Linux網絡編程(三) wait()仍是waitpid()編程
Linux網絡編程(二)存在客戶端斷開鏈接後,服務器端存在大量殭屍進程。這是因爲服務器子進程終止後,發送SIGCHLD信號給父進程,而父進程默認忽略了該信號。爲避免殭屍進程的產生,不管咱們何時建立子進程時,主進程都須要等待子進程返回,以便對子進程進行清理。爲此,咱們在服務器程序中添加SIGCHLD信號處理函數。服務器
代碼以下:網絡
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <errno.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <netdb.h> #define SERV_PORT 1113 #define LISTENQ 32 #define MAXLINE 1024 /***鏈接處理函數***/ void str_echo(int fd); void sig_chld(int signo) { pid_t pid; int stat; pid = wait(&stat);//獲取子進程進程號 printf("child %d terminated\n", pid); return; } int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ int listenfd,connfd; pid_t childpid; socklen_t clilen; struct sockaddr_in servaddr; struct sockaddr_in cliaddr; //struct sockaddr_in servaddr; //struct sockaddr_in cliaddr; if((listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM,0))==-1){ fprintf(stderr,"Socket error:%s\n\a",strerror(errno)); exit(1); } /* 服務器端填充 sockaddr結構*/ bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr)); servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET; servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl (INADDR_ANY); servaddr.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT); signal(SIGCHLD,sig_chld);//處理SIGCHLD信號 /* 捆綁listenfd描述符 */ if(bind(listenfd,(struct sockaddr*)(&servaddr),sizeof(struct sockaddr))==-1){ fprintf(stderr,"Bind error:%s\n\a",strerror(errno)); exit(1); } /* 監聽listenfd描述符*/ if(listen(listenfd,5)==-1){ fprintf(stderr,"Listen error:%s\n\a",strerror(errno)); exit(1); } for ( ; ; ) { clilen = sizeof(cliaddr); /* 服務器阻塞,直到客戶程序創建鏈接 */ if((connfd=accept(listenfd,(struct sockaddr*)(&cliaddr),&clilen))<0){ /*當一個子進程終止時,執行信號處理函數sig_chld, 而該函數返回時,accept系統調用可能返回一個EINTR錯誤, 有些內核會自動重啓被中斷的系統調用,爲便於移植,將考慮對EINTR的處理*/ if(errno==EINTR) continue; fprintf(stderr,"Accept error:%s\n\a",strerror(errno)); exit(1); } //有客戶端創建了鏈接後 if ( (childpid = fork()) == 0) { /*子進程*/ close(listenfd); /* 關閉監聽套接字*/ str_echo(connfd); /*處理該客戶端的請求*/ exit (0); } close(connfd);/*父進程關閉鏈接套接字,繼續等待其餘鏈接的到來*/ } } void str_echo(int sockfd){ ssize_t n; char buf[MAXLINE]; again: while ( (n = read(sockfd, buf, MAXLINE)) > 0) write(sockfd, buf, n); if (n < 0 && errno == EINTR)//被中斷,重入 goto again; else if (n < 0){//出錯 fprintf(stderr,"read error:%s\n\a",strerror(errno)); exit(1); } }
修改代碼後,當客戶端斷開鏈接後,服務器端父進程收到子進程的SIGCHLD信號後,會執行sig_chld函數,對子進程進行了清理,便不會再出現殭屍進程。此時,一個客戶端主動斷開鏈接後,服務器端會輸出相似以下信息:socket
child 12306 terminated
wait和waitpid
上述程序中sig_chld函數,咱們使用了wait()來清除終止的子進程。還有一個相似的函數wait_pid。咱們先來看看這兩個函數原型:
tcp
pid_t wait(int *status);ide
pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *status, int options);函數
官方描述:All of these system calls are used to wait for state changes in a child of the calling process, and obtain information about the child whose state has changed. A state change is considered to be: the child ter minated; the child was stopped by a signal; or the child was resumed by a signal. In the case of a terminated child, performing a wait allows the system to release the resources associated with the child; if a wait is not performed, then the terminated child remains in a "zombie" state (see NOTES below).ui
關於wait和waitpid二者的區別與聯繫:this
The wait() system call suspends execution of the calling process until one of its children terminates. The call wait(&status) is equivalent to:spa
waitpid(-1, &status, 0);
The waitpid() system call suspends execution of the calling process until a child specified by pid argument has changed state. By default, waitpid() waits only for terminated children, but this behavior is modifiable via the options argument, as described below.
也就是說,wait()系統調用會掛起調用進程,直到它的任意一個子進程終止。調用wait(&status)的效果跟調用waitpid(-1, &status, 0)的效果是同樣同樣的。
waitpid()會掛起調用進程,直到參數pid指定的進程狀態改變,默認狀況下,waitpid() 只等待子進程的終止狀態。若是須要,能夠經過設置options的值,來處理非終止狀態的狀況。好比:
The value of options is an OR of zero or more of the following constants:
WNOHANG return immediately if no child has exited.
WUNTRACED also return if a child has stopped (but not traced via ptrace(2)). Status for traced children which have stopped is provided even if this option is not specified.
WCONTINUED (since Linux 2.6.10)also return if a stopped child has been resumed by delivery of SIGCONT.
等等一下非終止狀態。
如今來經過實例看看wait()和waitpid()的區別。
經過修改客戶端程序,在客戶端程序中一次性創建5個套接字鏈接到服務器,狀態以下圖所示(附代碼):
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <errno.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <netdb.h> #define SERV_PORT 1113 #define MAXLINE 1024 void str_cli(FILE *fp, int sockfd); int main(int argc, char **argv) { int i,sockfd[5]; struct sockaddr_in servaddr; if (argc != 2){ fprintf(stderr,"usage: tcpcli <IPaddress>\n\a"); exit(0); } for(i=0;i<5;++i){//與服務器創建五個鏈接,以使得服務器建立5個子進程 if((sockfd[i]=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0))==-1){ fprintf(stderr,"Socket error:%s\n\a",strerror(errno)); exit(1); } /* 客戶程序填充服務端的資料*/ bzero(&servaddr,sizeof(servaddr)); servaddr.sin_family=AF_INET; servaddr.sin_port=htons(SERV_PORT); if (inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &servaddr.sin_addr) <= 0){ fprintf(stderr,"inet_pton Error:%s\a\n",strerror(errno)); exit(1); } /* 客戶程序發起鏈接請求*/ if(connect(sockfd[i],(struct sockaddr *)(&servaddr),sizeof(struct sockaddr))==-1){ fprintf(stderr,"connect Error:%s\a\n",strerror(errno)); exit(1); } } str_cli(stdin, sockfd[0]);/*僅用第一個套接字與服務器交互*/ exit(0); } void str_cli(FILE *fp, int sockfd) { int nbytes=0; char sendline[MAXLINE],recvline[MAXLINE]; while (fgets(sendline, MAXLINE, fp) != NULL){//從標準輸入中讀取一行 write(sockfd, sendline, strlen(sendline));//將該行發送給服務器 if ((nbytes=read(sockfd, recvline, MAXLINE)) == 0){//從sockfd讀取從服務器發來的數據 fprintf(stderr,"str_cli: server terminated prematurely\n"); exit(1); } recvline[nbytes]='\0'; fputs(recvline, stdout); } }
當客戶終止時,因此打開的描述子均由內核自動關閉,所以5個鏈接基本在同一時刻發生,至關於同時引起了5個FIN發往服務器,這會致使5個服務器子進程基本在同一時刻終止,從而致使5個SIGCHLD信號幾乎同時遞送給服務器父進程,示意圖以下所示:
也就是說,幾乎在同一時刻,遞送5個SIGCHLD信號給父進程,這又會殭屍進程進程的出現。由於unix通常不對信號進行排隊,這就致使了5個SIGCHLD遞交上去,只執行了一次sig_chld函數,剩下四個子進程便成爲了殭屍進程。對於這種狀況,正確的作法是調用waitpid(),而不是wait()。
所以,咱們最後的服務器端代碼中的信號處理函數作一點小改動,改爲以下:
void sig_chld(int signo) { pid_t pid; int stat; while ( (pid = waitpid(-1, &stat, WNOHANG)) > 0) printf("child %d terminated\n", pid); return; }
至此,咱們解決了網絡編程中可能遇到的三類狀況:
1.當派生子進程時,必須捕獲SIGCHLD信號。代碼片斷:signal(SIGCHLD,sig_chld);
2.當捕獲信號時,必須處理被中斷的系統調用。代碼片斷:if(errno==EINTR) continue;
3.SIGCHLD信號處理函數必須編寫正確,以防出現殭屍進程。代碼片斷:while ( (pid = waitpid(-1, &stat, WNOHANG)) > 0)
next....