DDL語句

DDL語句

DDL 是數據定義語言的縮寫，就是對數據庫內部的對象進行建立、刪除、修改等操做的語言。它和 DML 語句的最大區別是 DML 只是對錶內部數據操做，而不涉及表的定義、結構的修改，更不會涉及其它對象

建立數據庫

CREATE DATABASE dbname

建立 test_01 數據庫

mysql> create database test_01;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

查看已有數據庫

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
| test_01            |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

選擇數據庫 test_01

mysql> use test_01;
Database changed

查看 test_01 數據庫中建立的全部數據表

mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

查看 mysql 數據庫中的表

mysql> use mysql;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| event                     |
| func                      |
| general_log               |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| innodb_index_stats        |
| innodb_table_stats        |
| ndb_binlog_index          |
| plugin                    |
| proc                      |
| procs_priv                |
| proxies_priv              |
| servers                   |
| slave_master_info         |
| slave_relay_log_info      |
| slave_worker_info         |
| slow_log                  |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user                      |
+---------------------------+
28 rows in set (0.00 sec)

刪除數據庫

DROP DATABASE dbname

刪除 test_01 數據庫

mysql> drop database test_01;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

建立表

CREATE TABLE tablename(
column_name_1 column_type_1 constraints,
column_name_2 column_type_2 constraints,
...
column_name_n column_type_n constraints)

建立 emp 表

mysql> create table emp(ename varchar(10), hiredate date, sal decimal(10,2), deptno int(2));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

查看 emp 表

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(10)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

查看 emp 表的建立 SQL 語句

mysql> show create table emp \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: emp
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `emp` (
  `ename` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `hiredate` date DEFAULT NULL,
  `sal` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `deptno` int(2) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

刪除表

DROP TABLE tablename

刪除表 emp

mysql> drop table emp;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

修改表

ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY [COLUMN] column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]

修改表 emp 的 ename 字段定義，將 varchar(10) 改成 varchar(20)

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(10)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table emp modify ename varchar(20);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

增長表字段

ALTER TABLE tablename ADD [COLUMN] column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]

在表 emp 中新增字段 age，類型爲 int(3)

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table emp add column age int(3);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age      | int(3)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

刪除表字段

ALTER TABLE tablename DROP [COLUMN] col_name

刪除字段 age

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age      | int(3)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table emp drop column age;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

字段更名

ALTER TABLE tablename CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name_column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]

將 age 更名爲 age1，同時修改字段類型爲 int(4)

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age      | int(3)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table emp change age age1 int(4);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age1     | int(4)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

change 和 modify 均可以修改表的定義，不一樣的是 change 後面須要寫兩次列名，不方便。可是 change 的優勢是能夠修改列名稱，modify 則不能。

修改字段排列順序

新增字段 birth date 加在 ename 以後

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age      | int(3)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table emp add birth date after ename;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| birth    | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age      | int(3)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

修改字段 age，將它放在最前面

mysql> alter table emp modify age int(3) first;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| age      | int(3)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| birth    | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

更改表名

ALTER TABLE tablename RENAME [TO] new_tablename

將表 emp 更名爲 emp1

mysql> alter table emp rename emp1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc emp;
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'test_01.emp' doesn't exist

mysql> desc emp1;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| age      | int(3)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| birth    | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)