MySQL - MySQL 8.0進階操做：JSON

轉載阿里巴巴首席技術官 最後發佈於2019-08-08 20:23:56 閱讀數 1402  收藏

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 此學習文是基於MySQL 8.0寫的
得益於大神朋友的悉心指導解決很多坑，才寫出此文，向大神奉上膝蓋

  要在MySQL中存儲數據，就必須定義數據庫和表結構(schema)，這是一個主要的限制。爲了應對這一點，從MySQL 5.7開始，MySQL支恃了 JavaScript對象表示(JavaScriptObject Notation，JSON) 數據類型。以前，這類數據不是單獨的數據類型，會被存儲爲字符串。新的JSON數據類型提供了自動驗證的JSON文檔以及優化的存儲格式。

JSON文檔以二進制格式存儲，它提供如下功能：

對文檔元素的快速讀取訪問。
當服務器再次讀取JSON文檔時，不須要從新解析文本獲取該值。
經過鍵或數組索引直接查找子對象或嵌套值，而不須要讀取文檔中的全部值。
建立一個測試表

1.  
   mysql> create table employees.emp_details (
2.  
       -> emp_no int primary key,
3.  
       -> details json
4.  
       -> );
5.  
   Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
6.  
    
7.  
   mysql> desc employees.emp_details;
8.  
   +---------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
9.  
   | Field   | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
10.  
    +---------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
11.  
    | emp_no  | int( 11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
12.  
    | details | json    | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
13.  
    +---------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
14.  
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 插入JSON

1.  
   mysql> insert into employees.emp_details (emp_no, details)
2.  
       -> values (' 1',
3.  
       -> '{ "location":"IN","phone":"+11800000000","email":"abc@example.com","address":{"line1":"abc","line2":"xyz street","city":"Bangalore","pin":"560103"}}'
4.  
       -> );
5.  
   Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)
6.  
    
7.  
   mysql> select emp_no, details from employees.emp_details;
8.  
   +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
9.  
   | emp_no | details                                                                                                                                                           |
10.  
    +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
11.  
    |       1 | {"email": "abc@example.com", "phone": "+11800000000", "address": {"pin": "560103", "city": "Bangalore", "line1": "abc", "line2": "xyz street"}, "location": "IN"} |
12.  
    +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
13.  
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

檢索JSON
可使用->和->>運算符檢索JSON列的字段：

1.  
   mysql> select emp_no, details -> '$.address.pin' pin 
2.  
       -> from employees.emp_details;
3.  
   +--------+----------+
4.  
   | emp_no | pin      |
5.  
   +--------+----------+
6.  
   |       1 | "560103" |
7.  
   +--------+----------+
8.  
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)

若是不用引號檢索數據，可使用->> 運算符（推薦此方式）

1.  
   mysql> select emp_no, details ->> '$.address.pin' pin 
2.  
       -> from employees.emp_details;
3.  
   +--------+--------+
4.  
   | emp_no | pin    |
5.  
   +--------+--------+
6.  
   |       1 | 560103 |
7.  
   +--------+--------+
8.  
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)

JSON函數
MySQL提供了許多處理JSON數據的函數，讓咱們看看最經常使用的幾種函數。

1. 優雅瀏覽
想要以優雅的格式顯示JSON值，請使用JSON_PRETTY()函數

1.  
   mysql> select emp_no, json_pretty(details) 
2.  
       -> from employees.emp_details\ G
3.  
   *************************** 1. row ***************************
4.  
                 emp_no: 1
5.  
   json_pretty(details): {
6.  
     "email": "abc@example.com",
7.  
     "phone": "+11800000000",
8.  
     "address": {
9.  
       "pin": "560103",
10.  
        "city": "Bangalore",
11.  
        "line1": "abc",
12.  
        "line2": "xyz street"
13.  
      },
14.  
      "location": "IN"
15.  
    }
16.  
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

2. 查找
能夠在WHERE子句中使用col ->> path運算符來引用JSON的某一列

1.  
   mysql> select emp_no, details 
2.  
       -> from employees.emp_details 
3.  
       -> where details ->> '$.address.pin' = "560103";
4.  
   +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
5.  
   | emp_no | details                                                                                                                                                           |
6.  
   +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
7.  
   |       1 | {"email": "abc@example.com", "phone": "+11800000000", "address": {"pin": "560103", "city": "Bangalore", "line1": "abc", "line2": "xyz street"}, "location": "IN"} |
8.  
   +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
9.  
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)

也可使用JSON_CONTAINS函數查詢數據。若是找到了數據，則返回1，不然返回0

1.  
   mysql> select json_contains(details ->> '$.address.pin', "560103") 
2.  
       -> from employees.emp_details;
3.  
   +-----------------------------------------------------+
4.  
   | json_contains(details ->> '$.address.pin', "560103") |
5.  
   +-----------------------------------------------------+
6.  
   |                                                   1 |
7.  
   +-----------------------------------------------------+
8.  
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)

如何查詢一個key？使用JSON_CONTAINS_PATH函數檢查address. line1是否存在

1.  
   mysql> select json_contains_path(details, 'one', "$.address.line1") 
2.  
       -> from employees.emp_details;
3.  
   +-------------------------------------------------------+
4.  
   | json_contains_path(details, 'one', "$.address.line1") |
5.  
   +-------------------------------------------------------+
6.  
   |                                                     1 |
7.  
   +-------------------------------------------------------+
8.  
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)

one表示至少應該存在一個鍵，檢查address.line1或者address.line2是否存在

1.  
   mysql> select json_contains_path(details, 'one', "$.address.line1", "$.address.line2") 
2.  
       -> from employees.emp_details;
3.  
   +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
4.  
   | json_contains_path(details, 'one', "$.address.line1", "$.address.line2") |
5.  
   +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
6.  
   |                                                                         1 |
7.  
   +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
8.  
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)

若是要檢查address.line1或者address.line5是否同時存在，可使用all，而不是one

1.  
   mysql> select json_contains_path(details, 'all', "$.address.line1", "$.address.line5") 
2.  
       -> from employees.emp_details;
3.  
   +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
4.  
   | json_contains_path(details, 'all', "$.address.line1", "$.address.line5") |
5.  
   +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
6.  
   |                                                                         0 |
7.  
   +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
8.  
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3. 修改

可使用三種不一樣的函數來修改數據：JSON_SET()、JSON_INSERT()和JSON _REPLACE()。 在MySQL 8以前的版本中，咱們還須要對整個列進行完整的更新，這並非最佳的方法。

3.1. JSON_SET() 替換現有值並添加不存在的值

1.  
   mysql> update employees.emp_details 
2.  
       -> set details = json_set(details, "$.address.pin", "560100", "$.nickname","kai") 
3.  
       -> where emp_no = 1;
4.  
   Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
5.  
   Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
6.  
    
7.  
   mysql> select emp_no, json_pretty(details) 
8.  
       -> from employees.emp_details\ G
9.  
   *************************** 1. row ***************************
10.  
                  emp_no: 1
11.  
    json_pretty(details): {
12.  
      "email": "abc@example.com",
13.  
      "phone": "+11800000000",
14.  
      "address": {
15.  
        "pin": "560100",
16.  
        "city": "Bangalore",
17.  
        "line1": "abc",
18.  
        "line2": "xyz street"
19.  
      },
20.  
      "location": "IN",
21.  
      "nickname": "kai"
22.  
    }
23.  
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3.2. JSON_INSERT() 插入值，但不替換現有值
在這種狀況下，$.address.pin不會被更新，只會添加一個新的字段$.address.line4

1.  
   mysql> update employees.emp_details 
2.  
       -> set details = json_insert(details, "$.address.pin", "560132", "$.address.line4","A Wing") 
3.  
       -> where emp_no = 1;
4.  
   Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
5.  
   Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
6.  
    
7.  
   mysql> select emp_no, json_pretty(details) 
8.  
       -> from employees.emp_details\ G
9.  
   *************************** 1. row ***************************
10.  
                  emp_no: 1
11.  
    json_pretty(details): {
12.  
      "email": "abc@example.com",
13.  
      "phone": "+11800000000",
14.  
      "address": {
15.  
        "pin": "560100",
16.  
        "city": "Bangalore",
17.  
        "line1": "abc",
18.  
        "line2": "xyz street",
19.  
        "line4": "A Wing"
20.  
      },
21.  
      "location": "IN",
22.  
      "nickname": "kai"
23.  
    }
24.  
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)

3.3. JSON_REPLACE()
僅替換現有值
在這種狀況下，$.address.line5不會被添加， 只有$.address.pin會被更新

1.  
   mysql> update employees.emp_details 
2.  
       -> set details = json_replace(details, "$.address.pin", "560132", "$.address.line5","Landmark") 
3.  
       -> where emp_no = 1;
4.  
   Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
5.  
   Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
6.  
    
7.  
   mysql> select emp_no, json_pretty(details) 
8.  
       -> from employees.emp_details\ G
9.  
   *************************** 1. row ***************************
10.  
                  emp_no: 1
11.  
    json_pretty(details): {
12.  
      "email": "abc@example.com",
13.  
      "phone": "+11800000000",
14.  
      "address": {
15.  
        "pin": "560132",
16.  
        "city": "Bangalore",
17.  
        "line1": "abc",
18.  
        "line2": "xyz street",
19.  
        "line4": "A Wing"
20.  
      },
21.  
      "location": "IN",
22.  
      "nickname": "kai"
23.  
    }
24.  
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4. 刪除 JSON_REMOVE能從JSON文檔中刪除數據

1.  
   mysql> update employees.emp_details 
2.  
       -> set details = json_remove(details, "$.address.line4") 
3.  
       -> where emp_no = 1;
4.  
   Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
5.  
   Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
6.  
    
7.  
   mysql> select emp_no, json_pretty(details) 
8.  
       -> from employees.emp_details\ G
9.  
   *************************** 1. row ***************************
10.  
                  emp_no: 1
11.  
    json_pretty(details): {
12.  
      "email": "abc@example.com",
13.  
      "phone": "+11800000000",
14.  
      "address": {
15.  
        "pin": "560132",
16.  
        "city": "Bangalore",
17.  
        "line1": "abc",
18.  
        "line2": "xyz street"
19.  
      },
20.  
      "location": "IN",
21.  
      "nickname": "kai"
22.  
    }
23.  
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5. 其餘函數

 JSON_KEYS()：獲取JSON文檔中的全部鍵

1.  
   mysql> select json_keys(details),json_keys(details ->> "$.address") 
2.  
       -> from employees.emp_details 
3.  
       -> where emp_no= 1;
4.  
   +-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
5.  
   | json_keys(details)                                    | json_keys(details ->> "$.address") |
6.  
   +-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
7.  
   | [ "email", "phone", "address", "location", "nickname"] | ["pin", "city", "line1", "line2"]  |
8.  
   +-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
9.  
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)

JSON_LENGTH()：給出JSON文檔中的元素數
 

1.  
   mysql> select json_length(details), json_length(details ->> "$.address") 
2.  
       -> from employees.emp_details 
3.  
       -> where emp_no= 1;
4.  
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------+
5.  
   | json_length(details) | json_length(details ->> "$.address") |
6.  
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------+
7.  
   |                     5 |                                    4 |
8.  
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------+
9.  
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)

延伸閱讀： https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/json-function-reference.html