Flask基礎-配置，路由

時間 2019-11-10

標籤 flask 基礎配置路由欄目 Python 简体版

原文原文鏈接

一，配置文件

flask中的配置文件是一個flask.config.Config對象（繼承字典）,默認配置爲：
    {
        'DEBUG':                                get_debug_flag(default=False),  是否開啓Debug模式
        'TESTING':                              False,                          是否開啓測試模式
        'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS':                 None,                          
        'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION':        None,
        'SECRET_KEY':                           None,
        'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31),
        'USE_X_SENDFILE':                       False,
        'LOGGER_NAME':                          None,
        'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY':               'always',
        'SERVER_NAME':                          None,
        'APPLICATION_ROOT':                     None,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME':                  'session',
        'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN':                None,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH':                  None,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY':              True,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE':                False,
        'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST':         True,
        'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH':                   None,
        'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT':            timedelta(hours=12),
        'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS':              False,
        'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS':                 False,
        'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING':             False,
        'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME':                 'http',
        'JSON_AS_ASCII':                        True,
        'JSON_SORT_KEYS':                       True,
        'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR':          True,
        'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE':                     'application/json',
        'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD':                None,
    }

方式一：
    app.config['DEBUG'] = True
 
    PS： 因爲Config對象本質上是字典，因此還能夠使用app.config.update(...)
 
方式二：
    app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名稱")
        如：
            settings.py
                DEBUG = True
 
            app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")
 
    app.config.from_envvar("環境變量名稱")
        環境變量的值爲python文件名稱名稱，內部調用from_pyfile方法
 
 
    app.config.from_json("json文件名稱")
        JSON文件名稱，必須是json格式，由於內部會執行json.loads
 
    app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG':True})
        字典格式
 
    app.config.from_object("python類或類的路徑")
 
        app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')
 
        settings.py
 
            class Config(object):
                DEBUG = False
                TESTING = False
                DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
 
            class ProductionConfig(Config):
                DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
 
            class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
                DEBUG = True
 
            class TestingConfig(Config):
                TESTING = True
 
        PS: 從sys.path中已經存在路徑開始寫
     
 
    PS: settings.py文件默認路徑要放在程序root_path目錄，若是instance_relative_config爲True，則就是instance_path目錄

案例1 html

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object("settings.DevelopmentConfig")
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
    return 'Hello World!'


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

class Config(object):
    DEBUG = False
    TESTING = False
    DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'


class ProductionConfig(Config):
    DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'


class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
    DEBUG = False


class TestingConfig(Config):
    TESTING = True

2. URL 反向解析

from flask import Flask,url_for

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object("settings.DevelopmentConfig")
# @app.route('/')
# def hello_world():
#     return 'Hello World!'

# 1. index函數路由
@app.route("/index",endpoint="n1")  #<string:xx><default:xx> <xxx>  都表示字符串
def index():
    print(id)
    return "hello"

#2. order 函數路由
@app.route("/order",endpoint="n2")
def order():
    print("order")
    return "hello"


#3. user 函數路由
@app.route("/user")
def user():
    print(url_for("n1"))  #打印結果 /index
    print(url_for("n2"))  #打印結果 /order
    #endport ，爲url起別名，根據別名能夠反向生成url
    return 'hello11'



if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

3.路由系統

3、路由系統

@app.route('/user/<username>')
@app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<path:path>')
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
經常使用路由系統有以上五種，全部的路由系統都是基於一下對應關係來處理：

DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
    'default':          UnicodeConverter,
    'string':           UnicodeConverter,
    'any':              AnyConverter,
    'path':             PathConverter,
    'int':              IntegerConverter,
    'float':            FloatConverter,
    'uuid':             UUIDConverter,
}

        def auth(func):
            def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                print('before')
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                print('after')
                return result

        return inner

        @app.route('/index.html',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index')
        @auth
        def index():
            return 'Index'

        或
        
        def index():
            return "Index"

        self.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
        or
        app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
        app.view_functions['index'] = index


        或
        def auth(func):
            def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                print('before')
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                print('after')
                return result

        return inner

        class IndexView(views.View):
            methods = ['GET']
            decorators = [auth, ]

            def dispatch_request(self):
                print('Index')
                return 'Index!'

        app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint



        或


        class IndexView(views.MethodView):
            methods = ['GET']
            decorators = [auth, ]

            def get(self):
                return 'Index.GET'

            def post(self):
                return 'Index.POST'


        app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint




        @app.route和app.add_url_rule參數：
            rule,                       URL規則
            view_func,                  視圖函數名稱
            defaults=None,              默認值,當URL中無參數，函數須要參數時，使用defaults={'k':'v'}爲函數提供參數
            endpoint=None,              名稱，用於反向生成URL，即： url_for('名稱')
            methods=None,               容許的請求方式，如：["GET","POST"]
            

            strict_slashes=None,        對URL最後的 / 符號是否嚴格要求，
                                        如：
                                            @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False)，
                                                訪問 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index都可
                                            @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True)
                                                僅訪問 http://www.xx.com/index 
            redirect_to=None,           重定向到指定地址
                                        如：
                                            @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>')
                                            或
                                            def func(adapter, nid):
                                                return "/home/888"
                                            @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func)
            subdomain=None,             子域名訪問
                                                from flask import Flask, views, url_for

                                                app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
                                                app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'


                                                @app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
                                                def static_index():
                                                    """Flask supports static subdomains
                                                    This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
                                                    return "static.your-domain.tld"


                                                @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>")
                                                def username_index(username):
                                                    """Dynamic subdomains are also supported
                                                    Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
                                                    return username + ".your-domain.tld"


                                                if __name__ == '__main__':
                                                    app.run()

註冊路由原理

4 .文件上傳


@app.route("/upload",methods=["GET","POST"])
def upload():
    if request.method =="GET":
        return render_template("upload.html")

    from werkzeug.datastructures import FileStorage
    file =request.files.get("ff")
    print("file是什麼：",file,"file類型：",type(file))
    print("file_name:",file.filename)
    print("file_stream:",file.stream)
　　

　　#方法1、

    file_path =os.path.join('upload',file.filename)
    print(file_path)
    with open(file_path,"wb") as f:
        file.save(f)


　　#方法2、
　　file.save(file_path) 直接保存文件路徑.

    return "上傳成功"

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

輸出結果：python

html頁面mysql

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>upload</title>
</head>
<body>


<form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">

    <input type="file" name="ff">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">


</form>

</body>
</html>

五、請求和相應.

複製代碼
   from flask import Flask
    from flask import request
    from flask import render_template
    from flask import redirect
    from flask import make_response

    app = Flask(__name__)


    @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
    def login():

        # 請求相關信息
        # request.method
        # request.args
        # request.form
        # request.values
        # request.cookies
        # request.headers
        # request.path
        # request.full_path
        # request.script_root
        # request.url
        # request.base_url
        # request.url_root
        # request.host_url
        # request.host
        # request.files
        # obj = request.files['the_file_name']
        # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))

        # 響應相關信息
        # return "字符串"
        # return render_template('html模板路徑',**{})
        # return redirect('/index.html')

        # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
        # response是flask.wrappers.Response類型
        # response.delete_cookie('key')
        # response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
        # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
        # return response


        return "內容"

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()