MySQL 5.5.x 單機多實例配置實踐

本文來至：http://heylinux.com/archives/1689.html
html

背景/需求：
在一臺服務器上經過源碼編譯安裝一個版本爲5.5以上的MySQL數據庫；
將全部配置文件與數據等均存放在/opt/mysql，便於從此實現快速遷移、總體備份和快速複製；
在同一個MySQL中運行兩個實例，一個綁定在端口3306，另外一個綁定在端口3307；
綁定在3306端口的實例，不開啓binlog，數據存放在/opt/mysql/data；
綁定在3307端口的實例，開啓binlog，數據存放在/opt/mysql/data2；
兩個實例均採用InnoDB做爲默認的存儲引擎，字符編碼採用UTF-8；
兩個實例均採用相同的性能優化配置參數；mysql

實踐/方案：
在編譯安裝時，將數據庫的配置文件my.cnf以及data目錄等均指向到/opt/mysql目錄；
經過mysqld_multi的方式來管理兩個不一樣的實例，採用相同的配置文件共享性能優化配置參數；
在同一個配置文件中，利用[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]標籤實現不一樣實例的差別化配置；linux

配置步驟：
1、編譯安裝MySQL
1.安裝cmake
MySQL從5.5版本開始，經過./configure進行編譯配置方式已經被取消，取而代之的是cmake工具。
所以，咱們首先要在系統中源碼編譯安裝cmake工具。
# wget http://www.cmake.org/files/v2.8/cmake-2.8.4.tar.gzc++

# tar zxvf cmake-2.8.4.tar.gzsql

# cd cmake-2.8.4數據庫

# ./configure
# make
# make installvim

2.確保如下所需系統軟件包已經被安裝
經過 rpm -qa | grep name 的方式驗證如下軟件包是否已所有安裝。緩存

gcc* gcc-c++* autoconf* automake* zlib* libxml* ncurses-devel* libgcrypt* libtool*性能優化

若是缺乏相關的軟件包，可經過yum -y install 的方式在線安裝，或直接從系統安裝光盤中找到並經過rpm -ivh 的方式安裝。bash

3. 安裝前的系統設置
創建mysql安裝目錄及數據存放目錄
# mkdir /opt/mysql
# mkdir /opt/mysql/data

建立用戶和用戶組
# groupadd mysql
# useradd -g mysql mysql

賦予數據存放目錄權限
# chown mysql:mysql -R /opt/mysql/data

4.開始編譯安裝 MySQL
經過http://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql官方網址或國內的sohu鏡像下載軟件包，如目前最新的MySQL 5.5.20。
# wget http://mirrors.sohu.com/mysql/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.20.tar.gz

# tar zxvf mysql-5.5.20.tar.gz

# cd mysql-5.5.20
# cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/opt/mysql \
-DSYSCONFDIR=/opt/mysql/etc \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/opt/mysql/data \
-DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysqld.sock \
-DMYSQL_USER=mysql \
-DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
-DWITH_READLINE=1 \
-DWITH_SSL=system \
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1

# make
# make install

在make與make install的時候能夠看到進度百分比，感受這一點要比configure方式要好。

2、建立支持多實例的配置文件
進入MySQL主目錄
# cd /opt/mysql/

刪除默認的data目錄
# rm -rf data

建立須要的目錄
# mkdir etc tmp run log binlogs data data2
# chown -R mysql:mysql tmp run log binlogs data data2

建立my.cnf配置文件
# vim etc/my.cnf

 
        001 
        ## This server may run 2+ separate instances  
       
        002 
        ## So we use mysqld_multi to manage their services  
       
        003 
        [mysqld_multi]  
       
        004 
        mysqld = /opt/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe  
       
        005 
        mysqladmin = /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin  
       
        006 
        log = /opt/mysql/log/mysqld_multi.log  
       
        007 
        user = root ## Used for stopping the server via mysqladmin  
       
        008 
        #password =   
       
        009 
           
        010 
        ## This is the general purpose database  
       
        011 
        ## The locations are default  
       
        012 
        # They are left in [mysqld] in case the server is started normally instead of by mysqld_multi  
       
        013 
        [mysqld1]  
       
        014 
        socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock  
       
        015 
        port = 3306  
       
        016 
        pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid  
       
        017 
        datadir = /opt/mysql/data  
       
        018 
        lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english  
       
        019 
           
        020 
        ## These support master - master replication  
       
        021 
        #auto-increment-increment = 4  
       
        022 
        #auto-increment-offset = 1  ## Since it is master 1  
       
        023 
        #log-bin = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1  
       
        024 
        #log-bin-index = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1.index  
       
        025 
        #binlog-do-db = ## Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave  
       
        026 
        #max_binlog_size = 1024M  
       
        027 
           
        028 
        ## This is exlusively for mysqld2  
       
        029 
        ## It is on 3307 with data directory /opt/mysqld/data2  
       
        030 
        [mysqld2]  
       
        031 
        socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock2  
       
        032 
        port = 3307  
       
        033 
        pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid2  
       
        034 
        datadir = /opt/mysql/data2  
       
        035 
        lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english  
       
        036 
           
        037 
        ## Disable DNS lookups  
       
        038 
        #skip-name-resolve  
       
        039 
           
        040 
        ## These support master - slave replication  
       
        041 
        log-bin = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2  
       
        042 
        log-bin-index = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2.index  
       
        043 
        #binlog-do-db =  ## Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave  
       
        044 
        max_binlog_size = 1024M  
       
        045 
           
        046 
        ## Relay log settings  
       
        047 
        #relay-log = /opt/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2  
       
        048 
        #relay-log-index = /opt/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2.index  
       
        049 
        #relay-log-space-limit = 4G  
       
        050 
           
        051 
        ## Slow query log settings  
       
        052 
        #log-slow-queries = /opt/mysql/log/slow-log-mysqld2  
       
        053 
        #long_query_time = 2  
       
        054 
        #log-queries-not-using-indexes  
       
        055 
           
        056 
        ## The rest of the my.cnf is shared  
       
        057 
        ## Here follows entries for some specific programs  
       
        058 
        ## The MySQL server  
       
        059 
        [mysqld]  
       
        060 
        basedir = /opt/mysql  
       
        061 
        tmpdir = /opt/mysql/tmp  
       
        062 
        socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock  
       
        063 
        port = 3306  
       
        064 
        pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid  
       
        065 
        datadir = /opt/mysql/data  
       
        066 
        lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english  
       
        067 
           
        068 
        skip-external-locking  
       
        069 
        key_buffer_size = 16K  
       
        070 
        max_allowed_packet = 1M  
       
        071 
        table_open_cache = 4  
       
        072 
        sort_buffer_size = 64K  
       
        073 
        read_buffer_size = 256K  
       
        074 
        read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K  
       
        075 
        net_buffer_length = 2K  
       
        076 
        thread_stack = 128K  
       
        077 
           
        078 
        ## Increase the max connections  
       
        079 
        max_connections = 200  
       
        080 
           
        081 
        ## The expiration time for logs, including binlogs  
       
        082 
        expire_logs_days = 14  
       
        083 
           
        084 
        ## Set the character as utf8  
       
        085 
        character-set-server = utf8  
       
        086 
        collation-server = utf8_unicode_ci  
       
        087 
           
        088 
        ## This is usually only needed when setting up chained replication  
       
        089 
        #log-slave-updates  
       
        090 
           
        091 
        ## Enable this to make replication more resilient against server crashes and restarts  
       
        092 
        ## but can cause higher I/O on the server  
       
        093 
        #sync_binlog = 1  
       
        094 
           
        095 
        ## The server id, should be unique in same network  
       
        096 
        server-id = 1  
       
        097 
           
        098 
        ## Set this to force MySQL to use a particular engine/table-type for new tables  
       
        099 
        ## This setting can still be overridden by specifying the engine explicitly  
       
        100 
        ## in the CREATE TABLE statement  
       
        101 
        default-storage-engine = INNODB  
       
        102 
           
        103 
        ## Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables  
       
        104 
        #innodb_data_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data  
       
        105 
        #innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend  
       
        106 
        #innodb_log_group_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data  
       
        107 
        ## You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 % of RAM  
       
        108 
        ## but beware of setting memory usage too high  
       
        109 
        innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M  
       
        110 
        innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2M  
       
        111 
        ## Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size  
       
        112 
        innodb_log_file_size = 5M  
       
        113 
        innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M  
       
        114 
        innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1  
       
        115 
        innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50  
       
        116 
           
        117 
        [mysqldump]  
       
        118 
        quick  
       
        119 
        max_allowed_packet = 16M  
       
        120 
           
        121 
        [mysql]  
       
        122 
        no-auto-rehash  
       
        123 
           
        124 
        [myisamchk]  
       
        125 
        key_buffer_size = 8M  
       
        126 
        sort_buffer_size = 8M  
       
        127 
           
        128 
        [mysqlhotcopy]  
       
        129 
        interactive-timeout  
       
        130 
           
        131 
        [mysql.server]  
       
        132 
        user = mysql  
       
        133 
           
        134 
        [mysqld_safe]  
       
        135 
        log-error = /opt/mysql/log/mysqld.log  
       
        136 
        pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid  
       
        137 
        open-files-limit = 8192  
       
        138 
           
        139 
        [client]  
       
        140 
        default-character-set = utf8

修改my.cnf讀寫權限，避免普通用戶獲取到MySQL密碼
# chown -R root:root /opt/mysql/etc
# chmod 600 /opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf

3、初始化數據庫
切換到mysql用戶
# su - mysql

進入MySQL主目錄
# cd /opt/mysql/

初始化實例[mysqld1]
# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/opt/mysql --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/mysql/data/

初始化實例[mysqld2]
# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/opt/mysql --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/mysql/data2/

返回到root
# exit

建立mysqld_multi.server腳本
# cp support-files/mysqld_multi.server /opt/mysql/init.d/

# vim /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server

 
        01 
        #!/bin/sh  
       
        02 
        #  
       
        03 
        # A simple startup script for mysqld_multi by Tim Smith and Jani Tolonen.  
       
        04 
        # This script assumes that my.cnf file exists either in /etc/my.cnf or  
       
        05 
        # /root/.my.cnf and has groups [mysqld_multi] and [mysqldN]. See the  
       
        06 
        # mysqld_multi documentation for detailed instructions.  
       
        07 
        #  
       
        08 
        # This script can be used as /etc/init.d/mysql.server  
       
        09 
        #  
       
        10 
        # Comments to support chkconfig on RedHat Linux  
       
        11 
        # chkconfig: 2345 64 36  
       
        12 
        # description: A very fast and reliable SQL database engine.  
       
        13 
        #  
       
        14 
        # Version 1.0  
       
        15 
        #  
       
        16 
        basedir=/opt/mysql  
       
        17 
        bindir=/opt/mysql/bin  
       
        18 
           
        19 
        conf=/opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf  
       
        20 
        export PATH=$PATH:$bindir  
       
        21 
           
        22 
        if test -x $bindir/mysqld_multi  
       
        23 
        then 
       
        24 
          mysqld_multi="$bindir/mysqld_multi";  
       
        25 
        else 
       
        26 
          echo "Can't execute $bindir/mysqld_multi from dir $basedir";  
       
        27 
          exit;  
       
        28 
        fi 
       
        29 
           
        30 
        case "$1" in 
       
        31 
            'start' )  
       
        32 
                "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2  
       
        33 
                ;;  
       
        34 
            'stop' )  
       
        35 
                "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2  
       
        36 
                ;;  
       
        37 
            'report' )  
       
        38 
                "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf report $2  
       
        39 
                ;;  
       
        40 
            'restart' )  
       
        41 
                "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2  
       
        42 
                "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2  
       
        43 
                ;;  
       
        44 
            *)  
       
        45 
                echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|report|restart}" >&2  
       
        46 
                ;;  
       
        47 
        esac

4、總體備份MySQL
# cd /opt/
# tar czvf mysql_5.5.20_full.tar.gz mysql/

備份完成後，直接將mysql_5.5.20_full.tar.gz拿到其餘服務器上，解壓後即可以直接啓用。

5、管理MySQL實例
同時啓動/關閉實例 [mysqld1] 與 [mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1,2

而後，能夠看到兩個MySQL實例都已經成功的啓動了。
# netstat -lntp | grep mysqld

`1`	`tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2850/mysqld`

`2`	`tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3307 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2946/mysqld`

同時關閉實例 [mysqld1] 與 [mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1,2

僅啓動/關閉實例[mysqld1]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1

6、登錄MySQL實例
在啓動了實例[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]後，經過如下方式登錄不一樣的實例：

登錄[mysqld1]：
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -p

登錄[mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 -p

7、其餘初始化設置
1. 爲MySQL的root賬戶設置初始密碼
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 password 'new-password'
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 password 'new-password'

2. 修改my.cnf配置文件中MySQL的root帳戶密碼
# vim /opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf

`1`	`user = root` `## Used for stopping the server via mysqladmin`

`2`	`password = new-password`

3. 刪除匿名鏈接的空密碼賬號
分別登錄實例[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]，執行如下命令：
mysql>use mysql; //選擇系統數據庫mysql
mysql>select Host,User,Password from user; //查看全部用戶
mysql>delete from user where password="";
mysql>flush privileges; //刷新權限
mysql>select Host,User,Password from user; //確認密碼爲空的用戶是否已所有刪除
mysql>exit;

8、經驗總結
1.採用源碼編譯安裝MySQL，可能在第一次會花費較多的時間，但倒是很是值得的，由於咱們能夠本身組織全部MySQL相關文件的位置；而且通過源碼編譯安裝後的MySQL，能夠直接複製到其它服務器上運行，大大方便了咱們從此的遷移、備份和新服務器的配置；

2.本文中僅僅用了兩個實例[mysqld1]與[mysqld2]來舉例，實際上咱們能夠經過這樣的方式，實現[mysqld3],[mysqld4],[mysqld5]...等更多的實例；

3.MySQL自帶了幾個不一樣的配置文件，放置在/opt/mysql/support-files目錄下，分別是my-huge.cnf,my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf,my-large.cnf,my-medium.cnf,my-small.cnf，經過名稱咱們能夠很直觀的瞭解到他們是針對不一樣的服務器配置的，本文中僅有的一點關於InnoDB的配置，是取自於my-small.cnf的，由於我是在虛擬機上進行的設置；在生產環境中，咱們能夠經過參考my-huge.cnf或my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf中的部分參數配置，來對服務器進行優化；

4.關於MySQL緩存參數的優化，主要用於提高I/O能力，能夠參考這裏：http://heylinux.com/archives/1389.html

5.在單機運行多實例的狀況下，切忌使用 mysql -hlocalhost 或直接忽略-h參數登錄服務器，這應該算是MySQL的一個bug，就是若是使用localhost或忽略-h參數，而不是指定127.0.0.1的話，即便選擇的端口是3307，仍是會登錄到3306中去，所以應儘可能避免這種混亂的產生，統一用127.0.0.1綁定端口或採用socket 來登錄；