FTP協議html
文件傳輸協議(英文:File Transfer Protocol,縮寫:FTP)是一個應用層協議,是用於在網絡上進行文件傳輸的一套標準協議。shell
FTP協議概述數據庫
FTP服務默認運行在20和21兩個端口。端口20用於在客戶端和服務器之間傳輸數據流,而端口21用於傳輸控制流,一般客戶端向FTP服務器的21端口發送指令達完成上傳下載文件等其餘控制操做。當數據經過數據流傳輸時,控制流處於空閒狀態。而當控制流空閒很長時間後,客戶端的防火牆會將其會話置爲超時,這樣當大量數據經過防火牆時,會產生一些問題。此時,雖然文件能夠成功的傳輸,但由於控制會話,會被防火牆斷開;傳輸會產生一些錯誤。vim
FTP用戶分類安全
傳輸方式服務器
FTP實現的目標網絡
FTP缺點session
FTP工做模式app
port模式(主動模式):socket
passive模式(被動模式):
FTP虛擬用戶配置
yum -y install vsftpd db4* pam* #db4是實現文件數據庫的包,pam是認證的模塊
vsftpd服務的宿主用戶
useradd vsftpd -s /sbin/nologin
默認的vsftpd的服務宿主用戶是root,可是這不符合安全性的須要。這裏創建名字爲vsftpd的用戶,用他來做爲支持vsftpd的服務宿主用戶。因爲該用戶僅用來支持vsftpd服務用,所以沒有許可他登錄系統的必要,並設定他爲不能登錄系統的用戶。 默認的vsftpd的服務宿主用戶是root,這樣並不安全。這裏創建名字爲vsftpd的用戶,用他來做爲支持vsftpd的服務宿主用戶。因爲該用戶僅用來支持vsftpd服務用,所以沒有許可他登錄系統的必要,並設定他爲不能登錄系統的用戶。
vsftpd的虛擬宿主用戶
useradd virtual -d /var/www/html/ -s /sbin/nologin chown -R virtual:virtual /var/www/html/
vsftpd的虛擬用戶並非系統用戶,也就是說這些FTP的用戶在系統中是不存在的。他們的整體權限實際上是集中寄託在一個在系統中的某一個用戶身上的,所謂vsftpd的虛擬宿主用戶,就是這樣一個支持着全部虛擬用戶的宿主用戶。因爲他支撐了FTP的全部虛擬的用戶,那麼他自己的權限將會影響着這些虛擬的用戶,所以,處於安全性的考慮,也要非分注意對該用戶的權限的控制,該用戶也絕對沒有登錄系統的必要,這裏也設定他爲不能登錄系統的用戶。
vsftpd.conf基本配置
vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
# Example config file /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf # # The default compiled in settings are fairly paranoid. This sample file # loosens things up a bit, to make the ftp daemon more usable. # Please see vsftpd.conf.5 for all compiled in defaults. # # READ THIS: This example file is NOT an exhaustive list of vsftpd options. # Please read the vsftpd.conf.5 manual page to get a full idea of vsftpd's # capabilities. # # Allow anonymous FTP? (Beware - allowed by default if you comment this out). anonymous_enable=NO # # Uncomment this to allow local users to log in. local_enable=YES # # Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command. write_enable=YES # # Default umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to 022, # if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd's) local_umask=022 # # Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This only # has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also, you will # obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user. #anon_upload_enable=YES # # Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to create # new directories. #anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES # # Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they # go into a certain directory. dirmessage_enable=YES # # The target log file can be vsftpd_log_file or xferlog_file. # This depends on setting xferlog_std_format parameter xferlog_enable=YES # # Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftp-data). connect_from_port_20=YES # # If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned by # a different user. Note! Using "root" for uploaded files is not # recommended! #chown_uploads=YES #chown_username=whoever # # The name of log file when xferlog_enable=YES and xferlog_std_format=YES # WARNING - changing this filename affects /etc/logrotate.d/vsftpd.log #xferlog_file=/var/log/xferlog # # Switches between logging into vsftpd_log_file and xferlog_file files. # NO writes to vsftpd_log_file, YES to xferlog_file xferlog_std_format=YES # # You may change the default value for timing out an idle session. #idle_session_timeout=600 # # You may change the default value for timing out a data connection. #data_connection_timeout=120 # # It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which the # ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user. #nopriv_user=ftpsecure # # Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests. Not # recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it, # however, may confuse older FTP clients. #async_abor_enable=YES # # By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact ignore # the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do ASCII # mangling on files when in ASCII mode. # Beware that on some FTP servers, ASCII support allows a denial of service # attack (DoS) via the command "SIZE /big/file" in ASCII mode. vsftpd # predicted this attack and has always been safe, reporting the size of the # raw file. # ASCII mangling is a horrible feature of the protocol. #ascii_upload_enable=YES #ascii_download_enable=YES # # You may fully customise the login banner string: #ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service. # # You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses. Apparently # useful for combatting certain DoS attacks. #deny_email_enable=YES # (default follows) #banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd/banned_emails # # You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their home # directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list of # users to NOT chroot(). #chroot_list_enable=YES # (default follows) #chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd/chroot_list # # You may activate the "-R" option to the builtin ls. This is disabled by # default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on large # sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as "ncftp" and "mirror" assume # the presence of the "-R" option, so there is a strong case for enabling it. #ls_recurse_enable=YES # # When "listen" directive is enabled, vsftpd runs in standalone mode and # listens on IPv4 sockets. This directive cannot be used in conjunction # with the listen_ipv6 directive. listen=YES listen_port=56880 pasv_min_port=30000 pasv_max_port=35000 # # This directive enables listening on IPv6 sockets. To listen on IPv4 and IPv6 # sockets, you must run two copies of vsftpd whith two configuration files. # Make sure, that one of the listen options is commented !! #listen_ipv6=YES pam_service_name=vsftpd.vu #pam_service_name=vsftpd userlist_enable=YES tcp_wrappers=YES chroot_local_user=YES guest_enable=YES guest_username=virtual virtual_use_local_privs=YES #reverse_lookup_enable=NO user_config_dir=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_user_conf
創建虛擬用戶名單文件
vim /etc/vsftpd/ftpuser.txt 內容以下:
user1 password1 user2 password2
一行用戶,接着一行是該用戶的密碼
生成虛擬用戶數據文件
db_load -T -t hash -f /etc/vsftpd/ftpuser.txt /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login.db chmod 600 /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login.db
配置PAM驗證文件 vim /etc/pam.d/vsftpd.vu 將如下內容加入到文件最前面(在後面加入無效): 32位系統:
auth required /lib/security/pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login account required /lib/security/pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login
64位系統:
auth required /lib64/security/pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login account required /lib64/security/pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login
上一步創建的數據庫 vsftpd_login 在此處被使用,創建的虛擬用戶將採用PAM進行驗證,這是經過/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf文件中的語句pam_service_name=vsftpd.vu來啓用的。
vsftpd虛擬用戶的獨立配置:
mkdir -p /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_user_conf vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_user_conf/user1
配置以下:
anon_world_readable_only=NO write_enable=YES anon_upload_enable=YES anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES anon_other_write_enable=YES local_root=/var/virtualbaseuser/user1
創建虛擬用戶的目錄
mkdir /var/virtualbaseuser/user1
vsftpd服務器之間的站點對傳 有時候可能須要開啓vsftpd服務器之間的站點對傳功能,只需在主配置文件 /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf 里加入以下參數便可:
pasv_promiscuous=YES port_promiscuous=YES
說明 port_promiscuous=YES|NO 默認值爲NO。爲YES時,取消PORT安全檢查。該檢查確保外出的數據只能鏈接到客戶端上。當心打開此選項。 pasv_promiscuous=YES|NO 默認值爲NO。爲YES時,將關閉PASV模式的安全檢查。該檢查確保數據鏈接和控制鏈接是來自同一個IP地址。當心打開此選項。此選項惟一合理的用法是存在於由安全隧道方案構成的組織中。 因爲取消了數據包的安全檢查,容許數據流向非客戶端,因此站點對傳成功。
配置修改完成後,重啓vsftpd服務生效: /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart