關於HashMap中的負載因子

      這兩天在看HashMap的時候,被負載因子float loadFactor搞得很暈,通過一天的研究,最後理出了本身的一點我的看法。數組

      在HashMap的底層存在着一個名字爲table的Entry數組,在實例化HashMap的時候,會輸入兩個參數,一個是 int initCapacity(初始化數組大小,默認值是16),一個是float loadFactor(負載因子,默認值是0.75),首先會根據initCapacity計算出一個大於或者等於initCapacity且爲2的冪的值capacity,例如initCapacity爲15,那麼capacity就會爲16,還會算出一個臨界值threshold,也就是capacity * loadFactor,貼出源代碼app

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    /**
     * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
     * capacity and load factor.
     *
     * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity
     * @param  loadFactor      the load factor
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
     *         or the load factor is nonpositive
     */
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                                               initialCapacity);
        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                               loadFactor);

        // Find a power of 2 >= initialCapacity
        int capacity = 1;
        while (capacity < initialCapacity)
            capacity <<= 1;

        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
        threshold = (int)(capacity * loadFactor);
        table = new Entry[capacity];
        init();
    }
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    建立完HashMap以後,下面來看put方法,首先會根據key值計算出其HashCode值,而後在經過一個indexFor方法計算出此元素該存放於table數組的哪一個數組之中(我猜測多是經過對table.length的值取餘的操做計算出來的),再檢測此table的此座標位置的entry鏈是否存在此key或者此key值,若存在,則更新此元素的value值。源代碼以下:less

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    /**
     * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
     * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
     * value is replaced.
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
     *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
     *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
     */
    public V put(K key, V value) {
        if (key == null)
            return putForNullKey(value);
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                e.recordAccess(this);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }

        modCount++;
        addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
        return null;
    }
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    下面來看看addEntry方法,參數bucketIndex就是當前元素應該插入到entry數組的下標,先取出放在此位置的entry,而後把當前元素放入該數組中,當前元素的next指向以前取出元素,造成entry鏈表。(描述的不是很清楚,大概就是把新加入的entry當成頭放入到數組當中,而後指向以前的鏈表),放入以後就去判斷當前的size是否達到了threshold極限值,若達到了,將會進行擴容。源代碼以下:ide

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    /**
     * Adds a new entry with the specified key, value and hash code to
     * the specified bucket.  It is the responsibility of this
     * method to resize the table if appropriate.
     *
     * Subclass overrides this to alter the behavior of put method.
     */
    void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
    Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
        table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<K,V>(hash, key, value, e);
        if (size++ >= threshold)
            resize(2 * table.length);
    }
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    下面來看resize方法,方法比較簡單就是生成一個新的table數組(entry數組),而後根據新的Capacity和負載因子去生成新的臨界值。重點是裏面有個transfer方法。源代碼以下:this

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    /**
     * Rehashes the contents of this map into a new array with a
     * larger capacity.  This method is called automatically when the
     * number of keys in this map reaches its threshold.
     *
     * If current capacity is MAXIMUM_CAPACITY, this method does not
     * resize the map, but sets threshold to Integer.MAX_VALUE.
     * This has the effect of preventing future calls.
     *
     * @param newCapacity the new capacity, MUST be a power of two;
     *        must be greater than current capacity unless current
     *        capacity is MAXIMUM_CAPACITY (in which case value
     *        is irrelevant).
     */
    void resize(int newCapacity) {
        Entry[] oldTable = table;
        int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
        if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            return;
        }

        Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity];
        transfer(newTable);
        table = newTable;
        threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
    }
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    由於table數組的容量增長了,那麼相應的table的length也增長了,那麼以前存儲的元素的位置也就不同了,好比以前的length是16,如今的length是32,那麼hashCode模16和HashCode模32的結果頗有可能會不同,因此就只有從新去計算新的位置,方法是遍歷數組,在遍歷數組上的entry鏈。(此時就是所謂的rehash??)spa

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    /**
     * Transfers all entries from current table to newTable.
     */
    void transfer(Entry[] newTable) {
        Entry[] src = table;
        int newCapacity = newTable.length;
        for (int j = 0; j < src.length; j++) {
            Entry<K,V> e = src[j];
            if (e != null) {
                src[j] = null;
                do {
                    Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
                    int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
                    e.next = newTable[i];
                    newTable[i] = e;
                    e = next;
                } while (e != null);
            }
        }
    }
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    總結:當負載因子較大時,去給table數組擴容的可能性就會少,因此相對佔用內存較少(空間上較少),可是每條entry鏈上的元素會相對較多,查詢的時間也會增加(時間上較多)。反之就是,負載因子較少的時候,給table數組擴容的可能性就高,那麼內存空間佔用就多,可是entry鏈上的元素就會相對較少,查出的時間也會減小。因此纔有了負載因子是時間和空間上的一種折中的說法。因此設置負載因子的時候要考慮本身追求的是時間仍是空間上的少。code

           注意:設置initCapacity的時候,儘可能設置爲2的冪,這樣會去掉計算比initCapactity大,且爲2的冪的數的運算。blog

    疑問:感受transfer方法會至關的耗時,是否是不去擴容會比較好?內存

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