基礎命令學習目錄html
原文連接:https://www.cnblogs.com/ginvip/p/6354440.htmllinux
什麼是tr命令?tr,translate的簡寫,translate的翻譯:git
[trænsˈleit]算法
vi. 翻譯, 能被譯出bash
vt. 翻譯, 解釋, 轉化, 轉變爲, 調動app
在這裏用到的意思是轉化,轉變,轉換,在linux下輸入tr --help查看一下提示:post
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amosli@amosli-pc:~$
tr
--help
Usage:
tr
[OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]
Translate, squeeze, and
/or
delete characters from standard input,
writing to standard output.
-c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1
-d, --delete delete characters
in
SET1,
do
not translate
-s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character
that is listed
in
SET1 with a single occurrence
of that character
-t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2
--help display this help and
exit
--version output version information and
exit
SETs are specified as
strings
of characters. Most represent themselves.
Interpreted sequences are:
\NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits)
\\ backslash
\a audible BEL
\b backspace
\f form feed
\n new line
\r
return
\t horizontal tab
\
v
vertical tab
CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2
in
ascending order
[CHAR*]
in
SET2, copies of CHAR
until
length of SET1
[CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal
if
starting with 0
[:alnum:] all letters and digits
[:alpha:] all letters
[:blank:] all horizontal whitespace
[:cntrl:] all control characters
[:digit:] all digits
[:graph:] all printable characters, not including space
[:lower:] all lower
case
letters
[:print:] all printable characters, including space
[:punct:] all punctuation characters
[:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace
[:upper:] all upper
case
letters
[:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits
[=CHAR=] all characters
which
are equivalent to CHAR
Translation occurs
if
-d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear.
-t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of
SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters
of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to
expand
in
ascending order; used
in
SET2
while
translating, they may
only be used
in
pairs to specify
case
conversion. -s uses SET1
if
not
translating nor deleting;
else
squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after
translation or deletion.
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全是英文?翻譯過來看下:學習
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tr
[選項]… 集合1 [集合2]
選項說明:
-c, -C, –complement 用集合1中的字符串替換,要求字符集爲ASCII。
-d, –delete 刪除集合1中的字符而不是轉換
-s, –squeeze-repeats 刪除全部重複出現字符序列,只保留第一個;即將重複出現字符串壓縮爲一個字符串。
-t, –truncate-set1 先刪除第一字符集較第二字符集多出的字符
字符集合的範圍:
\NNN 八進制值的字符 NNN (1 to 3 爲八進制值的字符)
\\ 反斜槓
\a Ctrl-G 鈴聲
\b Ctrl-H 退格符
\f Ctrl-L 走行換頁
\n Ctrl-J 新行
\r Ctrl-M 回車
\t Ctrl-I tab鍵
\
v
Ctrl-X 水平製表符
CHAR1-CHAR2 從CHAR1 到 CHAR2的全部字符按照ASCII字符的順序
[CHAR*]
in
SET2, copies of CHAR
until
length of SET1
[CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal
if
starting with 0
[:alnum:] 全部的字母和數字
[:alpha:] 全部字母
[:blank:] 水平製表符,空白等
[:cntrl:] 全部控制字符
[:digit:] 全部的數字
[:graph:] 全部可打印字符,不包括空格
[:lower:] 全部的小寫字符
[:print:] 全部可打印字符,包括空格
[:punct:] 全部的標點字符
[:space:] 全部的橫向或縱向的空白
[:upper:] 全部大寫字母
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tr用來從標準輸入中經過替換或刪除操做進行字符轉換。tr主要用於刪除文件中控制字符或進行字符轉換。使用tr時要轉換兩個字符串:字符串1用於查詢,字符串2用於處理各類轉換。tr剛執行時,字符串1中的字符被映射到字符串2中的字符,而後轉換操做開始。ui
經過使用 tr,您能夠很是容易地實現 sed 的許多最基本功能。您能夠將 tr 看做爲 sed 的(極其)簡化的變體:它能夠用一個字符來替換另外一個字符,或者能夠徹底除去一些字符。您也能夠用它來除去重複字符。這就是全部 tr 所可以作的。this
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tr
-c -d -s [
"string1_to_translate_from"
] [
"string2_to_translate_to"
] < input-
file
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這裏:
指定字符串1或字符串2的內容時,只能使用單字符或字符串範圍或列表。
[a-z] a-z內的字符組成的字符串。
[A-Z] A-Z內的字符組成的字符串。
[0-9] 數字串。
\octal 一個三位的八進制數,對應有效的ASCII字符。
[O*n] 表示字符O重複出現指定次數n。所以[O*2]匹配OO的字符串。
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速記符含義八進制方式
\a Ctrl-G 鈴聲\007
\b Ctrl-H 退格符\010
\f Ctrl-L 走行換頁\014
\n Ctrl-J 新行\012
\r Ctrl-M 回車\015
\t Ctrl-I tab鍵\011
\
v
Ctrl-X \030
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[root@Gin scripts]
# cat t.txt
abc
[root@Gin scripts]
# cat t.txt |tr "abc" "xyz"
xyz
[root@Gin scripts]
# cat t.txt
abc
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[root@Gin scripts]
# cat file
abc
[root@Gin scripts]
# cat file|tr [a-z] [A-Z]
ABC
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大寫轉小寫只須要把tr後面的參數換個位置便可!
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[root@Gin scripts]
# cat file|tr [0-9] [a-j]
abcdefghij
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[root@Gin scripts]
# cat file
what is Snail
[root@Gin scripts]
# cat file|tr -d "Snail"
wht s
[root@Gin scripts]
# cat file
what is Snail
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# cat file | tr -d "\n\t"
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# cat file | tr -s "\n" > new_file
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# cat file | tr -d "\r"
或者
# cat file | tr -s "\r" "\n"
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# cat file | tr -s "\011" "\040"
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# echo $PATH | tr -s ":" "\n"
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[root@Gin scripts]
# echo 12345|tr '0-9' '987654321' ## 加密
87654
[root@Gin scripts]
# echo 87654|tr '987654321' '0-9' ## 解密
12345
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上面是一個很是有趣的小例子,經過映射來實現簡單的加密解密,看懂這個例子,能夠接着往下看古羅馬時期發明的凱撒加密的一種變體ROT13
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[root@Gin scripts]
# echo "hi,this is amosli" | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' 'NOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLMnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklm'
uv,guvf vf nzbfyv
[root@Gin scripts]
# echo "uv,guvf vf nzbfyv" | tr 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' 'NOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLMnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklm'
hi,this is amosli
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ROT13是它本身自己的逆反;也就是說,要還原ROT13,套用加密一樣的算法便可得,故一樣的操做可用再加密與解密。很是神奇!
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tr
-c [set1] [set2]
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set1的補集意味着從這個集合中包含set1中沒有的全部字符。最典型的用法就是從輸入文本中將不在補集中的全部字符所有刪除。例如:
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[root@Gin scripts]
# echo "hello 123 world " | tr -d -c '0-9 \n'
123
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在這裏,補集中包含了除數字、空格字符和換行符以外的全部字符,由於指定了-d,因此這些字符所有都會被刪除。
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[root@Gin scripts]
# echo "GNU is not UNIX . Recursicve right?" | tr -s ' '
GNU is not UNIX . Recursicve right?
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使用-s參數能夠壓縮字符串中重複的字符。看另外一個例子:
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[root@Gin scripts]
# cat sum.txt
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[root@Gin scripts]
# cat sum.txt|echo $[ $(tr '\n' '+') 0 ]
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[root@Gin scripts]
# cat sum.txt|echo $[ $(tr '\n' '+') ]
-
bash
: 5+4+3+5+4+3+ : syntax error: operand expected (error token is
"+ "
)
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這裏,運用tr實現了加法運算, tr '\n' '+'使用換行符來替換爲'+'而後鏈接起來,最後多出來一個'+'再接上數字0即實現了加法。