一、查看錶空間的名稱及大小
html
select t.tablespace_name,round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size from dba_tablespaces t,dba_data_files d where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name group by t.tablespace_name;
二、查看錶空間物理文件的名稱及大小
sql
select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space from dba_data_files order by tablespace_name;
三、查看回滾段名稱及大小
shell
select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,max_extents, v.curext CurExtent from dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+) order by segment_name;
四、查看控制文件
數據庫
select name from v$controlfile;
五、查看日誌文件
express
select member from v$logfile;
六、查看錶空間的使用狀況
c#
select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;
SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE" FROM SYS.***$TS_***AIL A,SYS.***$TS_USED B,SYS.***$TS_FREE C WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
七、查看數據庫庫對象
安全
select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
八、查看數據庫的版本
session
Select version FROM Product_component_version Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
九、查看數據庫的建立日期和歸檔方式
oracle
Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
十、捕捉運行好久的SQL
ide
column username format a12 column opname format a16 column progress format a8
select username,sid,opname,round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,time_remaining,sql_text from v$session_longops,v$sql where time_remaining <> 0 and sql_address = address and sql_hash_value = hash_value;
11。查看數據表的參數信息
SELECT partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name, pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent, next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS, freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks, empty_blocks, ***g_space, chain_cnt, ***g_row_len, sample_size, last_analyzed FROM dba_tab_partitions --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner ORDER BY partition_position
12.查看還沒提交的事務
select * from v$locked_object; select * from v$transaction;
13.查找object爲哪些進程所用
select p.spid, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num, s.username user_name, a.type object_type, s.osuser os_user_name, a.owner, a.object object_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process, s.terminal terminal, s.program program, s.status session_status from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p where s.paddr = p.addr and s.type = 'USER' and a.sid = s.sid and a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR' order by s.username,s.osuser
14.回滾段查看
select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name,v$rollstat.extents Extents,v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes,v$rollstat.xacts XActs, v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes, sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs, v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
15.耗資源的進程(top session)
select s.schemaname schema_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, status session_status, s.osuser os_user_name, s.sid, p.spid , s.serial# serial_num, nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name, s.terminal terminal, s.program program, st.value criteria_value from v$sesstat st, v$session s , v$process p where st.sid = s.sid and st.statistic# = to_number('38') and ('ALL' = 'ALL' or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc
16。查看鎖(lock)狀況
select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name, ls.username user_name, decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX', 'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type, o.object_name object, decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3, 'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null) lock_mode, o.owner, ls.sid, ls.serial# serial_num, ls.id1, ls.id2 from sys.dba_objects o, ( select s.osuser, s.username, l.type, l.lmode, s.sid, s.serial#, l.id1, l.id2 from v$session s, v$lock l where s.sid = l.sid ) ls where o.object_id = ls.id1 and o.owner <> 'SYS' order by o.owner, o.object_name
17.查看等待(wait)狀況
SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets', 'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
18。查看sga狀況
SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
19。查看catched object
SELECT owner, name, db_link, namespace,type, sharable_mem, loads, executions,locks, pins, kept FROM v$db_object_cache;
20。查看V$SQLAREA
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS, VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS, USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS, BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
21。查看object分類數量 ?
select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select 'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from
22。按用戶查看object種類
select u.name schema, sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes, sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables, sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL)) clusters, sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views, sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1, NULL)) synonyms, sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences, sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1)) others from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u where o.type# >= 1 and u.user# = o.owner# and u.name <> 'PUBLIC' group by u.name order by sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$
23。有關connection的相關信息
1)查看有哪些用戶鏈接
select s.osuser os_user_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process, status session_status, s.terminal terminal, s.program program, s.username user_name, s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter, '' query, 0 memory, 0 max_memory, 0 cpu_usage, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num from v$session s, v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and s.type = 'USER' order by s.username, s.osuser
2)根據v.sid查看對應鏈接的資源佔用等狀況
select n.name, v.value, n.class, n.statistic# from v$statname n, v$sesstat v where v.sid = 71 and v.statistic# = n.statistic# order by n.class, n.statistic#
3)根據sid查看對應鏈接正在運行的sql
select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */ command_type, sql_text, sharable_mem, persistent_mem, runtime_mem, sorts, version_count, loaded_versions, open_versions, users_opening, executions, users_executing, loads, first_load_time, invalidations, parse_calls, disk_reads, buffer_gets, rows_processed, sysdate start_time, sysdate finish_time, '>' || address sql_address, 'N' status from v$sqlarea where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
24.查詢表空間使用狀況
select a.tablespace_name "表空間名稱", 100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "佔用率(%)", round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)", round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空閒(M)", round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)", Largest "最大擴展段(M)", to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "採樣時間" from (select f.tablespace_name, sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc, sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes from dba_data_files f group by tablespace_name) a, (select f.tablespace_name, sum(f.bytes) bytes_free from dba_free_space f group by tablespace_name) b, (select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest, ts.name tablespace_name from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts# group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
25. 查詢表空間的碎片程度
select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name h***ing count(tablespace_name)>10;
alter tablespace name coalesce; alter table name deallocate unused;
create or replace view ts_blocks_v as select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space union all select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;
select * from ts_blocks_v;
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;
26。查詢有哪些數據庫實例在運行
select inst_name from v$active_instances;
=========================================================== ######### 建立數據庫----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql ############# create database db01 maxlogfiles 10 maxdatafiles 1024 maxinstances 2 logfile GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M, undo tablespace UNDO datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M default temporary tablespace TEMP tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M extent management local uniform size 128k character set AL32UTE8 national character set AL16UTF16 set time_zone='America/New_York';
############### 數據字典 ##########
set wrap off select * from v$dba_users; grant select on table_name to user/rule; select * from user_tables; select * from all_tables; select * from dba_tables; revoke dba from user_name; shutdown immediate startup nomount select * from v$instance; select * from v$sga; select * from v$tablespace; alter session set nls_language=american; alter database mount; select * from v$database; alter database open; desc dictionary select * from dict; desc v$fixed_table; select * from v$fixed_table; set oracle_sid=foxconn select * from dba_objects; set serveroutput on execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');
############# 控制文件 ###########
select * from v$database; select * from v$tablespace; select * from v$logfile; select * from v$log; select * from v$backup; /*備份用戶表空間*/ alter tablespace users begin backup; select * from v$archived_log; select * from v$controlfile; alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl','$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile; cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl startup pfile='../initSID.ora' select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ; show parameter control; select * from v$controlfile_record_section; select * from v$tempfile; /*備份控制文件*/ alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';
/*備份控制文件,並將二進制控制文件變爲了asc 的文本文件*/
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
############### redo log ##############
archive log list; alter system archive log start;--啓動自動存檔 alter system switch logfile;--強行進行一第二天志switch alter system checkpoint;--強制進行一次checkpoint alter tablspace users begin backup; alter tablespace offline; /*checkpoint 同步頻率參數FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步頻率越高,系統恢復所需時間越短*/ show parameter fast; show parameter log_checkpoint; /*加入一個日誌組*/ alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M); /*加入日誌組的一個成員*/ alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3; /*刪除日誌組:當前日誌組不能刪;活動的日誌組不能刪;非歸檔的日誌組不能刪*/ alter database drop logfile group 3; /*刪除日誌組中的某個成員,但每一個組的最後一個成員不能被刪除*/ alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; /*清除在線日誌*/ alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; alter database clear logfile group 3; /*清除非歸檔日誌*/ alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3; /*重命名日誌文件*/ alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo'; show parameter db_create; alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name'; select * from v$log; select * from v$logfile; /*數據庫歸檔模式到非歸檔模式的互換,要啓動到mount狀態下才能改變;startup mount;而後再打開數據庫.*/ alter database noarchivelog/archivelog; achive log start;---啓動自動歸檔 alter system archive all;--手工歸檔全部日誌文件 select * from v$archived_log; show parameter log_archive;
###### 分析日誌文件logmnr ##############
1) 在init.ora中set utl_file_dir 參數 2) 從新啓動oracle 3) create 目錄文件 desc dbms_logmnr_d; dbms_logmnr_d.build; 4) 加入日誌文件 add/remove log file dhms_logmnr.add_logfile dbms_logmnr.removefile 5) start logmnr dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr 6) 分析出來的內容查詢 v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo
實踐:
desc dbms_logmnr_d; /*對數據表作一些操做,爲恢復操做作準備*/ update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380; delete 表 where stor_id=7066; /***********************************/ utl_file_dir的路徑 execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump'); execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile); execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');
######### tablespace ##############
select * form v$tablespace; select * from v$datafile; /*表空間和數據文件的對應關係*/ select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#; alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M; select * from dba_rollback_segs; /*限制用戶在某表空間的使用限額*/ alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name; create tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)]; exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M; create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline; /*9i之後,oracle建議使用local管理,而不使用dictionary管理,由於local採用bitmap管理表空間 ,不會產生系統表空間的自願爭用;*/ create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m; create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate; /*在建立表空間時,設置表空間內的段空間管理模式,這裏用的是自動管理*/ create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto; alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10; alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20); /*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */ create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local; show parameter undo; /*temporary tablespace*/ create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local; /*設置數據庫缺省的臨時表空間*/ alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; /*系統/臨時/在線的undo表空間不能被offline*/ alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online; alter tablespace tablespace_name read only; /*重命名用戶表空間*/ alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'; /*重命名系統表空間 ,但在重命名前必須將數據庫shutdown,並重啓到mount狀態*/ alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf'; drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce /*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/ alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M; /*resize datafile*/ alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m; /*給表空間擴展空間*/ alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m; /*將表空間設置成OMF狀態*/ alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata'; create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace; drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace; select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files; /*將表的某分區移動到另外一個表空間*/ alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;
###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships #########
/*手工分配表空間段的分區(extend)大小*/ alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'); alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---釋放表中沒有用到的分區 show parameter db; alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k塊的內存空間塊參數 select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace; select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace; /*數據對象所佔用的字節數*/ select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';
############ UNDO Data ################
show parameter undo; alter tablespace users offline normal; alter tablespace users offline immediate; recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'; alter tablespace users online ; select * from dba_rollback_segs; alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1; /*忽略回滾段的錯誤提示*/ alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true; /*在自動管理模式下,不會真正創建rbs1;在手工管理模式則能夠創建,且是私有回滾段*/ create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs; desc dbms_flashback; /*在提交了修改的數據後,9i提供了舊數據的回閃操做,將修改前的數據只讀給用戶看,但這部分數據不會又恢復在表中,而是舊數據的一個映射*/ execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm'); execute dbms_flashback.disable; /*回滾段的統計信息*/ select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat; /*undo表空間的大小計算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24) UR :UNDO_RETENTION 保留的時間(秒) UPS :每秒的回滾數據塊 DBS:系統EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/ select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction; show parameter transactions; show parameter rollback; /*在手工管理模式下,創建公共的回滾段*/ create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs; alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式 /*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、 transactions=100 、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10 而後 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */
########## Managing Tables ###########
/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes rowid 是18位的64進制字符串 (10個bytes 80 bits) rowid組成: object#(對象號)--32bits,6位 rfile#(相對文件號)--10bits,3位 block#(塊號)--22bits,6位 row#(行號)--16bits,3位 64進制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64個符號 dbms_rowid 包中的函數能夠提供對rowid的解釋*/ select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name; create table test2 ( id int, lname varchar2(20) not null, fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'), empdate date default sysdate) ) tablespace tablespace_name; create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors; create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40; alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage /*手工分配分區,分配的數據文件必須是表所在表空間內的數據文件*/ alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...'); /*釋放表中沒有用到的空間*/ alter table table_name deallocate unused; alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k; /*將非分區表的表空間搬到新的表空間,在移動表空間後,原表中的索引對象將會不可用,必須重建*/ alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name; create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users; alter index index_name rebuild; drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]; alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column /*給表中不用的列作標記*/ alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; /*drop表中不用的作了標記列*/ alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; /*當在drop col是出現異常,使用CONTINUE,防止重刪前面的column*/ ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000; select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;
######## managing indexes ##########
/*create index*/ example: /*建立通常索引*/ create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name; /*建立位圖索引*/ create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name; /*索引中不能用pctused*/ create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ; /*大數據量的索引最好不要作日誌*/ create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging; /*建立反轉索引*/ create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse; /*建立函數索引*/ create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name; /*建表時建立約束條件*/ create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name; /*給建立bitmap index分配的內存空間參數,以加速建索引*/ show parameter create_bit; /*改變索引的存儲參數*/ alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k); /*給索引手工分配一個分區*/ alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..'); /*釋放索引中沒用的空間*/ alter index index_name deallocate unused; /*索引重建*/ alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name; /*普通索引和反轉索引的互換*/ alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse; /*重建索引時,不鎖表*/ alter index index_name rebuild online; /*給索引整理碎片*/ alter index index_name COALESCE; /*分析索引,事實上是更新統計的過程*/ analyze index index_name validate structure; desc index_state; drop index index_name; alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----監視索引是否被用到 alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消監視 /*有關索引信息的視圖*/ select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
########## 數據完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ##########
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 約束 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----建立主鍵 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---建立惟一約束 /*建立外鍵約束*/ alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1); /*不效驗老數據,只約束新的數據[enable/disable:約束/不約束新數據;novalidate/validate:不對/對老數據進行驗證]*/ alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate; /*修改約束條件,延時驗證,commit時驗證*/ alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred; /*修改約束條件,當即驗證*/ alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate; alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate; /*drop一個有外鍵的主鍵表,帶cascade constraints參數級聯刪除*/ drop table table_name cascade constraints; /*當truncate外鍵表時,先將外鍵設爲無效,再truncate;*/ truncate table table_name; /*設約束條件無效*/ alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name; alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name; /*將無效約束的數據行放入exception的表中,此表記錄了違反數據約束的行的行號;在此以前,要先建exceptions表*/ alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions; /*運行建立exceptions表的腳本*/ start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql; /*獲取約束條件信息的表或視圖*/ select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;
################## managing password security and resources ####################
alter user user_name account unlock/open;----鎖定/打開用戶; alter user user_name password expire;---設定口令到期 /*創建口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令輸多少次後鎖,password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自動解鎖*/ create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440; /*建立口令配置文件*/ create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5; /*創建資源配置文件*/ create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; alter user user_name profile profile_name; /*設置口令解鎖時間*/ alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24; /*password_life_time指口令文件多少時間到期,password_grace_time指在第一次成功登陸後到口令到期有多少天時間可改變口令*/ alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3; /*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天內可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次數*/ alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3]; alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用戶口令 drop profile profile_name; /*創建了profile後,且指定給某個用戶,則必須用CASCADE才能刪除*/ drop profile profile_name CASCADE; alter system set resource_limit=true;---啓用自願限制,缺省是false /*配置資源參數*/ alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5; /*資源參數(session級) cpu_per_session 每一個session佔用cpu的時間 單位1/100秒 sessions_per_user 容許每一個用戶的並行session數 connect_time 容許鏈接的時間 單位分鐘 idle_time 鏈接被空閒多少時間後,被自動斷開 單位分鐘 logical_reads_per_session 讀塊數 ***_sga 用戶可以在SGA中使用的私有的空間數 單位bytes (call級) cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)調用cpu的時間 logical_reads_per_call 每次調用可以讀的塊數 */ alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10; desc dbms_resouce_manager;---資源管理器包 /*獲取資源信息的表或視圖*/ select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;
###### Managing users ############
show parameter os; create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001; grant connect,createtable to testuser1; alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name; /*建立用戶*/ create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; /*數據庫級設定缺省臨時表空間*/ alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; /*制定數據庫級的缺省表空間*/ alter database default tablespace tablespace_name; /*建立os級審覈的用戶,需知道os_authent_prefix,表示oracle和os口令對應的前綴,'OPS$'爲此參數的值,此值能夠任意設置*/ create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; /*修改用戶使用表空間的限額,回滾表空間和臨時表空間不容許授予限額*/ alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name; /*刪除用戶或刪除級聯用戶(用戶對象下有對象的要用CASCADE,將其下一些對象一塊兒刪除)*/ drop user user_name [CASCADE]; /*每一個用戶在哪些表空間下有些什麼限額*/ desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...'; /*改變用戶的缺省表空間*/ alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;
######### Managing Privileges #############
grant create table,create session to user_name; grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name; /*授予權限語法,public 標識全部用戶,with admin option容許能將權限授予第三者的權限*/ grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option]; select * from v$pwfile_users; /*當 O7_dictionary_accessiblity參數爲True時,標識select any table時,包括系統表也能select ,不然,不包含系統表;缺省爲false*/ show parameter O7; /*因爲 O7_dictionary_accessiblity爲靜態參數,不能動態改變,故加scope=spfile,下次啓動時才生效*/ alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile; /*授予對象中的某些字段的權限,如select 某表中的某些字段的權限*/ grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option; /*oracle不容許授予select某列的權限,但能夠授insert ,update某列的權限*/ grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option; select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs; /*db/os/none 審計被記錄在 數據庫/操做系統/不審計 缺省是none*/ show parameter audit_trail; /*啓動對錶的select動做*/ audit select on user.table_name by session; /*by session在每一個session中發出command只記錄一次,by access則每一個command都記錄*/ audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful]; desc dbms_fga;---進一步設計,則可以使用dbms_fgs包 /*取消審計*/ noaudit select on user.table_name; /*查被審計信息*/ select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts; /*獲取審計記錄*/ select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;
########### Managing Role #################
create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name; create role role_name; create role role_name identified by password; create role role_name identified externally; set role role_name ; ----激活role set role role_name identified by password; alter role role_name not identified; alter role role_name identified by password; alter role role_name identified externally; grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION]; grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name; grant role_name1 to role_name2; /*創建default role,用戶登陸時,缺省激活default role*/ alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...; alter user user_name default role all; alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...; alter user user_name default role none; set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....; set role all; set role except role1,role2,...; set role none; revoke role_name from user_name; revoke role_name from public; drop role role_name; select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;
########### Basic SQL SELECT ################
select col_name as col_alias from table_name ; select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配單個字符 /*使用字符函數(右邊截取,字段中包含某個字符,左邊填充某字符到固定位數,右邊填充某字符到固定位數)*/ select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name; /*使用數字函數(往右/左幾位四捨五入,取整,取餘)*/ select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ; /*使用日期函數(計算兩個日期間相差幾個星期,兩個日期間相隔幾個月,在某個月份上加幾個月,某個日期的下一個日期, 某日期所在月的最後的日期,對某個日期的月分四捨五入,對某個日期的月份進行取整)*/ select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate), round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name; /*使用NULL函數(當expr1爲空取expr2/當expr1爲空取expr2,不然取expr3/當expr1=expr2返回空)*/ select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name; select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1 when '30' then column2*2.1 when '10' then column3/20 else column3 end as ttt from table_name ; ------使用case函數 select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1 [CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡兒鏈接 [NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用兩個表中的同名列鏈接 [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用兩個表中的同名列中的某一列或幾列鏈接 [JOIN table2 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] | [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------至關於(+)=,=(+)鏈接,全外鏈接 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN語法; example: select col1,col2 from table1 t1 join table2 t2 on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1 join table3 t3 on t2.col1=t3.col3; select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3); MERGE INTO table_name table1 USING table_name2 table2 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2) WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET table1.col1=table2.col2, table1.col2=table2.col3, ... WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合併語句
##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################
alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----設置列無效,這個比較快。 alter table table_name drop unused columns;---刪除被設爲無效的列 rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名錶 comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----給表放入註釋信息 create table table_name (col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20), constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定義表中的約束條件 alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----建立主鍵 /*創建外鍵*/ create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id)); alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%'); alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name; alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----級聯刪除主鍵 alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使約束暫時無效 /*刪除列,並級聯刪除此列下的約束條件*/ alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint; select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---約束條件相關視圖
############## Create Views #####################
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)] AS subquery [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]] [WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------建立視圖的語法 example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------建立視圖 /*使用別名*/ Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name; /*建立複雜視圖*/ Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),***g(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1; /*當用update修改數據時,必須知足視圖的col1>10的條件,不知足則不能被改變.*/ Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option; /*改變視圖的值.對於簡單視圖能夠用update語法修改表數據,但複雜視圖則不必定能改。如使用了函數,group by ,distinct等的列*/ update view_name set col1=value1; /*TOP-N分析*/ select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N; /*找出某列三條最大值的記錄*/ example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;
############# Other database Object ###############
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n] [START WITH n] [{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}] [{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}] [{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}] [{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----建立SEQUENCE example: CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10 START WITH 120 MAXVALUE 9999 NOCACHE NOCYCLE; select * from user_sequences ;---當前用戶下記錄sequence的視圖 select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用 alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20 MAXVALUE 999999 NOCACHE NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改變起始序號 drop sequence sequence_name; ----刪除sequence CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------建立同義詞 DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----刪除同義詞 CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----建立DBLINK select * from object_name@link_name; ----訪問遠程數據庫中的對象 /*union 操做,它將兩個集合的交集部分壓縮,並對數據排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; /*union all 操做,兩個集合的交集部分不壓縮,且不對數據排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; /*intersect 操做,求兩個集合的交集,它將對重複數據進行壓縮,且排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; /*minus 操做,集合減,它將壓縮兩個集合減後的重複記錄, 且對數據排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; /*EXTRACT 抽取時間函數. 此例是抽取當前日期中的年*/ select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual; /*EXTRACT 抽取時間函數. 此例是抽取當前日期中的月*/ select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
########################## 加強的 group by 子句 #########################
select [column,] group_function(column)... from table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] [H***ING h***ing_expression]; [ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操做字,對group by子句的各字段從右到左進行再聚合 example: /*其結果看起來象對col1作小計*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2); /*複合rollup表達式*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2)); select [column,] group_function(column)... from table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression] [H***ING h***ing_expression]; [ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操做字,除完成ROLLUP的功能外,再對ROLLUP後的結果集從右到左再聚合 example: /*其結果看起來象對col1作小計後,再對col2作小計,最後算總計*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2); /*複合rollup表達式*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2)); /*混合rollup,cube表達式*/ select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3); /*GROUPING(expr)函數,查看select語句種以何字段聚合,其取值爲0或1*/ select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr) from table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] [H***ING h***ing_expression]; [ORDER BY column]; example: select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2); /*grouping sets操做,對group by結果集先對col1求和,再對col2求和,最後將其結果集並在一塊兒*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2)); 1.查詢跟蹤文件位置 SELECT c.VALUE || '/' || d.instance_name || '_ora_' || a.spid || '.trc' TRACE FROM v$process a, v$session b, v$parameter c, v$instance d WHERE a.addr = b.paddr AND b.audsid = USERENV ('sessionid') AND c.NAME = 'user_dump_dest' select c.value || '/' || instance || '_ora_' || ltrim(to_char(a.spid,'fm99999')) || '.trc' from v$process a, v$session b, v$parameter c, v$thread c where a.addr = b.paddr and b.audsid = userenv('sessionid') and c.name = 'user_dump_dest' 2.告警日誌文件位置 alert.log文件(e:\oracle\product\10.2.0/admin/fgisdb/bdump\alert_fgisdb.log) 告警日誌,在產生錯誤時,啓動和關閉實例時,都會記錄信息到告警日誌中,此外還記錄了不一樣於默認值的初始參數的列表,alter system,alter database命令,對錶空間,數據文件的操做,空間不足,損壞的文件等。告警日誌也會變得很大,可在任意時間重命名或刪除告警日誌,可是告警日誌記錄了數據庫的各類安全信息,維護和恢復等信息,所以可根據時間前後來選擇性刪除。 在Oracle 10g 與9i及其之前的版本中 alert log 位於 $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/bdump 下,Oracle 11g Alert log位置: 公司一套新系統安裝的是 Oracle 11g,今天有空想看下log日誌,找了半天都沒找到。 在網上查了 下,才知道原來11g 對alert log 作了變動。 從 Oracle 11g 開始,Oracle 數據庫以XML與傳統的文本 兩種格式提供 Alert 日誌。 新的日誌位置由 Automatic Diagnostic Repository (ADR) 決定。能夠通過新的初始化參數 DIAGNOSTIC_DEST 控制 ADR BASE 的位置。 SQL> show parameter diagnostic_dest NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ diagnostic_dest string /db/interfacedb SQL> 若是沒有設定這個初始化參數的位置,而設置 ORACLE_BASE 環境變數的話,那麼,則 ORACLE_HOME/log 即為 DIAGNOSTIC_DEST。 3.查看執行計劃 有三種方法: 1.Explain plan explain plan for select * from aa; 查看結果: select * from table(dbms_xplan.display()); 2.Autotrace Set timing on --記錄所用時間 Set autot trace --自動記錄執行計劃 3.SQL_TRACE 查看ip地址select sys_context('userenv','ip_address') from dual