datetime & time

python有兩個和時間相關的模塊，datetime和time

datetime

datetime模塊下有四個類

• date　　     日期相關的
• time          時間相關的
• datetime    date和time二者的功能
• timedelta   時間差

date 

查看和設置日期

>>> d = datetime.date.today()
>>> d
datetime.date(2017, 4, 30)
>>> d.year, d.month, d.day        # 取年、月、日
(2017, 4, 30)
>>> d.weekday()                   # 星期幾，從0開始算
6
>>> d.isoweekday()                # 星期幾，從1開始算
7
>>> datetime.date(2017, 4, 17)    # 設置日期
datetime.date(2017, 4, 17)

time

構造時間

Help on class time in module datetime:

class time(builtins.object)
 |  time([hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]) --> a time object
 |  
 |  All arguments are optional. tzinfo may be None, or an instance of
 |  a tzinfo subclass. The remaining arguments may be ints.
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |  
 |  __format__(...)
 |      Formats self with strftime.
 |  
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |  
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |  
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |  
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |  
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |  
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |  
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      __reduce__() -> (cls, state)
 |  
 |  __reduce_ex__(...)
 |      __reduce_ex__(proto) -> (cls, state)
 |  
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |  
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |  
 |  dst(...)
 |      Return self.tzinfo.dst(self).
 |  
 |  isoformat(...)
 |      Return string in ISO 8601 format, [HH[:MM[:SS[.mmm[uuu]]]]][+HH:MM].
 |      
 |      timespec specifies what components of the time to include.
 |  
 |  replace(...)
 |      Return time with new specified fields.
 |  
 |  strftime(...)
 |      format -> strftime() style string.
 |  
 |  tzname(...)
 |      Return self.tzinfo.tzname(self).
 |  
 |  utcoffset(...)
 |      Return self.tzinfo.utcoffset(self).
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |  
 |  fold
 |  
 |  hour
 |  
 |  microsecond
 |  
 |  minute
 |  
 |  second
 |  
 |  tzinfo
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |  
 |  max = datetime.time(23, 59, 59, 999999)
 |  
 |  min = datetime.time(0, 0)
 |  
 |  resolution = datetime.timedelta(0, 0, 1)

[Finished in 0.2s]

time

>>> datetime.time(15, 30, 22)
datetime.time(15, 30, 22)
>>> date = datetime.time(15, 30, 22)     # 時分秒
>>> date.hour, date.minute, date.second
(15, 30, 22)
>>> date.second
22

datetime

datetime是date和time二者功能的結合

class datetime(date)
 |  datetime(year, month, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[,tzinfo]]]]])
 |  
 |  The year, month and day arguments are required. tzinfo may be None, or an
 |  instance of a tzinfo subclass. The remaining arguments may be ints.
 |  
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      datetime
 |      date
 |      builtins.object
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |  
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |  
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |  
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |  
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |  
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |  
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |  
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |  
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  __radd__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value+self.
 |  
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      __reduce__() -> (cls, state)
 |  
 |  __reduce_ex__(...)
 |      __reduce_ex__(proto) -> (cls, state)
 |  
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |  
 |  __rsub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value-self.
 |  
 |  __str__(self, /)
 |      Return str(self).
 |  
 |  __sub__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self-value.
 |  
 |  astimezone(...)
 |      tz -> convert to local time in new timezone tz
 |  
 |  combine(...) from builtins.type
 |      date, time -> datetime with same date and time fields
 |  
 |  ctime(...)
 |      Return ctime() style string.
 |  
 |  date(...)
 |      Return date object with same year, month and day.
 |  
 |  dst(...)
 |      Return self.tzinfo.dst(self).
 |  
 |  fromtimestamp(...) from builtins.type
 |      timestamp[, tz] -> tz's local time from POSIX timestamp.
 |  
 |  isoformat(...)
 |      [sep] -> string in ISO 8601 format, YYYY-MM-DDT[HH[:MM[:SS[.mmm[uuu]]]]][+HH:MM].
 |      sep is used to separate the year from the time, and defaults to 'T'.
 |      timespec specifies what components of the time to include (allowed values are 'auto', 'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds', 'milliseconds', and 'microseconds').
 |  
 |  now(tz=None) from builtins.type
 |      Returns new datetime object representing current time local to tz.
 |      
 |        tz
 |          Timezone object.
 |      
 |      If no tz is specified, uses local timezone.
 |  
 |  replace(...)
 |      Return datetime with new specified fields.
 |  
 |  strptime(...) from builtins.type
 |      string, format -> new datetime parsed from a string (like time.strptime()).
 |  
 |  time(...)
 |      Return time object with same time but with tzinfo=None.
 |  
 |  timestamp(...)
 |      Return POSIX timestamp as float.
 |  
 |  timetuple(...)
 |      Return time tuple, compatible with time.localtime().
 |  
 |  timetz(...)
 |      Return time object with same time and tzinfo.
 |  
 |  tzname(...)
 |      Return self.tzinfo.tzname(self).
 |  
 |  utcfromtimestamp(...) from builtins.type
 |      Construct a naive UTC datetime from a POSIX timestamp.
 |  
 |  utcnow(...) from builtins.type
 |      Return a new datetime representing UTC day and time.
 |  
 |  utcoffset(...)
 |      Return self.tzinfo.utcoffset(self).
 |  
 |  utctimetuple(...)
 |      Return UTC time tuple, compatible with time.localtime().
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |  
 |  fold
 |  
 |  hour
 |  
 |  microsecond
 |  
 |  minute
 |  
 |  second
 |  
 |  tzinfo
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |  
 |  max = datetime.datetime(9999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)
 |  
 |  min = datetime.datetime(1, 1, 1, 0, 0)
 |  
 |  resolution = datetime.timedelta(0, 0, 1)
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from date:
 |  
 |  __format__(...)
 |      Formats self with strftime.
 |  
 |  fromordinal(...) from builtins.type
 |      int -> date corresponding to a proleptic Gregorian ordinal.
 |  
 |  isocalendar(...)
 |      Return a 3-tuple containing ISO year, week number, and weekday.
 |  
 |  isoweekday(...)
 |      Return the day of the week represented by the date.
 |      Monday == 1 ... Sunday == 7
 |  
 |  strftime(...)
 |      format -> strftime() style string.
 |  
 |  today(...) from builtins.type
 |      Current date or datetime:  same as self.__class__.fromtimestamp(time.time()).
 |  
 |  toordinal(...)
 |      Return proleptic Gregorian ordinal.  January 1 of year 1 is day 1.
 |  
 |  weekday(...)
 |      Return the day of the week represented by the date.
 |      Monday == 0 ... Sunday == 6
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from date:
 |  
 |  day
 |  
 |  month
 |  
 |  year

datetime

>>> now = datetime.datetime.now()
>>> now
datetime.datetime(2017, 4, 27, 23, 4, 8, 142947)   # 年、月、日、時、分、秒、微秒
>>> now.year
2017
>>> now.day
27
>>> now.month
4
>>> now.hour
23

timedelta

時間差，日期和時間能夠相加減，獲得一個timedelta對象

>>> birthday = datetime.date(1991, 12, 10)
>>> now = datetime.date.now()
>>> today - birthday
datetime.timedelta(9273)>>> 
>>> datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.datetime(1991,12,10)
datetime.timedelta(9273, 15500, 135084)

綜合運用

將時間格式轉換成str類型

>>> datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y/%m/%d') 
'2017/04/27'
>>> datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
'2017-04-27'
>>> datetime.date.today().strftime('%Y/%m/%d')
'2017/04/27'
>>> datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
'20170427223159'
>>> datetime.time(18,20,31).strftime('%H-%M-%S')
'18-20-31'
>>> datetime.time(18,20,31).strftime('%H:%M:%S')
'18:20:31'

將str轉換成日期和時間類型

>>> s = '2018-09-22'
>>> datetime.datetime.strptime(s, '%Y-%m-%d')
datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 22, 0, 0)
>>> s = '2018-09-22-17-22'
>>> datetime.datetime.strptime(s, '%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M')
datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 22, 17, 22)

時間差，有這樣的需求，要獲得先後多少天、先後多少分鐘

# 3天前
>>> (datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=3)).strftime('%Y%m%d')
'20170424'
# 3天后
>>> (datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=3)).strftime('%Y%m%d')
'20170501'
# 15分鐘前
>>> (datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(seconds=900)).strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
'20170428005835'
# 15分鐘後
>>> (datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=900)).strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
'20170428005835'

好比輸入你的生日，算你來了這個世界上有多少天

>>> birthday = datetime.date(1991, 12, 10)
>>> now = datetime.date.today()
>>> result = now - birthday
>>> result.days
9273

time

我以爲功能上和datetime差很少

>>> time.localtime()                   
time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=30, tm_hour=4, tm_min=45, tm_sec=38, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=120, tm_isdst=0)
>>> time.sleep(1)                      # 等待多少秒
>>> time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') # 時間格式化
'2017-04-30 04:46:21'
>>> time.ctime()
'Sun Apr 30 17:46:02 2017'