suse-zypper經常使用命令大全及軟件倉庫配置

時間 2021-01-29

標籤 python mysql c++ sql shell apache vim 緩存服務器 oracle 欄目 Python 简体版

原文原文鏈接

博文說明【前言】：python

本文將經過我的口吻詳細的介紹在SUSE系統下的zypper相關配置命令，如想快速實現軟件倉庫的配置，能夠直接拉到文章末尾第二部分，我將配置命令挑出來進行了總結。

在目前時間點【2017年6月9號】下，所掌握的技術水平有限，可能會存在很多知識理解不夠深刻或全面，望你們指出問題共同交流，在後續工做及學習中如發現本文內容與實際狀況有所誤差，將會完善該博文內容。

參考文獻及技術網站連接：
一、https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:Zypper_usage
suse的官方網站，本文大部份內容基本上都參考這個網站
二、https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Libzypp_URIs
zypper配置文件中的軟件倉庫的書寫格式大全
mysql

正文：
c++

Zypper是SUSE Linux中基於Libzypp的用於安裝，升級，卸載，管理倉庫、進行各類包查詢的命令行接口，相似RHEL及Centos中yum，功能十分強大。sql

一、zypper經常使用命令

快速參考
如下命令多是你常用的.

zypper                                    # 顯示全部可用的命令可參數
zypper -h [command]        # 顯示制定命令的幫助信息，例如zypper -h lr
zypper shell/sh                   # 進入zypper的命令行shell環境
zypper lp                         # 顯示有什麼補丁須要被更新
zypper patch                   # 應用須要的補丁包
zypper se sqlite               # 搜索和關鍵字sqlite有關的軟件包
zypper rm sqlite2                  # 卸載移除sqlite2軟件包
zypper in sqlite3                  # 安裝sqlite3軟件包
zypper in yast*                  # 安裝全部以yast開頭的軟件包
zypper lr                               # 查看系統當前的軟件源
zypper ref                            # 刷新軟件源
zypper ar                               # 新增軟件源
zypper rr                                # 刪除軟件源
zypper nr                               # 重命名軟件源

一、軟件倉庫管理命令

1）列出當前已經存在的全部軟件倉庫
#zypper repos or zypper lr

示例（額外顯示當前軟件倉庫的URI及優先級信息）：
NTP-slave:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper lr -UP
# | Alias                                            | Name                                             | Enabled | Refresh | Priority | URI
--+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+------------------------
1 | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138 | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138 | Yes     | No      |   99     | cd:///?devices=/dev/sr0

2）刷新軟件倉庫
#zypper refresh or zypper ref

示例（強制更新軟件倉庫，最後接倉庫名稱，若是多個，以空格隔開，默認不接則刷新全部倉庫）：
NTP-slave:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper ref -f SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3\ 11.3.3-1.138
Forcing raw metadata refresh
Retrieving repository 'SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138' metadata [done]
Forcing building of repository cache
Building repository 'SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138' cache [done]
Specified repositories have been refreshed.

3）修改軟件倉庫
#zypper modifyrepo or zypper mr

示例（使第一個軟件倉庫失效即生效，1表示排行第一個的軟件倉庫，也能夠寫倉庫名稱）：
NTP-slave:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper modifyrepo -d 1
Repository 'SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138' has been successfully disabled.
NTP-slave:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper modifyrepo -e 1
Repository 'SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138' has been successfully enabled.

示例（配置倉庫爲自動刷新（-r）而且使用rpm緩存機制（-k），並修改優先級爲70）：
NTP-slave:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper modifyrepo -rk  -p 70 1
Autorefresh has been enabled for repository 'SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138'.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138'.
Repository 'SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138' priority has been set to 70.

示例（配置對遠程remote倉庫使用cache緩存機制）：
NTP-slave:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper modifyrepo -kt

4）新增軟件倉庫
#zypper addrepo or zypper ar

示例（新增軟件倉庫，已經事先在另外一臺服務器上傳鏡像並安裝httpd服務，在網頁目錄下建立對應目錄，並將鏡像掛載到這個目錄，注意須要在hosts文件添加IP到域名的映射關係）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper addrepo http://www.watchmen.com/sles11sp3 test1
Adding repository 'test1' [done]
Repository 'test1' successfully added
Enabled: Yes
Autorefresh: No
GPG check: Yes
URI: http://www.watchmen.com/sles11sp3

【注意】：執行新增軟件倉庫命令以後，會在對應目錄下生成repo文件，以本例爲例，執行以後再/etc/zypp/repos.d目錄下生成test1.repo，文件內容以下：
suse11sp3-1:/etc/zypp/repos.d # cat test1.repo
[test1]                #方框內的內容對應ALIAS，後續可使用nr命令在命令行修改
name=test1            #這裏的內容對應NAME，後續不能在命令行修改
enabled=1
autorefresh=0
baseurl=http://www.watchmen.com/sles11sp3
type=NONE

其實這也就是說咱們能夠手動建立編輯這個文件，而後刷新軟件倉庫進行生效。

5）刪除軟件倉庫
#zypper removerepo or zypper rr

示例（刪除上例中新增的軟件倉庫）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper removerepo test1
Removing repository 'test1' [done]
Repository 'test1' has been removed.

6）重命名軟件倉庫
#zypper namerepo or zypper nr

示例（將軟件倉庫對應的ALIAS進行重命名，注意這個只對別名生效，不會修改NAME）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper lr
# | Alias                                            | Name                                             | Enabled | Refresh
--+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+---------+--------
1 | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138 | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138 | Yes     | No
2 | test1                                            | test1                                            | Yes     | No
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper renamerepo test1 wxh
Repository 'test1' renamed to 'wxh'.
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper lr
# | Alias                                            | Name                                             | Enabled | Refresh
--+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+---------+--------
1 | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138 | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138 | Yes     | No
2 | wxh                                              | test1                                            | Yes     | No

suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper nr 2  test2
Repository 'wxh' renamed to 'test2'.
注意：這裏的要修改的別名也可使用對應的編號進行代替，每一個軟件倉庫都有一個編號

二、軟件包管理命令

1）安裝軟件包
#zypper install or zypper in

示例（安裝有關yast的全部軟件包及相關模塊）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper in yast*

示例（安裝LAMP環境須要的全部軟件包，使用-t指定安裝類型，這裏類型爲pattern（模式），默認類型爲軟件包package）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper in -t pattern lamp_server
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following NEW packages are going to be installed:
  apache2 apache2-doc apache2-example-pages apache2-mod_python apache2-prefork apache2-utils libapr-util1 libapr1 mysql mysql-client

The following NEW patterns are going to be installed:
  Minimal lamp_server

The following recommended packages were automatically selected:
  apache2-doc apache2-example-pages apache2-mod_python apache2-prefork libapr-util1 libapr1 mysql

The following packages need additional customer contract to get support:
  mysql mysql-client

10 new packages to install.
Overall download size: 18.1 MiB. After the operation, additional 77.1 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/?] (y):y
Retrieving package apache2-doc-2.2.12-1.38.2.x86_64 (1/10), 1.7 MiB (10.3 MiB unpacked)
Retrieving: apache2-doc-2.2.12-1.38.2.x86_64.rpm [done]
Retrieving package apache2-example-pages-2.2.12-1.38.2.x86_64 (2/10), 62.0
...省略下面的輸出...

示例（指定軟件倉庫進行安裝軟件，這裏的test4爲Alias，使用Name不識別）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper in test4:vim
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
'vim' is already installed.
No update candidate for 'vim-7.2-8.15.2.x86_64'. The highest available version is already installed.
Resolving package dependencies...

Nothing to do.

示例（在安裝的同時，卸載移除軟件，注意使用-進行移除不能單獨使用，只能在這種狀況下使用，由於卸載移除軟件使用命令remove）
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper in vim -gcc-c++
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
'vim' is already installed.
No update candidate for 'vim-7.2-8.15.2.x86_64'. The highest available version is already installed.
Resolving package dependencies...

The following package is going to be REMOVED:
  gcc-c++

1 package to remove.
No additional space will be used or freed after the operation.
Continue? [y/n/?] (y): y
Removing gcc-c++-4.3-62.198 [done]
suse11sp3-1:~ #

2)卸載移除軟件包
#zypper remove or zypper rm

示例（卸載移除gcc-c++軟件包）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper rm gcc-c++
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following package is going to be REMOVED:
  gcc-c++

1 package to remove.
No additional space will be used or freed after the operation.
Continue? [y/n/?] (y): y
Removing gcc-c++-4.3-62.198 [done]

3）安裝源碼包類型的軟件（srcpackage）
# zypper source-install or zypper si or zypper in -t srcpackage

示例：
suse11sp3-1:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper si gcc
Reading installed packages...
Loading repository data...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following source package is going to be installed:
  gcc

.
Overall download size: 9.0 KiB. After the operation, additional 19.0 KiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/?] (y): y
Media source 'http://www.watchmen.com/sles11sp3' does not contain the desired medium

Abort, retry, ignore? [a/r/i/?] (a): r
Retrieving: gcc-4.3-62.198.src.rpm [error]
File './suse/src/gcc-4.3-62.198.src.rpm' not found on medium 'http://www.watchmen.com/sles11sp3'
Abort, retry, ignore? [a/r/i/?] (a): a

注意：能夠看到沒有獲取到對應的資源，實際上鏡像中連src這個目錄都沒有。

4）只下載所需的軟件包，可是不安裝
#zypper in -d

示例（下載gcc-c++軟件包）：
suse11sp3-1:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper in -d gcc-c++
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following NEW package is going to be installed:
  gcc-c++

1 new package to install.
Overall download size: 5.0 KiB. Download only.
Continue? [y/n/?] (y): y
Retrieving package gcc-c++-4.3-62.198.x86_64 (1/1), 5.0 KiB (0 B unpacked)
Retrieving: gcc-c++-4.3-62.198.x86_64.rpm [done]

suse11sp3-1:/etc/zypp/repos.d # find / -name gcc-c++-4.3-62.198.x86_64.rpm
/var/cache/zypp/packages/test4/suse/x86_64/gcc-c++-4.3-62.198.x86_64.rpm
咱們能夠在系統上找到已經下載的軟件包

5）只顯示安裝軟件具體須要安裝那些依賴軟件，並不實際安裝
#zypper in -D

示例（顯示安裝dhcp涉及到那些軟件包）：
suse11sp3-1:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper in -D dhcp
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following NEW package is going to be installed:
  dhcp

1 new package to install.
Overall download size: 655.0 KiB. After the operation, additional 1.5 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/?] (y): y
suse11sp3-1:/etc/zypp/repos.d #

6）更新軟件包
#zypper update or zypper up

示例（更新全部已安裝的軟件）：
suse11sp3-1:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper up
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Nothing to do.

示例（更新全部以gcc開頭的軟件包）：
suse11sp3-1:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper up gcc*
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
No package matching 'gcc*' are installed.
No update candidate for 'gcc43-c++-4.3.4_20091019-0.37.30.x86_64'. The highest available version is already installed.
No package matching 'gcc*' are installed.
No package matching 'gcc*' are installed.
No update candidate for 'gcc-4.3-62.198.x86_64'. The highest available version is already installed.
No package matching 'gcc*' are installed.
No package matching 'gcc*' are installed.
No package matching 'gcc*' are installed.
No update candidate for 'gcc43-4.3.4_20091019-0.37.30.x86_64'. The highest available version is already installed.
No package matching 'gcc*' are installed.
Resolving package dependencies...
Nothing to do.

三、Zypper腳本及應用程序

1）使用的zypper的非交互模式
#zypper --non-interactive

示例（安裝gcc-c++，並跳過須要手動輸入的交互信息，實際上是替你輸入了確認信息）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper --non-interactive  in gcc-c++
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following NEW package is going to be installed:
  gcc-c++

1 new package to install.
Overall download size: 5.0 KiB. No additional space will be used or freed after the operation.
Continue? [y/n/?] (y): y  #這個的y是系統自動輸入的，並不是人爲輸入
Installing: gcc-c++-4.3-62.198 [done]
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper in gcc

2）省略輸出信息
#zypper --quiet

示例(安裝gcc-c++而且不輸出確認以後的標準輸出信息)：
use11sp3-1:~ # zypper --quiet  in gcc-c++

The following NEW package is going to be installed:
  gcc-c++

1 new package to install.
Overall download size: 5.0 KiB. No additional space will be used or freed after the operation.
Continue? [y/n/?] (y): y
suse11sp3-1:~ #

四、查詢命令

1）查詢軟件包
#zypper search or zypper se

示例（在包摘要信息和描述(-d)中查詢匹配gcc（--match-words）關鍵字的軟件包，並區分大小寫(-C)）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper se -dC --match-words gcc
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

S | Name                 | Summary                               | Type
--+----------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------
i | gcc                  | The system GNU C Compiler             | package
  | gcc                  | The system GNU C Compiler             | srcpackage
  | gcc-32bit            | The system GNU C Compiler             | package
  | gcc-c++              | The system GNU C++ Compiler           | package
...省略下方輸出...

示例（查詢全部以yast開頭的軟件包）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper se yast*
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

S | Name                            | Summary                                                         | Type
--+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
i | yast2                           | YaST2 - Main Package                                            | package
  | yast2                           | YaST2 - Main Package                                            | srcpackage
...省略標準輸出...

示例（查詢指定某個軟件倉庫的全部軟件包，注意在這裏寫ALIAS、NAME、倉庫編號均可以）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper se -r test4
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

S | Name                                | Summary                                                                                                                 | Type
--+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
  | 32bit                               | 32-Bit Runtime Environment
...省略輸出...

suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper se -r test4/test3/2 | wc -l
4417

示例（查詢全部包含gcc關鍵字而且是已安裝（-i）的軟件包）
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper se -i *gcc*
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

S | Name            | Summary                              | Type
--+-----------------+--------------------------------------+--------
i | gcc             | The system GNU C Compiler            | package
i | gcc43           | The GNU C Compiler and Support Files | package
i | gcc43-c++       | The GNU C++ Compiler                 | package
i | libgcc43        | C compiler runtime library           | package
i | libgcc43-32bit  | C compiler runtime library           | package
i | libgcc46        | C compiler runtime library           | package
i | libgcc46-32bit  | C compiler runtime library           | package
i | libgcc_s1       | C compiler runtime library           | package
i | libgcc_s1-32bit | C compiler runtime library           | package
suse11sp3-1:~ #

示例（在指定倉庫下查詢全部可獲取的已安裝和未安裝的類型爲模式的軟件包組件）
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper se -t pattern -r test4
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

S | Name             | Summary                                | Type
--+------------------+----------------------------------------+--------
  | 32bit            | 32-Bit Runtime Environment             | pattern
  | Basis-Devel      | C/C++ Compiler and Tools               | pattern
  | Dom0             | XEN Virtualization Host (non-embedded) | pattern
  | Dom0_KVM         | KVM Virtualization Host (non-embedded) | pattern
i | Minimal          | Minimal System (Appliances)            | pattern
i | WBEM             | Web-Based Enterprise Management        | pattern
i | apparmor         | AppArmor                               | pattern
i | base             | Base System                            | pattern
  | dhcp_dns_server  | DHCP and DNS Server                    | pattern
  | directory_server | Directory Server (LDAP)                | pattern
i | documentation    | Help and Support Documentation         | pattern
  | file_server      | File Server                            | pattern
  | gateway_server   | Internet Gateway                       | pattern
i | gnome            | GNOME Desktop Environment              | pattern
  | kde              | KDE Desktop Environment                | pattern
  | kvm_server       | KVM Virtual Machine Host Server        | pattern
i | lamp_server      | Web and LAMP Server                    | pattern
  | mail_server      | Mail and News Server                   | pattern
  | ofed             | Infiniband (OFED)                      | pattern
  | oracle_server    | Oracle Server Base                     | pattern
i | print_server     | Print Server                           | pattern
  | sap_server       | SAP Application Server Base            | pattern
i | x11              | X Window System                        | pattern
  | xen_server       | Xen Virtual Machine Host Server        | pattern

2）查詢軟件包詳細信息
#zypper info or zypper if

示例（查詢gcc軟件包的詳細信息）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper info  gcc
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

Information for package gcc:

Repository: test3
Name: gcc
Version: 4.3-62.198
Arch: x86_64
Vendor: SUSE LINUX Products GmbH, Nuernberg, Germany
Support Level: Level 3
Installed: Yes
Status: up-to-date
Installed Size: 0 B
Summary: The system GNU C Compiler
Description:
The system GNU C Compiler.
Authors:
--------
    The GCC team.

示例（查詢類型的pattern模式的lamp_server軟件包的詳細信息）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper if -t pattern lamp_server
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

Information for pattern lamp_server:

Repository: test3
Name: lamp_server
Version: 11-38.44.33
Arch: x86_64
Vendor: SUSE LINUX Products GmbH, Nuernberg, Germany
Installed: Yes
Summary: Web and LAMP Server
Description:
Software to set up a Web server that is able to serve static, dynamic, and interactive content (like a Web shop). This includes Apache HTTP Server, the database management system MySQL, and scripting languages such as PHP, Python, Ruby on Rails, or Perl.
Contents:

S | Name                  | Type    | Dependency
--+-----------------------+---------+-----------
i | apache2-doc           | package |
i | apache2-example-pages | package |
i | apache2-mod_python    | package |
i | apache2-prefork       | package |
i | libapr-util1          | package |
i | libapr1               | package |
i | apache2               | package |
i | mysql                 | package |
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper

3)查詢軟件包的依賴關係：
#zypper what-provides or zypper wp

示例（查詢firefox軟件包的依賴關係）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper wp firefox
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
S | Name           | Type    | Version           | Arch   | Repository
--+----------------+---------+-------------------+--------+-----------
i | MozillaFirefox | package | 17.0.4esr-0.10.42 | x86_64 | test3
suse11sp3-1:~ #

4)查詢全部能夠獲取的軟件包
#zypper packages or zypper pa

示例：
NTP-slave:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper pa
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
S | Repository                                       | Name                                | Version                       | Arch
--+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-------
i | SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3 11.3.3-1.138 | 3ddiag                              | 0.742-32.25                   | x86_64
i | wxh                                              | 3ddiag
...省略...

NTP-slave:/etc/zypp/repos.d # zypper pa | wc -l
5728

五、工具命令

1）驗證系統全部已安裝的軟件包的依賴關係是否存在異常
#zypper verify or zypper ve

2)安裝新的被推薦的軟件包
#zypper install-new-recommends or zypper inr

六、軟件包鎖命令

1）將軟件包上鎖
#zypper addlock or zypper al

示例（將已gcc開頭的軟件包上鎖）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper al gcc*
Specified lock has been successfully added.

2）將軟件包解鎖
#zypper removelock or zypper rl

示例（將以gcc開頭的軟件包解鎖）：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper rl gcc*
1 lock has been successfully removed.

3）查看系統當前的軟件包鎖
#zypper locks or zypper ll

示例（查看當前系統的全部軟件包鎖）
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper ll
# | Name | Type    | Repository
--+------+---------+-----------
1 | gcc* | package | (any)

七、更新及補丁管理命令

1）列出被須要的補丁包
#zypper list-patches or zypper lp

示例：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper lp
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
No updates found.

2)應用補丁包
#zypper patch

示例:
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper patch
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

Nothing to do.

3)列出全部能夠獲得補丁包
#zypper patches

示例：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper patches
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
No needed patches found.

4)檢驗補丁包
#zypper patch-check or zypper pchk

示例：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper pchk
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
0 patches needed (0 security patches)

5)獲取補丁包信息
#zypper patch-info or zypper info -t patch

示例:
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper patch-info [補丁包名稱]
Required argument missing.
Usage:
patch-info <patchname> ...

Show detailed information for patches.

This is a rug compatibility alias for 'zypper info -t patch'.

6）列出全部可用的軟件包更新
#zypper list-updates or zypper lu

示例：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper lu
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
No updates found.

7）升級軟件包更新
#zypper update or zypper up

示例：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper up
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

Nothing to do.

八、操做系統版本更新命令

#zypper dist-upgrade or zypper dup

示例：
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper dup
Warning: You are about to do a distribution upgrade with all enabled repositories. Make sure these repositories are compatible before you continue. See 'man zypper' for more information about this command.
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Computing distribution upgrade...

Nothing to do.

注意：使用這個命令能夠根據已經掛載的軟件源進行系統版本的升級，須要注意的時候請千萬要指定正確的軟件源，可使用--repo參數指定具體版本對應的軟件倉庫

九、相關知識點

1）軟件倉庫
軟件倉庫能夠是：HTTP形式、FTP形式、本地ISO形式、本地目錄形式

2）URI
關於repo配置文件中各類獲取軟件方式的書寫格式能夠參考如下連接：https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Libzypp_URIs
在這裏，我把網頁上的內容都記錄下來，爲了之後使用方便

【HTTP/HTTPS/FTP-https涉及到一些參數詳見網頁跳轉，這裏不記錄了】

You are probably very familiar with these already:

http://server/path/on/server
http://user:pass@server/path
https://user:pass@server/path?proxy=foo&proxyuser=me&proxypass=pw

ftp://server/relative/path/to/media/dir
ftp://server/%2fabsolute/path/to/media/dir

ftp://user:pass@server/path/to/media/dir
ftp://user:pass@server/%2f/home/user/path/to/media/dir

【CD/DVD】

cd:/
cd:/subdir
cd:/?devices=/dev/hda,/dev/hdb
dvd:/
dvd:/subdir
dvd:/?devices=/dev/hda,/dev/hdb

【Local Files】

dir:/directory/name
file:/directory/name

【SMB/CIFS】

cifs://servername/share/path/on/the/share"
cifs://username:passwd@servername/share/path/on/the/share?mountoptions=ro
smb://servername/share/path/on/the/share"
smb://username:passwd@servername/share/path/on/the/share?mountoptions=ro

【NFS】

nfs://nfs-server/exported/path
nfs://nfs-server/exported/path?mountoptions=ro

【HD Disk Volumes】

hd:/?device=/dev/hda1
hd:/subdir?device=/dev/sda1
hd:/subdir?device=/dev/sda1&filesystem=reiserfs

【ISO Images】

iso:/?iso=/path/to/CD1.iso
iso:/?iso=CD1.iso&url=dir:/path/to
iso:/?iso=CD1.iso&url=nfs://server/path/to/media
iso:/?iso=CD1.iso&url=hd:/?device=/dev/hda
iso:/?iso=DVD1.iso&url=hd:/directory/?device=/dev/sda2
iso:/subdir?iso=DVD1.iso&url=nfs://nfs-server/directory&mnt=/nfs/attach/point&filesystem=udf

3）刷新命令
使用刷新命令(zypper ref)也就是意味着從軟件倉庫中下載關於軟件包的元數據（包含各軟件包的詳細信息，依賴關係等等），並將這些謝謝存儲在系統的緩存中（存儲路徑通常是：/var/cache/zypp）

4)zypper的軟件包類型
zypper在實際使用中會涉及到好幾種類型的軟件包，他們的關係以下：

package-通常是RPM包

patch-升級包（包含一個或多個RPM包）

pattern-安裝實現某些功能所需的一組RPM包

product-安裝某些產品必須的一組RPM包

二、快速配置

一、列出當前已經存在的全部軟件倉庫
#zypper repos or zypper lr

二、刪除不須要的軟件倉庫
#zypper rr SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-Server-11-SP3\ 11.3.3-1.138   #注意這裏須要加上轉義字符

三、新增軟件倉庫
#zypper addrepo or zypper ar

3.一、本地ISO方式
NTP-slave:~/ISO # zypper ar iso:/?iso=/root/ISO/SLES11SP3.iso wxh
Adding repository 'wxh' [done]
Repository 'wxh' successfully added
Enabled: Yes
Autorefresh: No
GPG check: Yes
URI: iso:///?iso=/root/ISO/SLES11SP3.iso

NTP-slave:~/ISO # zypper ref
Retrieving repository 'wxh' metadata [done]
Building repository 'wxh' cache [done]
All repositories have been refreshed.

3.二、HTTP方式
suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper ar http://www.watchmen.com/sles11sp3 wxh
Adding repository 'wxh' [done]
Repository 'wxh' successfully added
Enabled: Yes
Autorefresh: No
GPG check: Yes
URI: http://www.watchmen.com/sles11sp3

suse11sp3-1:~ # zypper ref
Retrieving repository 'wxh' metadata [done]
Building repository 'wxh' cache [done]
All repositories have been refreshed.

四、刷新軟件源：
# zypper refresh or zypper ref

shell