官網介紹是A type-safe HTTP client for Android and Java,是一個 RESTful 的 HTTP 網絡請求框架的封裝,但網絡請求不是Retrofit來完成的,它只是封裝了請求參數、Header、Url、返回結果處理等信息,而請求是由OkHttp3來完成的。html
Retrofit入門很是簡單,首先須要在build.gradle引用相關依賴java
implementation 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.5.0'
定義一個HTTP API接口類git
public interface GitHubService { @GET("users/{user}/repos") Call<List<Repo>> listRepos(@Path("user") String user); }
使用Retrofit類生成GitHubService 接口實現github
Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder() .baseUrl("https://api.github.com/") .build(); GitHubService service = retrofit.create(GitHubService.class);
發送HTTP請求,返回Response能夠同步或者異步處理api
Call<List<Repo>> repos = service.listRepos("octocat"); // 同步 List<Repo> data = repos.execute(); // 異步 repos.enqueue(new Callback<List<Repo>>() { @Override public void onResponse(Call<List<Repo>> call, Response<List<Repo>> response) { List<Repo> data = response.body(); } @Override public void onFailure(Call<List<Repo>> call, Throwable t) { t.printStackTrace(); } });
Retrofit入門就是這幾步,固然在實際使用的時候確定沒有那麼簡單,能夠根據具體需求來處理,以前寫過一篇文章Retrofit+Rxjava的封裝,具體能夠去看看。緩存
Retrofit庫有四個module,包含retrofit,adapter,convert,mock等,咱們先來看看Retrofit總體結構,先對它有個大致的瞭解。
安全
Retrofit定義了請求註解類,支持請求方法包含GET、POST、HEAD、OPTIONS、PUT、DELETE、PATCH請求,固然你也能夠直接使用HTTP自定義請求。例如以GET請求爲例,服務器
@Documented @Target(METHOD) @Retention(RUNTIME) public @interface GET { /** * A relative or absolute path, or full URL of the endpoint. This value is optional if the first * parameter of the method is annotated with {@link Url @Url}. * <p> * See {@linkplain retrofit2.Retrofit.Builder#baseUrl(HttpUrl) base URL} for details of how * this is resolved against a base URL to create the full endpoint URL. */ String value() default ""; }
GET定義了一個value,這個值是相關請求的path,而咱們在建立Retrofit的時候已經傳入一個baseUrl,這兩個會組裝成真正的請求url。若是想使用HTTP自定義,能夠這樣定義:網絡
HTTP(method = "DELETE", path = "remove/", hasBody = true)
Retrofit定義了請求參數註解類,包含Body、Field、FieldMap、Header、HeaderMap、Part、PartMap、Query、QueryMap、QueryName。以Query爲例,例如 http://api.github.com/list?page=10,能夠寫成下面的代碼。框架
@GET("/list") Call<ResponseBody> list(@Query("page") int page);
使用POST的時候,絕大多數的服務端接口都須要作加密、鑑權和校驗,能夠使用@Field來處理參數
@POST("/list") Call<ResponseBody> list(@Field("page") int page);
而Map結尾的註解參數類,其實就是數據集,如@QueryMap Map<String, String> map
在Retrofit中,不管是發送數據和接收數據,都是經過OKHttp的RequestBody和ResponseBody來實現的。在實際項目中,有時候原始的RequestBody或是ResponseBody並不能知足咱們的需求(如接口加密),就須要對它進行轉換。並且Retrofit官方給瞭如下幾個經常使用的轉換庫。
這對於通常的使用來講確實夠用了,可是若是咱們對安全性要求比較高,或者編碼不太同樣的話,這些庫就無法使用了,因而咱們就須要自定義ConverterFactory。Retrofit已經爲咱們提供了自定義Converter.Factory的接口,咱們只須要實現它給的接口便可。
public final class ProtoConverterFactoryCompat extends Converter.Factory { public static ProtoConverterFactoryCompat create() { return new ProtoConverterFactoryCompat(null); } /** * Create an instance which uses {@code registry} when deserializing. */ public static ProtoConverterFactoryCompat createWithRegistry(ExtensionRegistryLite registry) { return new ProtoConverterFactoryCompat(registry); } private final ExtensionRegistryLite registry; private ProtoConverterFactoryCompat(ExtensionRegistryLite registry) { this.registry = registry; } @Override public Converter<ResponseBody, ?> responseBodyConverter(Type type, Annotation[] annotations, Retrofit retrofit) { if (!(type instanceof Class<?>)) { return null; } Class<?> c = (Class<?>) type; if (!MessageLite.class.isAssignableFrom(c)) { return null; } Parser<MessageLite> parser = null; try { parser = ProtoJavas.getParser(c); } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IllegalAccessException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (InvocationTargetException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } if (parser == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Found a protobuf message but " + c.getName() + " had no PARSER field."); return new ProtoResponseBodyConverterCompat<>(parser, registry); } @Override public Converter<?, RequestBody> requestBodyConverter(Type type, Annotation[] parameterAnnotations, Annotation[] methodAnnotations, Retrofit retrofit) { if (!(type instanceof Class<?>)) { return null; } if (!MessageLite.class.isAssignableFrom((Class<?>) type)) { return null; } return new ProtoRequestBodyConverterCompat<>(); }
Retrofit採用了Builder模式,進行了一系列的初始化操做,在build裏面把咱們初始化傳入的參數進行整合,返回給咱們一個Retrofit對象。
public Retrofit build() { if (baseUrl == null) { throw new IllegalStateException("Base URL required."); } okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory = this.callFactory; if (callFactory == null) { callFactory = new OkHttpClient(); } Executor callbackExecutor = this.callbackExecutor; if (callbackExecutor == null) { callbackExecutor = platform.defaultCallbackExecutor(); } // Make a defensive copy of the adapters and add the default Call adapter. List<CallAdapter.Factory> callAdapterFactories = new ArrayList<>(this.callAdapterFactories); callAdapterFactories.addAll(platform.defaultCallAdapterFactories(callbackExecutor)); // Make a defensive copy of the converters. List<Converter.Factory> converterFactories = new ArrayList<>( 1 + this.converterFactories.size() + platform.defaultConverterFactoriesSize()); // Add the built-in converter factory first. This prevents overriding its behavior but also // ensures correct behavior when using converters that consume all types. converterFactories.add(new BuiltInConverters()); converterFactories.addAll(this.converterFactories); converterFactories.addAll(platform.defaultConverterFactories()); return new Retrofit(callFactory, baseUrl, unmodifiableList(converterFactories), unmodifiableList(callAdapterFactories), callbackExecutor, validateEagerly); }
這裏面咱們主要看下面這個幾個參數。
前面已經說了如何使用retrofit,首先建立了一個server接口,使用的時候確定不是接口實現的,但它是如何使用的呢?其實retrofit使用了動態代理來實現的。下面看看它的源碼
public <T> T create(final Class<T> service) { Utils.validateServiceInterface(service); if (validateEagerly) { eagerlyValidateMethods(service); } return (T) Proxy.newProxyInstance(service.getClassLoader(), new Class<?>[] { service }, new InvocationHandler() { private final Platform platform = Platform.get(); private final Object[] emptyArgs = new Object[0]; @Override public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, @Nullable Object[] args) throws Throwable { // If the method is a method from Object then defer to normal invocation. if (method.getDeclaringClass() == Object.class) { return method.invoke(this, args); } if (platform.isDefaultMethod(method)) { return platform.invokeDefaultMethod(method, service, proxy, args); } return loadServiceMethod(method).invoke(args != null ? args : emptyArgs); } }); } ServiceMethod<?> loadServiceMethod(Method method) { ServiceMethod<?> result = serviceMethodCache.get(method); if (result != null) return result; synchronized (serviceMethodCache) { result = serviceMethodCache.get(method); if (result == null) { result = ServiceMethod.parseAnnotations(this, method); serviceMethodCache.put(method, result); } } return result; }
ServiceMethod中保存方法緩存,若是沒有就新建立而後添加到緩存裏,而且這裏返回的是一個動態代理InvocationHandler。
Retrofit 經過invoke爲咱們構造了一個 OkHttpCall ,實際上每個 OkHttpCall 都對應於一個請求,它主要完成最基礎的網絡請求,而咱們在接口的返回中看到的 Call 默認狀況下就是 OkHttpCall 了,若是咱們添加了自定義的 callAdapter,那麼它就會將 OkHttp 適配成咱們須要的返回值,並返回給咱們。
@Override ReturnT invoke(Object[] args) { return callAdapter.adapt( new OkHttpCall<>(requestFactory, args, callFactory, responseConverter)); }
最後經過OkHttpCall.execute發起網絡請求
@Override public void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) { checkNotNull(callback, "callback == null"); okhttp3.Call call; Throwable failure; synchronized (this) { if (executed) throw new IllegalStateException("Already executed."); executed = true; call = rawCall; failure = creationFailure; if (call == null && failure == null) { try { call = rawCall = createRawCall(); } catch (Throwable t) { throwIfFatal(t); failure = creationFailure = t; } } } if (failure != null) { callback.onFailure(this, failure); return; } if (canceled) { call.cancel(); } call.enqueue(new okhttp3.Callback() { @Override public void onResponse(okhttp3.Call call, okhttp3.Response rawResponse) { Response<T> response; try { response = parseResponse(rawResponse); } catch (Throwable e) { throwIfFatal(e); callFailure(e); return; } try { callback.onResponse(OkHttpCall.this, response); } catch (Throwable t) { t.printStackTrace(); } } @Override public void onFailure(okhttp3.Call call, IOException e) { callFailure(e); } private void callFailure(Throwable e) { try { callback.onFailure(OkHttpCall.this, e); } catch (Throwable t) { t.printStackTrace(); } } }); }
看到 OkHttpCall 其實也是封裝了 okhttp3.Call,在這個方法中,咱們經過 okhttp3.Call 發起了請求。而parseResponse 主要完成了由 okhttp3.Response 向 retrofit.Response 的轉換,同時也處理了對原始返回的解析。