) 翻譯爲:我聽到他痛得大叫一聲,這裏感官動詞後接動詞原型,表示叫聲並不連續,聽見她痛的叫了一聲。若是用如今分詞,則成爲She was crying in pain(她很痛苦,一直哭。),表示動做的持續性,即一直在哭,這樣意思就變了,這時即不能用如今分詞、也不能用不定式、也不能用過去分詞(非被動),所以只能用動詞原型了。 ■Not wishing to attend the dance, Marie D that she had a fever. [A] made believed [B] make believe [C] makes believe [D] made believe 註釋:從she had a fever能夠看出是過去式,而且使役動詞make後接動詞原型,故選D。注意,make believe兩字連用時表示"僞裝",已成爲經常使用短語。 ■He is said by his friends A. [A] to be gentle and gracious [B] to have graciousness and gentle [C] gentle and a gracious man [D] that is a gentle and gracious man 註釋:動詞is said翻譯爲"聽說",暗示其具備不肯定性,所以用不定式。而A和B選項中均有and鏈接詞,故須要and兩端對稱,而B中的graciousness(名詞)和gentle(形容詞)並不對稱,故選A。{gentle:溫和的,文雅的,出身名門的; gracious:親切的,高尚的,優雅的} ■B any aspect of animal behavior, the biologist must first determine the laws influencing animal behavior. [A] Explain [B] To explain [C] One explains [D] The explanation of 註釋:主語biologist和動詞must first determine構成一個獨立的從句,其前面添加一個動詞(A)、一個無鏈接詞的從句(C)、一個名詞短語(D)都會形成句型錯誤,而只有不定式(B)修飾語性質,能夠依附在獨立從句上而不影響其句型。{aspect:(問題的)方面,(實物的)一部分,觀點,角度;influence:影響、感染,[美俚]在(飲料)中加烈酒;spectacle:奇觀,展現,景象;make a spectacle of onself:出洋相} "I'll help you whenever you need me". "good. I'd like C me tomorrow". [A] you helping [B] that will help [C] you to help [D] that you help 註釋:根據句意是"但願明天來幫忙",這就牽涉到"可否來"、"是否有意願來"等不肯定的語氣,所以應該用助動詞或者不定式。而that will help是形容詞從句不能放在like後作賓語(名詞或不定式可作賓語),於是只能選擇C,you做賓語,to help作賓語補語。 ■"Where did he go?" "He went to another store A. " [A] to buy slacks [B] for buy slacks [C] buy slacks [D] buying slacks 註釋:回答的內容翻譯爲"他到另外一家店買褲子",其做爲問題"他去哪兒了?"的答案,具備說明動機或目的的做用(說明動機或目的最好用in order to、或直接用to來表示),故A優於表示"持續動做"的Ving形態的D。而B位於介詞後的動詞應用動名詞,C直接在獨立從句後加上動詞是錯誤語法。{slacks:便褲,寬鬆的長褲;slack:鬆弛的,懈怠的,逃避工做} ■C the silkworm makes a liquid in its body and then squeezes it out through special holes. [A] It makes silk [B] Making silk [C] To make silk, [D] Silk is made by 註釋:空格後是個獨立從句,前面加上無鏈接詞的從句(A)、介詞(D)都不符合語法要求。如今分詞B和不定式C在此類上符合要求,可是這些修飾語置於句首時須要用逗號","隔開,故選C。 I am a peaceful person. Don't make me A violence. [A] use [B] using [C] to use [D] used by 註釋:使役動詞後接動詞原形作補語。 ■Americans C bacon and eggs for breakfast every day. [A] used to having [B] are used to have [C] are used to having [D] used to 註釋:be used to表示"習慣了",其後的to是介詞,意爲"對"某事習慣了,所以後跟名詞,故選C。若是用used to,則可視其爲助動詞看待,表示"從前經常",所以其後跟動詞原型。 ■The bus driver told the man B his naughty son to hang out the window. [A] to don't allow [B] not to allow [C] not allowing [D] don't allowing 註釋:told the man表示"叫別人去作……",含有"建議、要求"的意味,也就是The driver said to the man that he should……之意,所以後接助動詞的變化——不定式,故選A或B,不定式不是限定動詞,不能用don't表示否認,只能用not,故選B。 ■To get an education, A. [A] one must work hard [B] working hard is necessary [C] there is need to work hard [D] hard work is needed 註釋:to get an education是so that(或in order to) one can get an education的意思,因此後面的主要從句應用one作主語。 The purpose of the investigation is C the suspect's degree of involvement in the crime. [A] to ascertaining [B] ascertaining [C] to ascertain [D] ascertained 註釋:主語purpose是"目的",而be動詞後的空格是補語,所以只能是不定式和動名詞,但這裏表示目的,所以用不定式(表明in order to)更合適。 The witness went on the witness stand C by the prosecution. [A] being questioned [B] to question [C] to be questioned [D] questioning 註釋:by the prosecution意爲"被檢方",因此要用更被動語態,故A和C中選。Being questioined表示"正在被質詢",與went on the witness stand(走向證人席)衝突,所以應用不定式C,表示"走上臺後纔要被質詢"。{prosecution:起訴、原告} ■You can playback the answering machine. She C. [A] will call [B] could call [C] could have called [D] is calling 註釋:playback是"播放",所以帶子上應該已經有了聲音,表示"她可能來過電話了",表示對過去的猜想,所以助動詞只能用完成式表示相對過去的時間,故選C。 You should avoid B vague words in your composition. [A] to use [B] using [C] the use [D] to using 註釋:avoid表示"避免",具備強烈的否認覺得,而不定式表示"去作"或"將要作",就會產生衝突。並且空格部分作賓語,所以只能用動名詞B或C。C中的the use作avoid賓語須要用介詞鏈接上下文,例如avoid the use of vague words,故選B。{vague:模糊的、含糊的;avoid:避免;void:空白、無效的;valid:有效的,正確的。} ■He is waiting at the restaurant for a free table because he forgot B a reservation in advance. [A] making [B] to make [C] made [D] have to make 註釋:從上下文能夠看出,意思是"他事先應該訂位,可是卻忘了",故譯爲:He forgot that he should make……,故用其不定式的變化B。{in advance:提早,預先} We can go out now. It stopped B quite a while ago. [A] rain [B] raining [C] to rain [D] rained 註釋:raining有持續的暗示,stopped raining表示以前一直下雨,後來停了,故選B。{quite a while:剛剛} ■C able to write an academic paper, you must do a lot of library research. [A] Be [B] Being [C] To be [D] Before 註釋:從句由逗號隔開,所以一般用不定式或者動名詞,但主句有you must……,即:表示目的(in order to),因此用不定式更合適。 ■He always has his shoes D at the railway station. [A] shone [B] to shine [C] shining [D] shined 註釋:has的後邊可還原爲his shoes are shined……,表示"他的鞋正在被……別人嚓"。把主語shoes改爲賓語,補語shined改爲賓語補語,便是答案。 Don't sit up too late, for night is a time B. [A] resting [B] to rest [C] that rests [D] when rest 註釋:to rest還原成when you should rest,即不定式是助動詞的變化,故選B。C用形容詞從句表示"夜晚自己在休息",D則缺失了主語。 ■He was made B the Bible every night before going to bed. [A] read [B] to read [C] reading [D] reads 註釋:make雖然是使役動詞,要用動詞原型作補語,可是注意其變成被動語態時,就要把to放回去成爲不定式,故選B。
1.5 本小節示例及練習: Let me buy you a drink. (普通名詞,表示"喝一杯") Drinking is his only vice. (動名詞,其保留若干程度的"動做"意味,而且有"持續性"的暗示。表示"習慣性、常常性"的喝。{vice:n.缺點、惡習;adj.副的,代理的}) I am not afraid of death, but I am scared of dying. (普通名詞death表明"死亡"的抽象概念,動名詞dying表明"動做過程",暗示動名詞具備"動做、持續"的特色) There are two weddings at the restaurant tonight. (只有少數的動名詞是可數的[two weddings],大多數動名詞不可數,其用法也和普通名詞相同,動名詞還可有冠詞[the burning]、全部格[his running];而不定式則只能加動詞原型並以短語形態出現[to run,to leave]) I really enjoyed teaching English to school children at night. (svo) {動名詞teaching可視爲名詞從句的變化,只要把主語和be動詞放回去就能夠還原成一個名詞從句:I really enjoyed that I taught English to school children at night. (svo)。咱們從簡化(reduction)的角度考慮,若是要簡化句子,那麼咱們須要拆除原先的svo結構中的賓語部分,即:省略相同的主語I,若是動詞taught也省掉則達到了拆除的目的,可是動詞taught具備實際意義不能直接省略,所以須要作動狀詞(verbals)的詞類變換,而作賓語的名詞只有動名詞和不定式。其中,不定式是助動詞的變化,帶有"不肯定"的語氣,而動名詞帶有"持續性"的意味,本句更適合採用"持續性"教學活動的動名詞。因而本句變爲that I was teaching English to school children at night,而後省略掉重複主語、無心義的be動詞,整句就變成:I really enjoyed teaching English to school children at night.} Picking strawberries can be fun. (svc) {動名詞複合化後組成動名詞短語,可用做主語。真正隱含的主語因省略而看不出來,只能籠統的看成anybody,其可還原爲名詞從句:That anybody picks strawberries can be fun. (svo)。在複合動名詞短語中,strawberries是pick的賓語。} The picking of strawberries requires patience. (svo) {定冠詞the和picking組成一個名詞短語,所以後邊不能再有賓語,於是要改爲介詞短語形式of strawberries來做爲the picking的修飾語。} Strawberry-picking is a strenuous job. (svc) {strawberry-picking是複合字,strawberries拿到picking前面放在形容詞的位置使用,所以strawberries要改爲單數,而且中間添加hyphen"-"串聯成符合名詞,相似於mountain-climbing。} {strenuous[strenjuəs]:adj:奮發的,費力的,繁重的,積極的;} I don't like that John calls my girlfriend day after day. (svo) {主從句的主語不一致的名詞性從句的簡化時,須要用全部格保留從句主語。原句中,賓語從句的動詞call沒有助動詞,並且是日復一日持續的,因此只能改爲動名詞calling。直接改爲:I don't like calling my girlfriend day after day的話,語意就變了。緣由就是從句主語John和主句主語I不一致,因此要在calling前加全部格,把賓語主語John附加在calling前面,變成:I don't like John's calling my girlfriend day after day. (svo)。} That I was invited here is a great honor. (svc) {動名詞的被動語態,須要借用無心義的be動詞的動名詞詞尾"-ing"來表達其名詞特性。原句中的主語從句省略主語I和無心義的be動詞就變成了過去分詞短語invited here,它只能當形容詞使用,不能作主語,所以要用到詞類變化:改爲名詞形式the invitation或者借用be動詞的動名詞詞尾,一方面保留動詞invited的被動態、一方面動名詞being也符合名詞的詞類要求,即:Being invited here is a great honor. (svc)。} That flying bird is a black-faced spoonbill. (如今分詞是形容詞,具備強烈暗示"正在進行"的意味,其能夠拿到典型形容詞位置——補語位置來驗證,That bird is flying. (svc)。) That flying jacket looks smart on you. (動名詞是名詞,能夠拿到典型名詞位置——介詞位置來驗證,That's a jacket for flying.。) The barber's apprentice practiced shaving (shave) on a watermelon. (shave"刮臉"是持續行動做,而practice也暗示要持續一段時間,故用shaving) ■I love watching/to watch (watch) horror movies alone. (watching表示"看電影"是件持續進行的事情,而to watch則表示"想要去看"的意思) ■Listening (Listen) to music can be very relaxing. ("聽音樂"和dancing、mountain-climbing等持續的活動多用動名詞) You must not forget to pay (pay) the phone bill. (must not forget暗示電話費"還沒有付,應該去付",故用表示"不肯定"的不定式。) ■The workers finished painting (paint) and left. (動詞暗示已經完成,故不適合"不肯定"意味的不定式,因用painting表示即成事實。) Seeing is believing (believe). (先後對稱) To see is to believe (believe). (先後對稱) Thank you for calling (call). (介詞後只能跟動名詞,不能用不定式) John's leaving (leave) the party so early was rather impolite. (全部格後只能跟動名詞,不能用不定式) I really enjoyed being (be) at your party. (enjoy表示"樂在其中",用"不肯定"的不定式意味着"不必定樂的起來",因此只能用表示"正在進行"的being。) I just took C and don't feel like swimming now. [A] swimming [B] to swim [C] a swim [D] swim 註釋:take a swim表示剛剛"遊一趟",後面的swimming則表示有"游泳運動"。 ■I resent D a hypocrite, especially when I'm telling the truth. [A] calling [B] called [C] being calling [D] being called 註釋:翻譯爲"我討厭被叫作僞君子,特別是我明明說了實話"。後半句的語意代表前半句應用被動語態,於是選D。{hypocrite:僞君子,僞善者;resent:恨、生氣;} ■D outside my window every night is getting on my nerves. [A] The cats screaming [B] The cats to scream [C] Screaming cats [D] The cat's screaming 註釋:動詞爲單數is,A、B、C主語都是cats,動詞應用複數,只有全部格D爲單數。 ■Learning a language is B all about the culture. [A] to learn [B] learning [C] learn [D] learned 註釋:空格在be動詞後,應該爲主語補語的位置,因此要求和主語對稱,則選動名詞B。 A is a very exacting sport. [A] Mountain-climbing [B] Climb mountains [C] To climb mountains [D] Mountains-climbing 註釋:持續性動做用動名詞,故A或D。mountain放在形容詞位置,因此不能用複數,所以選A。 ■In doing magic, the trick lies in D your audience. [A] divert [B] diversion [C] to divert [D] diverting 註釋:介詞in後面應該用名詞而不能用不定式,故選名詞diversion或動名詞diverting,而空格後面又有名詞your audience,因此須要用動名詞diverting,your audience作它的賓語,故D。{divert:轉移,娛樂} ■The workers objected to D like slaves. [A] be treated [B] treating [C] treat [D] being treated 註釋:object to解釋爲"對某事表示反對",因此是介詞,後接名詞,故B或D。語意有被動意味"被當作奴隸看待",故選D。 ■Everyone marveled at A the French Open. [A] Michael Chang's winning [B] Michael Chang's win [C] Michael Chang to win [D] Michael Chang win 註釋:讓人驚奇的是"張德培贏得法國公開賽"這件事,而C和D強調的是人,因此不和句意。而從句中的win是動詞,後接賓語the French Open,因此全部格後要用動名詞winning,the French Open作它的賓語。{marvel:n.奇異的事,使人吃驚的人;v.驚異於,驚異;marveled:奇蹟的,使人吃驚的} If you don't mind D so, I think you are in the wrong. [A] saying [B] to say [C] I say [D] my saying 註釋:句意爲"不介意我這樣說的話",故只從C和D選。空格部分,應該爲賓語,應用名詞類的my saying so作mind的賓語,故選D。 He is used to lectures D he's a teacher. [A] give [B] gift [C] given [D] giving 註釋:be used to是"對某事習慣了、習慣於",這裏的to是介詞,used to是"過去經常",這裏應該用動名詞D。
1.6 本小節示例及練習: That black dog doesn't bite. (形容詞在名詞短語中修飾名詞) A barking dog doesn't bite. (如今分詞看做形容詞在名詞短語中修飾名詞) The dog is black. (形容詞作補語) The dog is barking. (如今分詞看成形容詞作補語) Clean water is safe to drink. (形容詞在名詞短語中修飾名詞) Boiled water is safe to drink. (過去分詞看成形容詞在名詞短語修飾名詞) The water is clean. (形容詞作補語) The water is boiled. (過去分詞看成形容詞作補語) I can't find my wallet. It's gone. (帶有"完成"暗示的過去分詞,由於go是不及物動詞,因此非被動語態,應解釋爲It's gone.(svc),gone是形容詞補語,具備"完成"的暗示,解釋爲:"跑掉了、不見了"來形容主語it。) The leaves are all fallen, now that winter is here. (帶有"完成"暗示的過去分詞,fall也是不及物動詞,此處應解釋爲完成,即:The leaves are fallen.(svc),"葉子落下來了") I'm done.It's all yours. (帶有"完成"暗示的過去分詞,雖然do是及物動詞,但是不能解釋爲:"我被作了",只能說:"我作完了",所以done仍是看做形容詞,解釋爲完成意義"我作完了") He is disappointed at his scores. (過去分詞帶有"被動"、"完成"的暗示。一些表示"感受"的字眼,在難以分辨用"主動"仍是"被動"語態時,能夠先還原成簡單句,如:His scores disappoint him.(svo) [他的分數令他失望],這樣就容易看出主語是he時,應該用被動態He is disappointed at his scores. 雖然是被動態,可這些表示"感受"的字眼大都是形容詞意味大過動做的意味,因此被動的意味不明顯,後面通常不用被動態介詞by,而用其餘介詞,本例用介詞at。) His scores are disappointing. (如今分詞帶有"正在進行"、"一直"的暗示。主語是His scores,是無機物而且要作補語時候應該用主動態,許多表示"感受"的字眼均可以依照這兩例的方法來判斷) Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. (根據詞根詞尾來判斷"主動"或"被動"。consisit的詞首con-表示together的含義,-sist表示stand或be的含義,這二者合起來解釋爲stand/be together,兩個部分都是不及物,因此沒用被動態) {consist:由……組成;構成;在於……} Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. (根據詞根詞尾來判斷"主動"或"被動"。compose的詞首com表示共同的,-pose表示palce[放]的含義,後者是及物動詞,因此用被動語態composed。) {compose:做曲;創做;編排;造成} I have no comment to make while the case is being investigated by police. (如今分詞與過去分詞混合存在時,只要把如今分詞和過去分詞看做兩個並排的形容詞用來修飾名詞便可,如:being investigated中,如今分詞being無心義,只須要翻譯"正在"的部分,而過去分詞investigated解釋爲"被調查",合起來解釋爲"正在被調查",做爲補語來形容主語"本案") Toys made in Taiwan are much better now. (形容詞從句簡化後剩下分詞,如:原句爲定語從句(形容詞從句的一種)Toys which are made in Taiwan are much better now.,省略了重複主語which和無心義be動詞,剩下的分詞結構made in Taiwan仍然爲充當形容詞部分,不影響句子結構,因此能夠直接省略) Children living in orphanages make a lot of friends. (形容詞從句(定語從句)Children who are living in orphanages make a lot of friends.,省略共同主語who、無心義的be動詞,剩下的分詞結構living in orphanages依然是形容詞部分,能夠省略) {orphanage:孤兒,孤兒身份} The vase being auctioned now is a Ming china. (形容詞從句(定語從句)The vase which is being auctioned now is a Ming china.,省略了主語which,如今分詞being表示"正在"的含義,過去分詞auctioned表示"被拍賣",若是沒有being則意味着可能已經被拍賣掉了,因此being具備正在的暗示不能省略,結果剩下的分紅部分being auctioned充當形容詞部分。) {auction:n:拍賣;v:拍賣} Wounded in war, the soldier was sent home. (副詞從句的簡化後剩下分詞部分(傳統語法稱爲"分詞構句"),如:緣由狀語從句(副詞從句的一種),還原爲After/Because he was wounded in war, the soldier was sent home.,咱們從簡化的目的出發,省略主語he、無心義的be動詞後就拆除了從句結構,再也不須要鏈接詞After/Because了,因此剩下的分詞部分wounded in war仍然作副詞做用,表示緣由。) The pigeon, after flying 200 miles, was caught in net. (副詞從句的簡化,如:時間狀語從句(副詞從句的一種)還原爲The pigeon, after it flew 200 miles, was caught in net. ,省略主語it,動詞flew具備實際意義沒法省略,爲達到簡化目的咱們對動詞作時態變換爲after it was flying……,這樣就可省略掉be動詞,flying轉換爲了形容詞補語,且含有"進行"的含義,結果就剩下分詞部分after flying 200 miles,作爲其補充說明做用的副詞部分。) Having finished the day's work, the secretary went home. (副詞從句的簡化,時間狀語從句還原爲When she had finished the day's work, the secretary went home.,省略主語she,動詞had表示"完成"意義,不能直接省略,爲了達到省略的目的,咱們依然作時態變化爲when she was having finished,這樣省略掉主語和be動詞並拆除了從句結構,也就不須要鏈接詞when,剩下的形容詞having和finished一個表示"持續動做",一個表示"完成"來形容名詞work,整個劃線部分依然作副詞做用) 在下篇文章中標示出動狀詞的用法,動狀詞的表示方法爲:如今分詞(Ving)、過去分詞(Ven)、動名詞(nVing)、不定式(toV) A decade ago, nearly a million and a half elephants were living in Africa. During the past ten years, the number of elephants has dwindled to about one half. These elephants are still being(Ving,adj) killed(Ven,adj) for their tusks, which are worth a lot of money, in spite of an increasing(Ving,adj) outcry against elephant hunting(nVing,n). Most elephants killed(Ven,adj省略句) today die in the hand of illegal hunters. A grass-consuming(Ving,adj) animal, the elephant eats as much as 300 pounds a day when fully grown(Ven,adv省略句). Wandering(Ving, adv省略句) far and wide in their search for food, elephants can move dozens of miles a day. Failing(Ving,adj省略句) to find(toV,n) the grasses they like best, they may turn to the trees and eat them. Today, the remaining(Ving,adj) grasslands for the elephant are seriously reduced(Ven,adj). Many places along their migration routes have been(Ven,adj) turned(Ven,adj) into farms. Some elephants are killed(Ven,adj) by farmers while feeding(Ving,adj省略句) on the farms. What can the people do here in Taiwan about a threatened(Ven,adj) animal living(Ving, adj省略句) so far away? First, we should know that there is a law protecting(Ving,adj) elephants, even here. People cannot buy or smuggle items made(Ven,adj省略句) from ivory or any part of the elephant's body. Some handicapped(Ven,adj) persons living on making(nVing,prep) name chops have been(Ven,adj) protesting(Ving,adj) that the law impairs their livelihood, making(Ving,adj省略句) it impossible for them to earn(toV,n) money. There are, of course, many substitute materials for elephant tusks, water buffalo horns being(Ving,adj省略句) an important one. Most counties are now no longer importing(Ving,adj) ivory. It is hoped(Ven,adj) that the ban on buying(nVing,prep) or selling(nVing,prep) ivory will save the remaining(Ving,adj) African elephants. Wildlife conservation organizations like the WWF are not facing(Ving,adj) the problem lying(Ving,adj省略句) down. Claiming(Ving,adv省略句) that he ivory-producing(Ving,adj) countries are unable to protect(toV,n) the elephants there, they are proposing(Ving,ajd) some market-oriented(Ven,adj) approaches to solving(nVing,prep後邊) the problem. {decade:十年;dwindle:減小,縮小;tusk:n:長牙,獠牙;v:以牙刺戳;in spite of:不顧,無論,儘管;outcry:大聲喊叫,強烈抗議;consume:消耗,吃喝;wander:漫步;蜿蜒;徘徊;wonder:驚奇,想知道;reduce:減少,縮小,簡化;threat:威脅,恐嚇;threatened:受威脅的;smuggle:走私;ivory:象牙,乳白色;handicapped:殘廢的,生理缺陷的;name chop:帶名字的印章;impair:損害,削弱;livelihood:生計,營生;substitute:代n:替品,代替者,v:代替;buffalo:n:水牛,水陸坦克;v:威嚇,欺騙;horn:角;ban:n:禁令,禁止,v:禁止;conservation:保存,保護,守恆;claim:要求,主張,聲稱,斷言;propose:打算,計劃,向……提議,求婚,提名;approach:n:途徑,方法,路徑,要求,v:靠近,達到,接洽;}
1.7 本小節示例及練習: Someone else will have to do it. (限定詞some和名詞one寫在一塊兒,因此擠掉了中間形容詞的位置,所以只能放在名詞後邊) I don't know anybody else. (限定詞any和名詞body寫在一塊兒,因此擠掉了中間形容詞的位置,所以只能放在名詞後邊) John and his brother alike are unreliable. (a-開頭的古英語形容詞表示一種暫時的狀態,所以不適合放在名詞的屬性位置,所以放在後邊。) Money alone cannot solve our problem. (a-開頭的古英語形容詞表示一種暫時的狀態,所以不適合放在名詞的屬性位置,所以放在後邊。) The murderer left behind a bloody old black Italian leather glove.[兇手丟下一隻沾血的、老舊、黑色、意大利只的皮手套] (名詞短語的attributive adjectives之間,越是表達屬性的形容詞越要靠近名詞。或者說,越是不可變的、客觀的特質越要靠近名詞;反之,越是臨時的、主觀的因素則越要遠離名詞。leather是內容,glvoe是形式,就算手套碎了也仍是皮革的,所以最近。而產地也是不變的,接下來的顏色跟染色有關,不一樣染料顏色就不一樣,再襲來old是個慢慢變就的過程,最後bloody是行兇時沾上的,隨時能夠洗掉,所以是上面的順序。) He's wearing a handsome old brown U.S. Air Force leather flying jacket. (越是不可變的、客觀的特質越要靠近名詞;反之,越是臨時的、主觀的因素越要遠離名詞。handsome是主觀的,因人而異,老舊是慢慢的過程,顏色是看染料的顏色,U.S. Air Force表示是美國空軍,只有flying jacket放在一塊兒才表示"飛行夾克",flying是這件夾克的屬性最強的字眼,因此最近) John is sick today and couldn't come to work.(predicative[敘述],sick是補語位置的形容詞,是對John作的敘述,其內容是暫時性的。表示過了今天可能就行了) John is a sick man.(attributive[屬性],sick是名詞屬性位置的形容詞,語氣是比較永久的。表示可能病的不清,短期還好不了) This lake is deep.(sc,補語位置的形容詞,使用比較自由,單詞、短語皆可) She makes everyone happy.(oc,賓語補足語位置的形容詞,比較自由,單詞、短語皆可。) Chinese culture is 5,000 years old.(sc,補語位置的形容詞,多個形容詞單詞、或者短語皆可。) I heard her playing the violin.(oc,賓語補足語位置的形容詞,playing the violin是who is playing the violin的簡化,形容詞從句作補語) The fish is still alive.(sc,a-開頭的古英語形容詞的"暫時性"語氣,使它不適合放在名詞屬性位置,而適合放在補語位置) The balloon stays afloat.(sc,a-開頭的古英語形容詞的"暫時性"語氣,使它不適合放在名詞屬性位置,而適合放在補語位置) They found the professor alone.(oc,a-開頭的古英語形容詞的"暫時性"語氣,使它不適合放在名詞屬性位置,而適合放在補語位置) Coffee keeps him awake.(oc,a-開頭的古英語形容詞的"暫時性"語氣,使它不適合放在名詞屬性位置,而適合放在補語位置) Unit 3 is shorter than Unit 4. Unit 3 is less difficult than Unit 4. Unit 3 is as boring as Unit 4. Yangmingshan is crowded.(sc,由於是補語位置的形容詞,因此天然不能有冠詞。) Yangmingshan is most crowded in March.(sc,由於是補語位置的形容詞,因此不能有冠詞) Yangmingshan is a crowded scenic spot.(形容詞crowded位於名詞短語中,而冠詞a是隨着名詞而存在的){scenic:風景好的,戲劇性的;spot:n:地點,場所,斑點,插播節目;adj:現場的,插播的;v:玷污,用燈光照射} Yangmingshan is the most crowded of Taibei's scenic spots.(形容詞most crowded雖然沒有名詞,但有介詞短語of Taibei's scenic spots,看以看出most crowded是most crowded one的省略,之因此要加冠詞the,是所以句意是在一個特定的範圍中支出"最……"的一個,這種明確的"指示性"纔是要加the的真正緣由。) John is the shorter of the twins. (指出雙胞胎中的的哪一位,因此仍然要用定冠詞) My car is bigger than yours. (用yours取代your car,以免重複。) Cars made in Taiwan are better than those made in Korea. (若是有標示差異的字眼在後邊[即:比較對象沒法被標示出],則不可以省略car。但又從修辭的角度,須要省略重複,所以用代名詞that/those來取代。這裏不用it/they是由於人稱代名詞是表明先行詞的,it/they只能表明cars made in Taiwan而不能表明cars made in Korea,因此只能用those來區分兩種車子) A chimp has much I.Q. as does a child of five or six.(vs,原句是:A chimp has much I.Q. as a child of five or six does.(sv,用助動詞does來取代上文中的has I.Q.以免重複,但它形成了does和它所表明的部分相隔太遠,does和它的主語也隔了一個介詞短語,爲了保持句子的流暢性,能夠採用倒裝來消除does和所表明部分的距離,即:編程A chimp has much I.Q. as does a child of five or six.(vs),does也和a child放在一塊兒了,句子比較清晰。) Stamp-collecting can be enjoyed by the rich and the poor D. [A] like [B] similar [C] same [D] alike 解釋:四個形容詞,只有alike能夠放在所修飾名詞的後便。a-開頭的古英語形容詞表示一種"暫時性"的狀態,不適合放在名詞的屬性位置,所以放在名詞後邊。 ■We were quite excited to catch the bird C. [A] live [B] living [C] alive [D] lively 解釋:a-開頭的古英語形容詞表示一種"暫時性"的狀態,不適合放在名詞的屬性位置,所以放在名詞後邊。 ■They have improved their financial status. Now they are C off than before. [A] well [B] good [C] better [D] richer 解釋:下文有than before,因此用比較級。空格後有off,短語well off(富有),變成比較級better off,故選C。 ■To be heard over the noise of the construction work outside, he tried to talk A. [A] in the loudest voice possible [B] in the loudest voice possibly [C] in the possible voice loudest [D] in the possibly voice loudest 解釋:這裏用到了最高級,因此須要表示範圍的修飾語。原句應爲to talk in the loudest voice that was possible,以形容詞從句that was possible(有可能的範圍中)來修飾loudest voice,而後簡化形容詞從句中的that was,即獲得A。 Miss Smith makes B her own clothes by hand. [A] the most of [B] most of [C] the most [D] most 解釋:空格後有her own clothes,因此前面英愛有個介詞。在句意中,表示的是"大部分"而不是最高級,因此選擇B。 ■John is not quite B as his sister. [A] good as a student [B] as good as a student [C] as a good student [D] an as good student 解釋:空格後的as……as表示只是一組同級比較級,強調語氣時能夠是quite as……as,翻譯爲"徹底同樣",其否認形式爲not quite as……as。not quite as good放在一塊兒成爲形容詞短語後,不能再放在a student中間的位置,只能移到前面成爲not quite as good as a student。若是非否認形式,則自己做爲形容詞而成爲quite an as good student as his sister。 They most C time of life is C. [A] joyful/young [B] joy/young [C] enjoyable/youth [D] joyfully/youth 解釋:time以前應該爲形容詞,後面的空格應該是名詞"青春"做爲主語time of life的補語,故選C。 ■His intelligence is C. [A] superior than mine [B] more superior than hers [C] superior to yours [D] more superior to me 解釋:superior to(優於),inferior to(劣於)這兩個短語不能用than,因此C和D。又由於比較對象的要求對稱工整,因此只能智力和智力比較,而不能和人比較,因此選C。{superior:n:上級,高手,上標;adj:高傲的,上好的,出衆的;inferior:n:下級,下屬,下級屬性標號;adj:下級的,較低的,次等的} ■We all found it A to understand Lesson Three. [A] difficult [B] difficulty [C] difficulty 解釋:虛字it代替found以後的不定式短語to understand Lesson Three而用做賓語位置,it後的位置是賓語補語的位置,因此只能是形容詞,只有A。 ■All four ways were open and Mark was A to travel in any direction. [A] free [B] freely [C] freedom [D] freeing 解釋:空格was後邊是補語的位置,應該用形容詞,故A。 ■It was the first B rainfall within half a year in this city. [A] noteworth [B] noteworthy [C] noteworthly [D] noteworthing 解釋:the first和rainfall之間形容詞位置,只有B是形容詞,其餘三個詞不存在。{noteworthy:adj:值得注意的} New Yorkers accept the city's noises as natural and B. [A] inevitably [B] inevitable [C] inevitability [D] neutrality 解釋:and兩邊要求對稱,因此後邊只能是形容詞B。{inevitable:adj:不可避免的,必然的} Americans are becoming A of the dangers of cigarettes. [A] aware [B] awareness [C] awake [D] awoke 解釋:become後面是補語位置,應該用形容詞,故A,C,其中D爲動詞。而awake以後應該用to,aware後用of,因此選A。{awake:adj:醒着的;v:喚醒;awake to:意識、察覺、領會;aware:adj:知道的,意識到的;aware of:知道的,察覺的,意識到的} ■A farmer needs to know B words than a lawyer does. [A] less [B] fewer [C] more [D] better 解釋:words可數,故不能用不可數的less,從句意上是少,因此應該用B。 ■We found it of D importance to rebuild the wooden bridge. [A] very [B] too [C] extremely [D] utmost 解釋:空格位置是形容詞位置,而只有utmost是形容詞。{utmost:極度的,最大限度的,最高的} ■He took down B of the two maps and began to look for the obscure city. [A] larger [B] the larger [C] largest [D] the largest 解釋:只有兩張地圖,因此要用比較級,不能用最高級。因此選A,B。而兩張中較大的"那一張"已經有明確的指代意味,因此用加定冠詞the,故B。 ■You never feel bored while on a camping trip because no two days are D. [A] like [B] likely [C] likewise [D] alike 解釋:空格位置是補語位置,而like是動詞,likewise是副詞,只有likely和alike是形容詞,但是likely意思是"可能性不小",意思上不通,因此用alike,表示同樣的,很像的。{likewise:adv:一樣地,此外,我也是;likely:adj:可能的,可信的;adv:極可能;alike:adj:一樣的,類似的;adv:同樣,以一樣的方式} ■This action of yours was D than wise. [A] kinder [B] most kind [C] kindest [D] more kind 解釋:句子是this action was very kind 和this action was not very wise這兩句的比較,比較點在kind與wise的程度副詞上,表示which is more?因此並非kind和wise的比較的問題,kind和wise並不能做爲比較對象,因此應用much的比較級more。 ■The lake is A at this point. [A] deepest [B] the deepest [C] deeper [D] the deeper 解釋:空格位置是補語位置,因此用形容詞,並且是單純的形容詞,不是a deep lake的省略。並且a deep lake at this point(各個點有個深湖)也說不通。做爲單獨的形容詞就不存在定冠詞的問題,即便是最高級,由於定冠詞是跟着名詞走的而不是最高級。 Chopsticks are C to use as a knife and fork. [A] easier [B] by far as easy [C] quite as easy [D] much easier 解釋:下文有as,因此上文只能用as來玩完成比較級。而B和C中,by far表示"差的很遠"而不適合表達"同樣",因此選C。
1.8 本小節示例及練習: Vegetables, especially spinach, are good for you. (強調範圍的副詞[focusing Adverbs]especially來修飾名詞spinach) {spinach[音:spinich]:菠菜;} The child giggled happily under the caress of its mother.(s+v+adv,sv句型中的方法、狀態副詞:介詞短語放在之後討論,動詞giggled以後已經無主要元素,因此修飾動詞的副詞可直接放在後邊。當副詞放在主語和動詞之間,如:The child happily giggled...,由於用作修飾詞的副詞也是緊鄰被修飾的動詞,因此也是正確的,不過由於動詞是主要元素,因此放在後面會比較清楚。) He kept quiet resolutely. (s+v+c+adv,svc句型中的方法、狀態副詞,由於補語quiet是要做爲主要元素先出來的,因此修飾動詞的副詞被擠到最後。可是副詞不能放在補語quiet前面,如:He kept resolutely quiet.,由於這樣用作修飾語的副詞沒法分辨是修飾動詞仍是修飾形容詞補語,會形成模棱兩可"ambiguous"的毛病。能夠接受的位置是動詞前面,如:He resolutely kept quiet.,方法、狀態副詞放在句尾的話,其和動詞之間就會存在阻隔,若是把副詞挪到動詞前面,一來能夠消除阻隔使修飾語和被修飾對象接近,並且不會產生模棱兩可的毛病,因此是能夠的。) He kissed the girl tenderly. (s+v+o+adv,svo句型中的方法、狀態副詞,一樣因爲賓語是主要元素,做爲修飾語的副詞被擠到末尾的位置,這時是合理的。可是下局有了形容詞從句修飾賓語的時候就不同了。) {tenderly:adv:溫柔的,柔和的;} He passionately kissed the girl living next door. (s+adv+v+o,svo中的方法、狀態副詞,副詞位於主語與動詞之間,既能靠近被修飾的動詞也不會引發誤解,所以是能夠的。若是把副詞移到句尾,變成:He kissed the girl living next door passionately.,則副詞與被修飾的動詞太遠,並且可能會使讀者覺得副詞是修飾末尾的形容詞從句的,就會出現模棱兩可的狀況。一樣的,將副詞移到賓語後邊變成:He kissed the girl passionately live next door.,也容易引發副詞是用來修飾形容詞living的誤解。因此,最合適的修飾語的位置就是動詞前面緊貼動詞的位置。) {passionately:激昂地,熱烈地} He showed us the document reluctantly. (s+v+o+o+adv,svoo句型中的方法、狀態副詞,由於兩個賓語是主要元素因此能夠放在末尾,固然,將副詞挪到動詞前靠近動詞也是合理的位置。) {reluctantly:不情願地,勉強地;} I willingly offer you my help. (s+adv+v+o+o,svoo句型中的方法、狀態副詞,根據句意,若是把修飾詞willingly挪到末尾時會受到兩個賓語阻隔,挪到動詞前面更合理。) They elected him chairman unanimously. (s+v+o+c+adv,svoc句型中的方法、狀態副詞,賓語和補語作爲主要元素將副詞擠到末尾,固然也能夠將副詞移到動詞前面) {unanimously:[音:ju'nænɪməsli],全體一致的,無異議的;} I happily pronounce you man and wife. (s+adv+v+o+c,svoc結構中的方法、狀態副詞,修飾語副詞放在貼近動詞的位置,既能貼近被修飾對象也不會引發誤解。這句神父常說的話,若是改成:I pronounce you man and wife happily.就不太合適,雖然從語法上沒有問題,可是修辭效果不佳。由於happily與pronounce相連,才足以表達欣喜的口吻,距離太遠語氣就不強烈了。第二,全場嘉賓都在等的man and wife這幾個字,這樣就能親吻了,這幾個字做爲壓軸的字眼放在末尾最合適,因此happily就放到了動詞前面。) I heard about the accident yesterday. (強調語氣副詞中的強調範圍的副詞類(Focusing Adverbs),這類詞能清楚界定所描述實物的範圍,其位置要求很嚴格,不能和所修飾詞有任何距離,不然意思就不一致了) Only I heard about the accident yesterday. (No one else did.,only當副詞修飾主語I。) I only heard about the accident yesterday. (I didn't see it.,only當副詞修飾動詞heard。) I heard about only the accident yesterday. (I didn't hear anything else.,only當副詞修飾名詞。) I heard about the accident only yesterday. (I didn't hear about it earlier.,only當副詞修飾時間副詞。) He is very much his father's son. (adv+n,增強語氣的副詞Intensifiers,副詞緊貼待修飾的名詞,翻譯爲:他和他爸真是一個調調。) You're utterly insane! (adv+adj,增強語氣的副詞,副詞緊貼待修飾的形容詞) {utterly:[音:'ʌtəlɪ]:徹底,全然,絕對;insane: 瘋狂的,精神錯亂的;} I badly need a drink. (adv+v,增強語氣的副詞,副詞緊貼待修飾的動詞,翻譯爲:我亟須要喝一杯。) The project is almost finished. (程度副詞用來表示"有幾成"的意思,拿掉程度副詞句意改變,而拿掉強調語氣的副詞句子只是語氣變弱而已。如:原句表示計劃差很少完成了,拿掉程度副詞則表示已經完成 The project is finished.) You can buy practically anything at a mall. (adv+n,程度副詞一般也要放在修飾對象前面,翻譯爲:在購物中心幾乎什麼都能買獲得) {practically:實際上,幾乎,簡直} I can hardly hear you. (aux+adv+v,程度副詞放在待修飾的對象前面。) {auxiliary:縮寫爲aux,助動詞} The promotion was moderately successful. (adv+adj,程序副詞一般放在待修飾的對象前面,翻譯爲:促銷活動還算成功) {moderately:[音:'mɑːdərətli]:適度地,通常地;} I know your father rather well. (adv+adv,程度副詞一般放在待修飾的對象前面。) Vivien Leigh is brilliant. {brilliant:n:寶石;adj:卓越的,才華橫溢的,光芒四射的} Clark Gable, however, is lousy. (ad),{however:adv:然而,不管如何;conj:不管怎樣;} Therefore, the film is less than perfect. (adv) {therefore:adv:所以,因此;} It is still a good movie; besides, good romances are rare these days. (adv,翻譯爲:這部片子仍是不錯,何況近來好的文藝片很少了) {besides:adv:除此以外,而且;beside:conj:在……旁邊,與……無關} Scientifically, the experiment was a success. (adv,雖然scientifically是修飾全句,可該句可看作Scientifically speaking, the experiment was a success.一句的省略,這個副詞實際上是修飾speak的方法、狀態副詞,該句還能夠進一步還原爲:If we are speaking scientifically, the experiment was a success.一句的省略,即:原來有兩句話,第一句被簡化爲只有一個方法、狀態副詞scientifically用來修飾"怎麼說",再附在第二句上。因此,之因此用逗號隔開,是由於這個都是是兩個從句之間的逗號。) {scientifically:adv:科學的,系統的;} You're not answering my questions honestly. (honestly是單純的方法、狀態副詞,修飾動詞answer。) Honestly, what are you going to do about it? (分離副詞也能夠掉到主語動詞中間的位置或者是句尾,可是依然要有逗號隔開。句中的honestly是分離副詞,本來是honestly speaking,它是簡化從句的結果,爲方便起見能夠歸於修飾全句的副詞類。) A, he would leave his wife at home and go fishing himself. [A] More often than not [B] Oftener than can't [C] More often than doesn't [D] Oftener than doesn't 解釋:動詞部分已有助動詞would,因此不能再有助動詞doesn't,而且more ofter than not是個經常使用短語,表示"常常"。 ■Separated for years, father and son found A. [A] each other greatly changed [B] one another greatly changed [C] one another great changed [D] one greatly changed another 解釋:由於是父子2人,因此用each other,3人以上用one another。在A中each other是賓語,greatly changed是賓語的補語。 ■He speaks English A as he does Chinese. [A] as fluently [B] as fluent [C] more fluently [D] so fluent 解釋:空格後有比較級鏈接詞,因此只能用as。空格位置應用副詞fluently修飾動詞speak,故選A。D中的so只能用在否認句中,例如:not so fluently as…… ■I don't like detective stories, but science fiction makes A impression on me. [A] quite a different [B] a quitely different [C] a quite differently [D] quitely a differently 解釋:quite是強調語氣的副詞,能夠直接修飾名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞,此處用來修飾名詞短語a different impression,故選A。C,D中使用了副詞diferently來直接修飾名詞,詞類錯誤。而B中的quitely是錯誤的拼法。{fiction:小說,杜撰,虛構;impression:印象,感受,模仿,印記,印刷;} ■I am sorry. I A forgot it. [A] clean [B] cleanly [C] cleanness [D] cleanfully 解釋:clean用作形容詞是表示"乾淨的",做副詞時是表示"完徹底全地",在此是使用其副詞用法。 ■After walking so long a distance, I am A tired. [A] dead [B] deadly [C] death [D] die 解釋:dead tired短語至關於"累得要死",dead center表示"正中紅心",這兩個短語中dead表示增強語氣,看成強調語氣的副詞來使用,而不是形容詞。 We are told to keep A of the puddle of water. [A] clear [B] clean [C] clearly [D] cleanly 解釋:keep clear of是"避開,保持距離"的意思,其中clear看成away來解釋。keep是能夠當作be動詞看待,後跟形容詞。 Dick went B. [A] late yesterday there [B] there late yesterday [C] yesterday late there [D] yesterday there late 解釋:地方副詞there在先,時間副詞yesterday在後,這是通常的順序。修飾yesterday的副詞late置於其前。 ■D I like to be alone. [A] Some time [B] Some times [C] Sometime [D] Sometimes 解釋:這個位置要求頻率副詞。D是頻率副詞,表示"有時候",A是名詞短語,表示"一段時間",B是名詞短語,表示"某些時代或若干次",C是形容詞,表示"不特定的時間",如:I'll be back sometime. D spring, early one Saturday morning, I drove to Taiwan. [A] Latest [B] Later [C] Latter [D] Last 解釋:最高級A和比較級B在上下文中沒有呼應,C的latter表示"後者",上下文有"二者"時才能使用。{latter:後者的,後面的;later:後來,稍後;} Both writing and rewriting C are essential, if you want to make a hit. [A] careful [B] carefulness [C] carefully [D] carelessly 解釋:空格位置在writing and rewriting以後,應該用副詞類的C或者D,若是放在前面,才能用形容詞的careful。而後根據句意是確定語氣,應該選C。 The computer plays an D important role in modern life. [A] increasing [B] increasely [C] increased [D] increasingly 解釋:空格是修飾形容詞的,應該用副詞D,而B是錯誤拼法。 He exclaimed, "D kind man before!" [A] Never I met with such [B] I never meet with such [C] Never I've met with a such [D] Never have I met with such a 解釋:句尾的before暗示應用如今完成時(到某個時間點結束,是時間箭頭形式),而當never移到句首時,應該用倒裝句,故選擇D。 ■"The workers in that factory are treated very badly." "Yes, they are B than slaves." [A] the little better [B] little better [C] less better [D] a small better 解釋:little是確定語氣,因此they are little better than slaves表示"比奴隸好不了多少",此處副詞little修飾比較級better。固然,冠詞是隨着名字走的,只有形容詞沒有名詞就用不着冠詞,因此選B。C的less自己就是比較級,與better重複了。 ■"Is John very intelligent?" "Yes, D than his brother." [A] so much [B] so more [C] much so [D] much more so 解釋:回答是He is much more intelligent than his brother.,其中用much來增強比較級more intelligent。而且簡答句中能夠把重複的He is intelligent省略並且so取代,故結果爲D。 The more we looked at the abstract painting, A. [A] the more we liked it [B] we liked it more [C] better we liked it [D] it looked better 解釋:本句是雙重比較結構(double comparison),以the more……the more之類的結果置於句首來取代鏈接詞,表達"成正比"的關係,要求保持對稱,故選A。 The man was C disappointed at how small the bag of flour was. [A] noticeable [B] noticed [C] noticeably [D] noticing 解釋:空格位置是副詞位置,修飾disappointed,只有C是副詞。 ■With the computer down, we D our work. [A] not longer would continue [B] not longer could continue [C] could continue no longer [D] could no longer continue 解釋:no longer表示"再也不",做爲時間副詞使用,並且同時又具備否認的功能,應該與助動詞could放在一塊。 ■He threw the javelin A than all the others. [A] farther [B] as far [C] further [D] furthest 解釋:由於than能夠看出是比較級,而在A和C之間,further表示"程度更深,更進一步",farther表示能用尺子度量的"距離遠",因此選A。 ■The enemy is advancing. Stand A. [A] firm [B] firmly [C] firmness [D] to firm 解釋:stand firm可看作you must stand firm來看待,這個firm是主語的補語(stand看成be動詞看待),應該是形容詞,修飾主語you,翻譯爲"大家得保持堅決",也就是"不要怕"。若是用firmly,則是用來修飾動詞stand,翻譯爲"兩條腿出點力氣站穩",與上下文更匹配的顯然是做爲主語補語的形容詞firm。因此選A。
1.9 本小節示例及練習: I will go to the U.S. next year to study for an MBA degree. (如今、過去的事情,其真假已定,因此能用敘述事實的語氣。但將來的事情尚未發生,嚴格說來還不能肯定真假,因此要加上具備"不肯定"語氣的助動詞will。而將來式的事實語氣只代表"打算、計劃"要作的事情,至於將來到底怎麼樣是沒法預料的。) The weatherman says sunrise tomorrow is at 5:32. (雖然是說的是將來的日出,但日出時間是能夠用公式算出來的,其時間是固定的,因此能夠當作事實來敘述,沒必要加上不肯定的助動詞will。) The movie starts in 5 minutes. (演出時間已經排上時間表,立刻就要開始了,所以能夠視爲事實,不用加不肯定的意味的助動詞will。) I'll be ready when he comes. (同時敘述兩件將來的事情,且二者間有時間或條件的關聯性時,每每要把其中一件改成如今式。由於兩件事都不肯定時,須要假設其中的一件是已經發生的事實,而後才能推論另外一件事。本句假定"他來"是肯定的,並用表示肯定語氣的如今簡單式comes來敘述,而後才能推論那個時候,我已經準備就緒。) If you are late again, you'll be fired. (兩件發生在將來的事情,假設遲到又一次發生了,才能推論出"被開除"。而敘述事實的語氣不適合助動詞,因此改爲如今簡單式來表示。) You may be right. (加上助動詞may,產生了具備不肯定性的條件語氣。而去掉助動詞,則表示敘述事實的語氣:You are right.) The doctor thinks it can be ADIS. (語氣助動詞的變化是語氣的變化而並不表示時間變化。本句中can be表示有這個可能,但不必定。) It could be anything - AIDS or a common cold. (語氣助動詞的變化是語氣的變化而並不表示時間變化。本句中could be並不表示過去時間,而是表示如今時間,只是could be的語氣更不肯定。) It may rain any minute now. (語氣助動詞表示語氣而沒法明確表達過去式,其後的動詞原型也一樣缺少時間變化,因此要藉助完成式表示對過去時間的猜想。本句是對如今、將來的猜想。) It may have rained a little last night. (語氣助動詞表示語氣而沒法明確表達過去式,其後的動詞原型也一樣缺少時間變化,因此要藉助完成式表示對過去時間的猜想。本句是對過去last night作的猜想。) If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (以動詞的過去形態表達"非事實"的假設語氣。所以如今時間的次要從句用I am you的過去形態I were you來表示,連帶的主要從句也用will not do的過去形態wouldn't do(但不表示過去時間)來表示非事實。使用假設語氣能夠使語氣緩和一些,以委婉的口吻勸對方。) If I had known earlier, I might have done something. (以動詞的過去形態表達"非事實"的假設語氣。所以過去時間的次要從句用I knew的過去形態(過去完成式)I had known來表示過去事情的非事實語氣,連帶的主要從句也用I might do的過去形態(過去完成式)I might have done來表示非事實。使用假設語氣來表示可惜、懊惱。) If an asteroid should hit the earth, man could die out. (以動詞的過去形態表達"非事實"的假設語氣。將來的事情,嚴格提及來並不肯定,可是發生的可能性也很是小,所以將來時間的次要從句能夠用shall hit的過去形態should it(但不表示過去時間)來表明非事實的敘述語氣,連帶的主要從句也用can die的過去形式could die(但不表示過去時間)來表示非事實。) {asteroid:小行星} If I were to take the bribe, I could never look at other people in the eye again. (以動詞的過去形態表達"非事實"的假設語氣。將來的事情,嚴格提及來並不肯定,但此處表示絕無可能發生的事情,因此可用be going to的過去形態were to來表示絕對不可能會去作,若是用should語氣就弱一些,表示應該無可能發生,但不排除萬一。如:If I should take the money, could you guarantee secrecy? ) {bribe:賄賂;secrecy:祕密;guarantee:v:保證,擔保;n:保證,保證書,擔保品;} If I had studied harder in school, I could qualify for the job now. (混合時間變化的假設語氣,條件從句是過去時間的假設語氣,要後退成過去完成式had studied來表示非事實。主要從句是如今時間,只要用過去簡單式的拼法could就能夠表達非事實了。) {qualify:v:使具有資格,取得資格,描述,[語]修飾} I could have contributed to the fund drive then, only that I didn't have any money with me. (混合真假變化的假設語氣,次要從句是過去時間,但"沒帶錢"是事實,因此沒必要改動語氣,用過去簡單式便可,而主要從句也是過去時間,表示非事實,因此用過去完成式could have contributed來表示非事實。) {contribute:v:捐助,投稿,貢獻;fund:基金,自助;drive:驅使,推動力;} It's time you kids were in bed. (簡化的假設語氣,it is time是事實,因此用如今簡單式,從屬從句(非條件從句)是非事實,因此用過去簡單式的拼法were in bed來表示非事實語氣。) If only I had more time! (簡化的假設語氣,句子是如今時間的假設語氣,可是句子省略了主要從句,只留下了過去簡單式的條件從句來表示非事實。) I wish I had more time! (簡化的假設語氣,主要從句是事實(我真的但願),因此用如今簡單式,賓語從句(非條件從句)則是非事實,因此要用過去簡單式had來表示非事實語氣。) The court demands that the witness leave the courtroom. (祈使句可視爲省略助動詞的條件語氣,表示"但願能成真,但還沒有實現"。若是當事人直接說,則會是:(You must) Leave the courtroom! 。當命令語氣通過第三者轉述時,主語已經發生變化不能省略,但其依然是命令句的語氣,也還不是事實,因此仍然能夠省略掉助動詞,用動詞原型來表示命令語氣。相似的間接命令句,還有諸如:It is necessary that…、I insist that…等) {court:v:獻殷勤,追求;n:法院,宮廷,奉承;courtroom:n:法庭,審判庭;} There is a strong expectation among the public that someone take responsibility for the disaster. (本句表示一個指望,還不是事實(目前還沒人表示負責),因此是祈使句的語氣,要用動詞原型take來表示非事實。) {expectation[ˌekspek'teɪʃn]:n:預料,指望;} The landlord demanded that he B the rent by tomorrow. [A] pays [B] pay [C] paid [D] has paid 解釋:間接命令句,應用命令語氣,即:動詞原型。{rent:租金} If you D with her last night, there wouldn't be any misunderstanding between you now. [A] talked [B] were talking [C] could talk [D] had talked 解釋:過去時間(last night)的非事實,應用假設語氣,即:過去完成式的心態,故選D。 ■D to participate, I might have won First Place. [A] Had had the chance [B] I had had the chance [C] The chance had I had [D] Had I had the chance 解釋:從居中的might have won可看出這是過去時間的假設語氣,因此應該用過去完成式形態。而If had had the chance to participate……省略鏈接詞if後須要倒裝,故選D。{participate:v:參與,參加,分享;} ■That was a close call; you A hit by the car. [A] could have been [B] can have been [C] could be [D] can be 解釋:從was可知是過去時間,後面的假設語氣應用過去拼法的助動詞+完成式表示非事實,故選A。{a close call:譯爲"危在旦夕"} ■If you had asked him, he C the truth. [A] might tell [B] would tell [C] might have told [D] had told 解釋:從had asked能夠看出是過去時間,又是假設語氣,因此要空格也要選擇過去時間的假設語氣,故選C。 They suggested that he B it alone. [A] does [B] do [C] will do [D] has done 解釋:間接命令句,因此應該用動詞原型。 ■A him, I would have spoken to him. [A] Had I known [B] If I should have known [C] If I know [D] If I had been known 解釋:從would have spoken能夠看出是過去時間的假設語氣,故應用過去完成式的拼法,即:If I had known him,省略If後須要倒裝,故選A。 ■I wish I C there yesterday. [A] was [B] were [C] had been [D] could be 解釋:wish表示是非事實的願望,要用假設語氣,而且yesterday爲過去時間,因此用過去完成式表示非事實。 ■He would have made the speech, only that he B a sore throat. [A] has [B] had [C] had had [D] has had 解釋:從would have made看是過去時間的假設語氣(原本當時是能夠演說的),然後邊的only that(不過)把語氣反了過來,成爲事實語氣(he had a sore throat,喉嚨疼是事實,不用假設語氣),因此要採用過去簡單式的B。{sore:adj:疼痛的,惱火的;n:疼痛,痛處;only that:不過} ■Even if he B here, he couldn't have helped you. [A] has been [B] had been [C] was [D] were 解釋:從even if(即便,雖然)和couldn't have helped可看出這是過去時間的假設語氣,因此從句應用過去完成式表示非事實,因此選B。 ■A you were coming, I would have got the contract prepared. [A] Had I known [B] If I knew [C] If I know [D] Should I know 解釋:有would have got能夠看出是過去時間的假設語氣,因此用過去完成式表示非事實,即:If I had known,在省略If後倒裝,即:A。 If he should leave, everything would go to pieces. B (Choose one sentence that has the same meaning as the above) [A] He is going to leave, but there is nothing to worry about. [B] Fortunately he's not leaving, for everything depends on him. [C] Things will take a turn for the worse, and then he will leave. [D] I hope he won't leave, but I'm afraid he has too much to do and can't stay. 解釋:原句譯爲"萬一他走了,一切都會完蛋"。由於句中用到假設語氣,因此表示他要走的可能性很小,這與B"還好他沒走,由於全靠他了"的意思接近。A表示"他會走,可是不用怕" ;C表示"事情會惡化,而後他纔會一走了之";D表示"我但願他不走,但恐怕他事情太多,不能留下來"。{go to pieces:破碎,崩潰;} The boss demanded that all the letters B without delay by seven tonight. [A] were typewritten [B] be typewritten [C] would be typewritten [D] typewriting 解釋:demanded that能夠看出是間接命令語氣,因此應該用動詞原型B。 ■Choose the wrong sentences: D [A] They didn't stop to rest at each station because it would have slowed then down. [B] It would have slowed them down to stop to rest at each station. [C] Much as they would like to stop to rest at each station, they thought better of it. [D] It was essential that they stopped to rest at each station, they thought better of it. 解釋:A中的they didn't stop是事實語氣,it would have slowed down是假設語氣。B和A相似,不過使用不定式來表示停下。C中的much as they would like表示although they would like very much"儘管他們很想",可是they thought better of if"他們打消了那個念頭"。D是間接命令語氣,應用動詞原形stop而不是stopped,因此錯誤。故,選D。{essential:adj:本質的,必要的,重要的;n:要素,必需品;think better of:改變主意,從新考慮;} ■If you don't finish this assignment on time, they C you. [A] wouldn't have paid [B] had not paid [C] won't pay [D] didn't pay 解釋:由if you don’t finish可看出不是非事實的假設語氣,還有可能趕得完,是同時敘述兩件將來的事情,因此次要從句改爲通常式,主句用將來式表示不肯定性。{assignment:n:分配,任務;} ■I'll let you know the results when they A. [A] come out [B] will come out [C] came out [D] would have come out 解釋:從I'll let you know能夠看出不是非事實的假設語氣,因此是同時敘述兩件將來的事情,是敘述事實的語氣,因此把其中一件事改成如今式,假定其爲已發生的事,故選A。 ■I'm not worried about security because I think he D. [A] dares not tell [B] dares not to tell [C] doesn't dare tell [D] doesn't dare to tell 解釋:dare與need相似,能夠看成助動詞(當助動詞時不能加-s)來使用,此時後邊跟動詞原型,如:he dare not tell。而當普通名詞時就不是助動詞了,其不能直接加not作否認句,也不能跟動詞原型,因此只能是He doesn't dare to tell。 ■This door ought to D a week ago. [A] have fixed [B] be fixed [C] get fixed [D] have been fixed 解釋:時間a week ago是過去時間,而語氣助動詞ought to要表示相對過去時間已經修好,因此是指向過去時間的箭頭,用過去完成式,因此A或D,又應爲主語是door因此用被動語態的D。 ■I am surprised that you C so indiscreetly. [A] act [B] should be acted [C] should have acted [D] could have been acted 解釋:句意爲"你居然作出如此草率的舉動,真讓我真想不到",說明事情已經作了,因此是指向過去時間的箭頭,用過去完成式,因此選C。D是被動語態,並不適合句意。{indiscreet:adj:不謹慎的,無禮的;indiscreetly:adv:輕率地;} ■He said he A disgrace. [A] would rather die than suffer [B] chose death to [C] would prefer death before [D] would die rather than 解釋:rather than是比較級,than是鏈接詞,其要求先後要對稱。若是rather than放在D中的would後邊則要求鏈接兩個動詞原型,因此D不知足對稱要求。C應該是用介詞to而不是than,would prefer death to disgrace。B應該用介詞over而不是than,would choose death over disgrace。 {disgrace:n:恥辱;v:恥辱,丟臉;suffer:v:忍受,遭受;choose over:選中;prefer to:比起……更喜歡……}
1.10 本小節示例及練習: Cherries are in season now. (n+prep,介詞+名詞構成的形容詞短語做補語,用來修飾主語。) Eggs are sold by the dozen. (v+prep,介詞+名詞構成的副詞短語做副詞,用來修飾動詞sold。) The box is full of chocolates. (adj+prep,介詞+名詞構成的副詞短語做副詞,用來修飾形容詞full。) He'll return tomorrow at the latest. (adv+prep,介詞+名詞構成的副詞短語做副詞,用來修飾時間副詞tomorrow。) Let's meet at the railway station. (空間介詞,表示點用at。此句中,雖然火車站是立體建築,可是句中表示約定碰面的地點,就想臺北是地圖上的一個點同樣,因此用表示點的介詞at。) Then we can go over the project on your way to Gaoxiong. (空間介詞,表示線用on。此句中,由臺北到高雄是一條線,因此用線的介詞on。翻譯爲:"這樣,咱們能夠在去高雄的路上商量計劃"。) {go over:檢查,重作,複習,轉向;} We may go walking through the windy park, or drive along the beach. (空間介詞,表示線用along。此句中,海灘是海洋和陸地交界的一條線,因此沿着海灘這條"線"前進用along。另外,walking在這裏是動名詞解釋。由於如今分詞是形容詞,用來形容名詞或者作補語的,能夠經過把其放在補語位置來驗證,而動名詞能夠放在介詞短語位置來驗證(we go for walking),再者,動名詞短語是名詞從句的簡化,原句可還原爲We may go that we are walking through the windy park, or drive along the beach. 在省略了主語和be動詞後,that也就不須要存在了,最終獲得We may go walking through the windy park, or drive along the beach。) {windy:有風的,多風的;beach:海灘,海濱,沙灘;} Several boats can be seen on the lake. (空間介詞,表示面用on。雖然湖泊是有深度的立體,該句中是指湖"面"上,因此用表示面的on。) It's cool in the railway station because they have air-conditioning there. (空間介詞,表示體用in。此處的火車站中強調的是有冷氣,將其視爲立體看待,因此用表示體的in。) The earthquake struck at 5:27 A.M. (時間介詞,表示時間點用at。) {struck(strike):v:毆打,打擊,撞,罷工,劃然(火柴)等} Typhoons seldom come in winter. (時間介詞,表示"長時間"用in。) {typhoon:颱風;seldom:adv:不多,可貴;} There'll be a concert on New Year's Day. (時間介詞,表示特定日期用on。) He's on his way to Taizhong. (空間介詞,表示線用on one's way。此句表示由出發地前往臺中,表示一條路線,因此用on his way。) Step aside! You're in my way! (空間介詞,表示體用in one's way。此句表示擋住了去路,這種狀況下表示一種"體"的觀念,須要一個表示長、寬、高的空間才能經過,因此用in my way。) We'll arrive at Honolulu in 5 minutes, where we'll refuel before flying on to San Francisco. (空間介詞,表示點用arrive at。此句表示由臺北到舊金山航線上的一箇中途停靠點,因此用表示點的at。) {Honolulu:火奴魯魯(檀香山),美國夏威夷州的首府和港市。} The home-coming hero arrive in town and was greeted by the crowd gathered along Main Street. (空間介詞,表示體用arrive in。此句翻譯爲:"英雄凱旋迴到故鄉小鎮,受到羣衆在大街旁夾道歡迎"。此句表示英雄凱旋的地方,於是被視爲立體的空間,因此用表示體的in。) {greet:v:迎接,問候,致敬,做出反應;gather:v:彙集,集合,合集,推測;n:彙集,褶子;} These shoes were made from rubber tires. (made from有"出自於……"的意思,其表示關係不那麼直接,比較有距離。像wine made from grapes,在酒中已經看不到葡萄了,因此用from,一樣,鞋子中也看不出輪胎了因此用from。) This is a chair made of wood. (made of有"……的"意思,其表示關係很直接,沒有距離。像a chair made of wood,在椅子中就能看到木頭的材料,因此可用of。) Taizhong lies between Taibei and Tainan. (between有標示位置的功能,而among沒有。此句中,使用between來標示出了臺中位於臺北和臺南之間的範圍。) Among the major cities in Taiwan, Taizhong is the cleanest. (between有表示位置的功能,而among沒有。此句中,among只表示臺中是其中之一,沒有表示臺中的位置,只代表其在臺灣島上。) Taibei lies between Taoyuan, Yilan and Jilong. (between有表示位置的功能,而among沒有。此句中,雖然是三者,可是仍然用between來標示臺北的位置。) I forgot my keys. Please get them at my desk and throw them to me. (throw to表明方向,此句中表示朝本身的方向扔過來。) The kids are throwing rocks at the poor dog. (throw at表明點,此句中dog唄看成一個點,但願能打中,因此用at。) The circus will be here four months, from May to September. (from to不代表明確日期範圍,多是5月中旬到9月中旬,因此大概是4個月。) {circus:n:馬戲團,馬戲表演,競技場,廣場;} The circus will be here five months, from May through September. (from through用來表示起訖時間,意思是"頭尾均包括在內",因此從包含首尾的5月到9月共5個月。) Mt. Everest soars above all other peaks in the Alps. (above表示相對高度超過,over則有標示定點的功能。此句中,above表示"比較高"。) {Mt.:山,峯;everest:珠穆朗瑪峯;Alps:阿爾卑斯山脈;} The little child couldn't keep the umbrella over his head and soon got wet. (above表示相對高度超過,over則有標示定點的功能。此句中,over表示"在……上方"。) The submarine is below the surface now. (below表示相對高度較低,under則有標示定點的功能。此句中,below表示"比較低"。) {submarine:n:潛水艇;adj:海面下的;surface:n:表面,平面;adj:表面的,膚淺的;vt:使……成平面;vi:浮到水面,顯露,在表面工做。} Watch out! There's a dog under your car. (below表示相對高度較低,under則有標示定點的功能。此句中,under表示"在……下方"。) For fear that we should run short of food D the trip, we are carrying extra rations in the jeep. [A] at [B] among [C] in [D] on 解釋:the trip表示一段時間,也是一段路程,因此可用on或along(嚴格意義上,in也不算錯)。 {fear:n:擔憂,懼怕,恐懼,[中藥]相畏;v:懼怕,擔憂,恐懼;run short of:缺少……,快用完……;run out of:用光……;ration:n:定額,定量,配給;v:限量供應,配給;} ■B imprecise calculations, the experiment was a failure. [A] Due [B] Owing to [C] Viewing [D] According 解釋:owing to相似於because of,表示因果關係。A和D因爲缺少to而不能成爲短語。C中的viewing不能看成介詞用,只有considering才能當介詞用。{imprecise[,impri'sais]:adj:不精確的;} ■The children came rushing C the sound of the circus parade. [A] on [B] to [C] at [D] beyond 解釋:用at the sound表示"聽到聲音的那一刻,立刻就衝出來"。 {parade:n:遊行,檢閱,旅遊地;vi:參加遊行,閱兵,散步,炫耀;vt:誇耀,使參加遊行;} ■Although too much leisure may lead people to a wasteful life, everyone has a right B a minimum amount of leisure time. [A] wish [B] to [C] on [D] for 解釋:a right to表示"對於某事的權利",是經常使用短語。{leisure:[i:],n:閒暇,休閒;} In the sentence, "he size of the room is 12' x 14', " the sign " x " is read "C". [A] and [B] with [C] by [D] cross 解釋:表示長寬(面積)的"x"讀爲by。 The office is open Monday B Saturday, and closed on Sundays. [A] since [B] through [C] also [D] with 解釋:用through表示包含頭尾在內,故一週只有sundays不開。 ■John's parents died when he was only a child, and ever since he did not seem to have a home B his own. [A] in [B] of [C] with [D] at 解釋:此句是雙重全部格,以a home of his own的方式來同時表示a home和his own home。 ■The dictionary is sold D one hundred dollars a copy. [A] with [B] by [C] in [D] at 解釋:"以……之單價出售",應用at。 The workers are paid A. [A] by the week [B] with a week [C] to a week [D] since a week 解釋:每週計算應用by the week。 ■The experts know many things that won't work in curing AIDS, so they are that much closer to C on that will. [A] find [B] found [C] finding [D] have found 解釋:close to中,to是介詞,於是後邊要接動名詞作賓語。 ■A prices so high, I'll have to do without a new suit. [A] With [B] Because [C] Because of [D] As 解釋:with prices so high是以介詞短語方式來簡化副詞從句because prices are so high。而答案C應該爲because of high prices便可。B和D都是從屬連詞,可是後面缺少了動詞。 ■Mrs. Johnson's old cat likes to sit B the sun. [A] near [B] in [C] underneath [D] below 解釋:本句中的the sun指陽光,是立體的範圍,因此用in。 ■You can't do a hard day's work B a cup of coffee and a slice of bread. [A] of [B] on [C] in [D] at 解釋:on a cup of coffee……表示"只靠一杯咖啡……(來維持體力)"。 ■The necklace you are wearing is very becoming B you. [A] at [B] to [C] for [D] with 解釋:becoming to one表示"很合適某人(穿戴)"。 In the photograph the man's face is A focus and blurred. [A] out of [B] with [C] on [D] to 解釋:因下文說的blurred(模糊),因此選擇out of focus(沒對好焦距)。 ■B the seriousness of the occasion, the audience burst out laughing, at the extraordinary nature of the proposal. [A] Although [B] Notwithstanding [C] In respect of [D] On behalf of 解釋:下文說觀衆捧腹大笑,前面則是"場合嚴肅",故要用表示"相反"的關係,故A或B。A中的although是從屬連詞,不能直接跟名詞短語the seriousness,因此選B。{seriousness:n:嚴肅,認真,嚴重性;occasion:n:場合,時機,機會,盛大場面;v:引發,導致;extraordinary:adj:非凡的,特別的,特派的;proposal:n:求婚,建議,提議;notwithstanding:adv:雖然,儘管;prep:縱使;conj:雖然;} ■D being portable, a walkman provides a high quality of sound. [A] Aside [B] Far from [C] Beside [D] Besides 解釋:本句意思是"除了"可手提,還可提供高品質的聲音。這裏表示"除了……,還有……",因此用besides。C中的beside表示"在……旁邊",A中的aside是副詞,B中far from表示"決非……"。 George likes all vegetables A for spinach. [A] except [B] accept [C] excuse [D] expect 解釋:except for表示"除了……之外",表示這個不算。 ■D the weather, forecast or anticipated, a true English gentleman always carries an umbrella, wherever he goes. [A] Regardless [B] Regard [C] Regard of [D] Regardless of 解釋:regardless of表示"不顧,無論"。{regard:v:尊敬,視爲,注視,留意,和……有關;n:尊敬,致意,考慮;regardless:adj:不顧的,不注意的;adv:不顧;forecast:n:預測,預報;v:預測;anticipate:v:預期,搶……以前,預言;anticipated:adj:預期的,預先的;} ■I welcome you most cordially, both personally and C behalf of the faculty and the student body. [A] in [B] at [C] on [D] to 解釋:on behalf of表示"表明"。{cordial[ˈkɔːrdʒ ə l]:n:興奮劑,補品;adj:熱忱的,誠懇的,興奮的;faculty:n:(大學的)系或院,全體教員,才能,能力;body:主體,團體;}
1.11 本小節示例及練習: Your brother John (have) come to see you. (has,主語是一我的。) Your brother and John (have) come to see you. (have,主語是兩我的,brother好John。) The senator and delegate (want) to make an announcement. (wants,,名詞短語由:限定詞+形容詞+名詞組成,其中任意一個元素均可以省略。此句中,名詞短語the senator and delegate中,限定詞the,名詞部分由and鏈接senator和delegate,此時應視爲具備參議院和表明雙重身份的一我的,因此單數。) {delegate:n:表明;v:派……爲表明;委派;受權;委託;} The senator and the delegate (want) to make an announcement. (want,主語the senator和the delegate各有限定詞,須要視爲2個名詞短語,於是是指2我的,故用複數。) Every man and every woman (have) to do something for the country. (has,雖然every man和every woman各有限定詞,因此彷佛是複數。但從意思上判斷,man和woman是相對稱的內容,是指人的兩種性別。重複every是爲了增強語氣,即:表示不論男女的每個"人",而不是表示兩我的。相似every man or woman、every person,因此應該選擇單數。) All work and no play (make) Jack a dull boy. (makes,主語all work和no play分別有各自的限定詞all和no,彷佛是兩個名詞短語。但從內容上來看,一天24小時都在工做,就意味着沒有遊戲時間,因此all work and no play說的是同一件事情的兩個方面,重複是爲了增強語氣,因此應該用單數。) {dull:adj:呆滯的,遲鈍的,無趣的;v:變鈍,遲鈍;} A cup and saucer (be) placed on the table. (is,杯子和碟子可視爲一組,因此只使用了一個限定詞a,當"一組咖啡杯"看待時是單數。) {saucer:茶托,碟子;} A cup and a dish (be) placed on the table. (are,杯子和菜碟子是兩件東西,不能當作一組來看待,因此用a cup和a dish連個名詞短語來表示,因此要用複數。) A brown and white dog (be) at your doorsteps. (is,一直綜白相間的夠在門前的臺階,說的一隻狗,因此用單數。) {doorstep:門階;} A brown and a white dog (be) fighting over a bone. (are,一直棕色和一直白色兩隻狗,因此用複數。) Bread and butter (be) not very tasty but very filling. (is,bread和butter都不可數,使用零冠詞(zero article),因此看不到限定詞。從意思上,bread和butter是一種食品:吐司麪包塗奶油,因此從意思上講應該是單數。) Bread and butter (have) both risen in price. (have,bread和butter一樣都使用零冠詞,但"雙雙漲價"是說的兩種物資,因此應該用複數。) Oil and water (do) not mix. (do,油水"兩種"物質沒法混合,這是一句英文諺語,用do。) You want to borrow money? But I, as well as you, (be) broke. (am,本句爲簡化從句,可還原爲:I am broke as well as you are。句中的第二個as是比較級的連詞,前面的I am broke是主要從句,後面的you are是從屬從句。從屬從句簡化時,省略be動詞,成爲as well as you,將其前移就成爲I,as well as you。句中的括弧be屬於主要從句,是I的動詞,因此用am,與as well as you無關。) I, no less than you, (be) responsible. (am,一樣是簡化從句,no less than you are這個比較級句子省略are後並前移,成爲I,no less than you……,而括弧的be動詞屬於主句,因此仍是主語I的動詞am。) Everyone but a few complete idiots (be) able to see that. (was,主語中使用but鏈接,等於排除掉後面的a few complete idiots的部分,所以仍然是要根據everyone決定,因此用單數。) The eggs, not the hen, (be) stolen. (were,主語eggs, not the hen,雖然沒有bug,可其意思與the eggs but not the hen相同,因此排除了後邊的部分,動詞跟eggs走,用複數。) Not only you but also I (be) at fault. (was,not only you but also I的意思上雖然包含you和I,但語氣偏重在I的部分,對等鏈接詞前面的not等於從形式上排除了you,因此要跟後面的主語I走,用單數was。) {falt:n:缺點,故障,過錯,[地質]斷層;v:找……錯誤;} Either my father alone or both my parents (be) coming. (are,對等鏈接詞or表達的關係是"二選一",不一樣於and(兩邊都算)和but(否認掉一邊)的狀況,二選一時候的主語徹底沒有暗示的成分,因此"哪一個靠近動詞哪一個就是主語",故用複數。) Neither he nor his friends (be) there at that time. (were,對等鏈接詞or表示"二選一"的關係,無明顯的暗示,因此採用就近原則判斷,故用複數。) (Do) he or his friends want to go? (Does,對等鏈接詞or表示"二選一"的關係,因此就近原則用單數does。) Everybody (be) to report here tomorrow. (is,主語有every、eath、either、neither等表示"一"的字眼時,後面的名詞使用單數,作主語時也得用動詞單數。) Every student (have) several chapters to report on. (has,主語有every、eath、either、neither等表示"一"的字眼時,後面的名詞使用單數,作主語時也得用動詞單數。) Each (have) to make a five-minute speech. (has,主語有every、eath、either、neither等表示"一"的字眼時,後面的名詞使用單數,作主語時也得用動詞單數。) You (have) to make a five-minute speech each. (have,主語是表示大家的you,因此用複數。) Each of you (be) responsible for half of the job. (is,主語是each,原來的you變成介詞of的賓語,主語有every、eath、either、neither等表示"一"的字眼時,後面的名詞使用單數,作主語時也得用動詞單數。) I don't trust people who (talk) too much. (talk,主語是關係代名詞時,其自己沒有單複數變化,因此要看其表明的先行詞的單複數。本句中who (talk) too much還原成單句就是they (talk) too much,因此they就是前面的people,因此這裏用複數。) He has three options, which (look) equally attractive. (look,主語是關係代名詞時,其自己沒有單複數變化,因此要看其表明的先行詞的單複數。因此根據先行詞options來看用複數。) He has three options, which (be) a good thing. (is,主語是關係代名詞時,其自己沒有單複數變化,因此要看其表明的先行詞的單複數。這裏的先行詞表明前面的整句話he as three options,which表明一個句子,表示"那件事",因此因該是單數。) It (be) the Johnson boys who (be) here last night. (was, were,主語是虛詞it,而補語是複數the Johnson boys,但動詞要根據主語而定,因此前面是單數,後面who表明的先行詞是the Johnson boys,因此用複數。) He makes eighty thousand dollars a year, which (be) a lot of money. (is,以單位作主語時,度量衡、時間、金錢等單位常以複數形態出現,但作主語時卻不必定要當單數看待。關係代詞代which表明的先行詞是eighty thousand dollars,看起來是複數。本句中的意思並不表示"8萬個1塊錢,而是有8萬之多的一筆錢",因此當單數看待。) Ten seconds (be) quite a record for the 100-meter dash. (is,主語ten seconds只是量出一段時間,表示10秒是百米短跑的一項優良記錄,並非"10個1秒鐘",因此用單數。) {dash:v:猛衝,匆忙完成;n:破折號,短跑,猛衝,衝;} Mrs. Lindsey, together with her sons, (be) on a European tour. (is,主語後有介詞短語時,因爲介詞短語並不能影響主語是單數仍是複數,因此通常狀況下,判斷時能夠去掉介詞短語來判斷,不過要留意某些狀況。her sons是with的賓語,主語是Mrs. Lindsey,雖然意思是都去了,但主要還交代"這位太太"作什麼,故用單數。) The use of computers in business (be) now almost inevitable. (is,主語是use,忽略介詞短語後,使用單數便可。) There (be) a list of things to buy in the handbag. (is,主語是list,省略介詞短語,因此用單數。並且手提包裏只有單子,因此用單數是合理的。) All of these (be) Lishan pears. (are,主要語爲空的字眼時,只表達"所有/部分"的概念,看不出是什麼東西,因此纔要看介詞短語。本句中,all是空字眼,of these表示梨山的梨子,因此用複數。) All of money (have) been spent. (has,主語是爲空的字眼,看不是什麼東西,因此根據介詞短語of money"一筆錢",因此用單數。) All but one of the pears (be) ripe. (are,句中有對等鏈接詞but,否認掉後邊的one,留下前面的all作主語,而all根據介詞短語of the pears可看出是複數。) A lot of the pears (be) damaged. (are,主語是空字眼,根據介詞短語判斷是用複數。) A lot of time (have) been wasted. (has,主語是空字眼,根據介詞短語判斷是不可數的名詞時間,因此用單數。) Half of the pears still (look) good. (look,主語是空字眼,表示部分,根據介詞短語of the pears判斷是複數。) Half of this pear (be) rotten. (is,主語是空字眼,根據介詞短語of this pear判斷是單數。) {rotten:adj:腐爛的,腐朽的,[口]極壞的,討厭的;adv:很是;} Some of the cost (be) in transportation. (is,主語是一些,可是根據介詞短語判斷是不可數的東西,因此用單數。) None of the pears (be) really good to eat. (is / are,none表示not one,形狀和意思都是單數,可採用單數。可是none也可算是空字眼,後面的介詞短語of the pears是複數,因此該句是單複數都可。) The number of people in the demonstration (be) five thousand. (is,the numer是five thousand的意思,表示數字,作主語時用單數。) A number of people (have) brought eggs to throw. (have,a number of people至關於some people,因此用複數。) A pair of pants (be) hanging on the wall. (is,英語中用a pair of表示的東西,其作主語時就是one pair,故用單數。) These pants (be) very fancy. (are,當a pair of表示的東西,其自己用these shoes……等表示時,須要用複數。) {fancy:adj:華麗裝飾的,時髦的,引人注目的;n:喜好,幻想;vt:想象,但願,迷戀;} The committee (be) studying the proposal. (is / are,集合名詞表示"一個單位、集團"時要用單數,可是不加-s來表示單位內的"成員"時,要用複數。本句中的committee能夠解釋爲"委員會"集體,也能夠解釋爲"委員們",因此單複數都可。) The committee (be) five years old. (is,句中的committee表示"委員會"這個集體,因此用單數。) The committee (be) mostly Republican politicians. (are,句中的committee表示"委員們",因此用複數。) {republican:n:擁護共和政體的人;adj:共和政體的;共和黨人;共和黨的;politician:政治家,政客;} Mathematics (be) my forte. (is,像一些表示科學、疾病的字眼,雖然以s結尾,但不必定是複數。) {forte:n:長處,特長,有點,[音樂]強音記號;} Mumps primarily (attack) children. (attacks) {mumps:腮腺炎;} Statistics (be) born in the gambling house. (was) {gambling:n:賭博,投機;} The statistics (be) not all accurate. (are,句中的statistics表明一批統計數字,因此用複數。) {accurate:adj:準確的,精確地;}