咱們經常吐槽面試的難度,甚至出現了 「面試造火箭,開發擰螺絲」 說法。做爲客戶端開發人員,面試直接讓你現場手擼一個紅黑樹,難度是很大的,除非你專門準備過。面試
但常見的考點咱們是須要知道的。有時考點可能被包裝了一下,可能無法一下就看出來,但看破考點以後就會有恍然大悟的感受。由於本質仍是同樣的,都是新瓶裝舊酒。就像原來的理科考試題,包裝一個新的場景,讓你解決這個場景下的一個問題,但理論知識都是學過的。shell
好了,下面廢話很少說,進入咱們的問題。api
咱們從熱身開始,慢慢深刻:markdown
面試題1框架
現有一個繼承於NSObject的實例對象,須要在不直接修改方法實現的狀況下,改變一個方法的行爲,你會怎麼作?ide
不直接修改方法實現,指的是不直接修改.m文件中方法的內部實現函數
這一道題比較簡單,其實問的就是 Runtime 的 Method Swizzling 。可能答出來以後,還會問幾個 Method Swizzling 相關的深刻問題。下面難度升級。ui
面試題2atom
問題1,若是使用 Method Swizzling 技術,至關於修改了類對象中方法選擇器和IMP實現的對應關係。這將致使繼承自這個類的全部子類和實例對象都影響,如何控制受影響的範圍,或者說如何讓方法的行爲改變只對這個實例對象生效?spa
這個題難度上升了,可是不是有一種脫離生產的感受,爲了面試你而出的一道題?
咱們對這個問題包裝一下,讓它看起來更接地氣,同時問題也再升級一點。
面試題3
現有一個視圖,咱們須要擴大一下它的響應範圍。若是使用 Method Swizzling 技術,受影響的範圍會比較大。固然,也能夠選擇繼承一個子類來實現。但若是如今實例已經建立了,仍是一樣的需求,你會如何實現?
如今問題開始接近生產了。通常來講,修改響應範圍涉及到 響應鏈和事件傳遞 的知識點。
如今限制了繼承並建立子類實例 的方案,只能選擇其餘辦法。
如今一樣也限制了 Method Swizzling 方案,還有什麼辦法呢?
答案仍是 Runtime 技術。但這個會涉及到2個 Runtime 考點:消息發送與轉發 以及 isa-swizzling 。
isa
的指向,執行 objc_msgSend 時的查找流程會發生變化。其實,從第1問到第3問,問的核心都是 isa-swizzling ,但經過層層包裝可能涉及到 多個知識點 ,變成一道複合型面試題。
咱們來寫一個例子:
@interface Person : NSObject @property (nonatomic, strong, nullable) NSString *firstName; @property (nonatomic, strong, nullable) NSString *lastName; @end @implementation Person @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; person.firstName = @"Tom"; person.lastName = @"Google"; NSLog(@"person full name: %@ %@", person.firstName, person.lastName); } @end 複製代碼
如今要在建立了person
實例後,修改lastName
的返回值,將其固定返回 Apple 。
@interface Person : NSObject @property (nonatomic, strong, nullable) NSString *firstName; @property (nonatomic, strong, nullable) NSString *lastName; @end @implementation Person @end NSString *demo_getLastName(id self, SEL selector) { return @"Apple"; } @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; person.firstName = @"Tom"; person.lastName = @"Google"; NSLog(@"person full name: %@ %@", person.firstName, person.lastName); // 1.建立一個子類 NSString *oldName = NSStringFromClass([person class]); NSString *newName = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Subclass_%@", oldName]; Class customClass = objc_allocateClassPair([person class], newName.UTF8String, 0); objc_registerClassPair(customClass); // 2.重寫get方法 SEL sel = @selector(lastName); Method method = class_getInstanceMethod([person class], sel); const char *type = method_getTypeEncoding(method); class_addMethod(customClass, sel, (IMP)demo_getLastName, type); // 3.修改修改isa指針(isa swizzling) object_setClass(person, customClass); NSLog(@"person full name: %@ %@", person.firstName, person.lastName); Person *person2 = [[Person alloc] init]; person2.firstName = @"Jerry"; person2.lastName = @"Google"; NSLog(@"person2 full name: %@ %@", person2.firstName, person2.lastName); } @end // 輸出 person full name: Tom Google person full name: Tom Apple person2 full name: Jerry Google 複製代碼
從輸出結果能夠看到,咱們使用 isa-swizzling 將person
對象lastName
的行爲改變了,而person2
對象沒有受到影響。
咱們通常知道 isa-swizzling 是 KVO 的底層原理,但不能只知道拿來作 KVO 。
我想經過這個面試題,介紹一種如何在平常開發中使用 isa-swizzling 的思路。
下面是 KVO 原理,若是你很是自信已經熟悉這部份內容,能夠不看了~
若是以爲這個面試題對你有所幫助,給我點個贊吧~ 👍🏻
咱們再回到應用這個原理的 KVO 上。
給你們再出一道簡單的關於KVO平常應用的題。
@interface Person : NSObject @property (nonatomic, strong, nullable) NSString *firstName; @property (nonatomic, strong, nullable) NSString *lastName; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) NSString *fullName; @end @implementation Person - (NSString *)fullName { return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ %@", self.firstName, self.lastName]; } @end 複製代碼
如何在修改firstName
或lastName
時,執行通知fullName
變化了。若是你的思路是,在firstName
或lastName
的set方法中手動調用 willChangeValueForKey: 和 didChangeValueForKey: ,那麼強烈建議閱讀此部分。
// 調用set方法 [account setName:@"Savings"]; // 使用KVC forKey或forKeyPath [account setValue:@"Savings" forKey:@"name"]; [document setValue:@"Savings" forKeyPath:@"account.name"]; // 使用 mutableArrayValueForKey: 檢索關係代理對象 Transaction *newTransaction = <#Create a new transaction for the account#>; NSMutableArray *transactions = [account mutableArrayValueForKey:@"transactions"]; [transactions addObject:newTransaction]; 複製代碼
示例
@interface ViewController () @property (nonatomic, strong) Person *person; @property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray<Person *> *people; @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; // 非集合 self.person = [[Person alloc] init]; [self.person addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"name" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil]; self.person.name = @"Tom"; [self.person setValue:@"Jerry" forKey:@"name"]; [self setValue:@"Tom" forKeyPath:@"person.name"]; // 集合 self.people = [NSMutableArray array]; Person *person0 = [[Person alloc] init]; person0.name = @"Tom"; [self.people addObject:person0]; Person *person1 = [[Person alloc] init]; person1.name = @"Jerry"; [self.people addObject:person1]; NSString *key = @"people"; [self addObserver:self forKeyPath:key options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil]; Person *person2 = [[Person alloc] init]; person2.name = @"Frank"; NSMutableArray *people = [self mutableArrayValueForKey:key]; [people addObject:person2]; NSLog(@"People: \n%@", self.people); } - (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary *)change context:(void *)context { if ([keyPath isEqualToString:@"name"]) { NSLog(@"new name: %@", change[NSKeyValueChangeNewKey]); } else if ([keyPath isEqualToString:@"people"]) { NSLog(@"new array: %@", change[NSKeyValueChangeNewKey]); NSArray<Person *> *people = change[NSKeyValueChangeNewKey]; NSLog(@"new person: %@", people.firstObject.name); } } @end // 輸出 new name: Tom new name: Jerry new name: Tom new array: ( "<Person: 0x60000276cc20>" ) new person: Frank People: ( "Person name: Tom", "Person name: Jerry", "Person name: Frank" ) 複製代碼
手動通知提供了更自由的方式去決定什麼時間,什麼方式去通知觀察者。想要使用手動通知必須實現 automaticallyNotifiesObserversForKey: (或者 automaticallyNotifiesObserversOf<Key> )方法。在一個類中同時使用自動和手動通知是可行的。對於想要手動通知的屬性,能夠根據它的keyPath返回NO,而其對於其餘位置的keyPath,要返回父類的這個方法。
+ (BOOL)automaticallyNotifiesObserversForKey:(NSString *)key { if ([key isEqualToString:@"name"]) { return NO; } else { return [super automaticallyNotifiesObserversForKey:key]; } } // 或者 + (BOOL)automaticallyNotifiesObserversOfName { return NO; } 複製代碼
- (void)setOpeningBalance:(double)theBalance { if (theBalance != _openingBalance) { [self willChangeValueForKey:@"openingBalance"]; _openingBalance = theBalance; [self didChangeValueForKey:@"openingBalance"]; } } 複製代碼
若是一個操做會致使多個屬性改變,須要嵌套通知:
- (void)setOpeningBalance:(double)theBalance { [self willChangeValueForKey:@"openingBalance"]; [self willChangeValueForKey:@"itemChanged"]; _openingBalance = theBalance; _itemChanged = _itemChanged + 1; [self didChangeValueForKey:@"itemChanged"]; [self didChangeValueForKey:@"openingBalance"]; } 複製代碼
必須注意不只僅是這個key改變了,還有它改變的類型以及索引。
- (void)removeTransactionsAtIndexes:(NSIndexSet *)indexes { [self willChange:NSKeyValueChangeRemoval valuesAtIndexes:indexes forKey:@"transactions"]; // Remove the transaction objects at the specified indexes. [self didChange:NSKeyValueChangeRemoval valuesAtIndexes:indexes forKey:@"transactions"]; } 複製代碼
在不少種狀況下一個屬性的值依賴於在其餘對象中的屬性。若是一個依賴屬性的值改變了,這個屬性也須要被通知到。
@interface Person : NSObject @property (nonatomic, strong, nullable) NSString *firstName; @property (nonatomic, strong, nullable) NSString *lastName; @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) NSString *fullName; @end 複製代碼
能夠重寫 keyPathsForValuesAffectingValueForKey: 方法。也能夠經過實現 keyPathsForValuesAffecting<Key> 方法來達到前面一樣的效果,這裏的 <Key> 就是屬性名,不過第一個字母要大寫。
@implementation Person - (NSString *)fullName { return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ %@", self.firstName, self.lastName]; } + (NSSet *)keyPathsForValuesAffectingValueForKey:(NSString *)key { NSSet *keyPaths = [super keyPathsForValuesAffectingValueForKey:key]; if ([key isEqualToString:@"fullName"]) { NSArray *affectingKeys = @[@"lastName", @"firstName"]; keyPaths = [keyPaths setByAddingObjectsFromArray:affectingKeys]; } return keyPaths; } // 或者 + (NSSet *)keyPathsForValuesAffectingFullName { return [NSSet setWithObjects:@"lastName", @"firstName", nil]; } @end 複製代碼
keyPathsForValuesAffectingValueForKey: 方法不能支持一對多關係。
舉個例子,好比你有一個Department
對象,和不少個Employee
對象。而Employee
有一個salary
屬性。你可能但願Department
對象有一個totalSalary
的屬性,依賴於全部的Employee
的salary
。
註冊Department
成爲全部Employee
的觀察者。當Employee
被添加或者被移除時進行計算。
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary *)change context:(void *)context { if (context == totalSalaryContext) { [self setTotalSalary:[self valueForKeyPath:@"employees.@sum.salary"]]; } else // deal with other observations and/or invoke super... } - (void)setTotalSalary:(NSNumber *)newTotalSalary { if (totalSalary != newTotalSalary) { [self willChangeValueForKey:@"totalSalary"]; _totalSalary = newTotalSalary; [self didChangeValueForKey:@"totalSalary"]; } } - (NSNumber *)totalSalary { return _totalSalary; } 複製代碼
KVO的實現用了一種叫 isa-swizzling 的技術。
當一個對象的一個屬性註冊了觀察者後,被觀察對象的isa
指針的就指向了一個系統爲咱們生成的中間類,而不是咱們本身建立的類。在這個類中,系統爲咱們重寫了被觀察屬性的setter方法。
經過 object_getClass(id obj) 方法能夠得到實例對象真實的類(isa
指針的指向)。
@interface Person : NSObject @property (nonatomic, strong, nullable) NSString *name; @end @implementation Person @end @interface ViewController () @property (nonatomic, strong) Person *p1; @property (nonatomic, strong) Person *p2; @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.p1 = [[Person alloc] init]; self.p2 = [[Person alloc] init]; self.p1.name = @"Tom"; NSLog(@"before kvo --- p2: %s", object_getClassName(self.p2)); [self.p2 addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"name" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil]; NSLog(@"after kvo --- p2: %s", object_getClassName(self.p2)); self.p2.name = @"Jerry"; } - (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary *)change context:(void *)context { if ([keyPath isEqualToString:@"name"]) { NSLog(@"new name: %@", change[NSKeyValueChangeNewKey]); } } @end // 輸出 before kvo --- p2: Person after kvo --- p2: NSKVONotifying_Person new name: Jerry 複製代碼
咱們在p2
實例對象被鍵值觀察的先後打印其isa
指針(實際使用的類)。
從結果中咱們能夠看到isa
指針指向了一箇中間類NSKVONotifying_Person
。
蘋果的KVO中間類的命名規則是在類名前添加NSKVONotifying_
,若是咱們的類叫Son
KVO以後的中間類爲NSKVONotifying_Son
。
咱們再看一下KVO先後的函數方法的地址是否同樣。
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.p1 = [[Person alloc] init]; self.p2 = [[Person alloc] init]; self.p1.name = @"Tom"; NSLog(@"before kvo --- p1: %p p2: %p", [self.p1 methodForSelector:@selector(setName:)], [self.p2 methodForSelector:@selector(setName:)]); [self.p2 addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"name" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil]; NSLog(@" after kvo --- p1: %p p2: %p", [self.p1 methodForSelector:@selector(setName:)], [self.p2 methodForSelector:@selector(setName:)]); self.p2.name = @"Jerry"; } // 輸出 before kvo --- p1: 0x10ccee670 p2: 0x10ccee670 after kvo --- p1: 0x10ccee670 p2: 0x7fff258e454b 複製代碼
咱們看到監聽之間兩個實例對象的 setName: 方法的函數地址相同,KVO以後p2
實例對象的 setName: 方法地址變了。
咱們能夠查看一下這個方法地址:
(lldb) image lookup -a 0x7fff258e454b
Address: Foundation[0x000000000006954b] (Foundation.__TEXT.__text + 422667)
Summary: Foundation`_NSSetObjectValueAndNotify
複製代碼
這個是Foundation
框架中的一個私有方法 _NSSetObjectValueAndNotify 。
能夠看到 _NSSetObjectValueAndNotify 仍是調用了 willChangeValueForKey: 和 didChangeValueForKey: 來進行手動通知的。
下面咱們根據KVO的實現細節,仿寫一個 很是簡化版 的KVO。
NSString *ObserverKey = @"SetterMethodKey"; // 根據方法名獲取Key NSString *getKeyForSetter(NSString *setter) { NSRange range = NSMakeRange(3, setter.length - 4); NSString *key = [setter substringWithRange:range]; NSString *letter = [[key substringToIndex:1] lowercaseString]; key = [key stringByReplacingCharactersInRange:NSMakeRange(0, 1) withString:letter]; return key; } // 實現一個setter和通知函數 void _MySetObjectValueAndNotify(id self, SEL selector, NSString *name) { // 1.調用父類的方法 struct objc_super superClass = { self, class_getSuperclass([self class]) }; objc_msgSendSuper(&superClass, selector, name); // 2.通知觀察者 NSObject *observer = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &ObserverKey); NSString *selectorName = NSStringFromSelector(selector); NSString *key = getKeyForSetter(selectorName); objc_msgSend(observer, @selector(observeValueForKeyPath:ofObject:change:context:), key, self, @{NSKeyValueChangeNewKey: name}, nil); } @implementation Person - (void)snx_addObserver:(NSObject *)observer forKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath options:(NSKeyValueObservingOptions)options context:(void *)context { // 1.建立一個子類 NSString *oldName = NSStringFromClass([self class]); NSString *newName = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"CustomKVO_%@", oldName]; Class customClass = objc_allocateClassPair([self class], newName.UTF8String, 0); objc_registerClassPair(customClass); // 2.修改修改isa指針 object_setClass(self, customClass); // 3.重寫set方法 NSString *selectorName = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"set%@:", keyPath.capitalizedString]; SEL sel = NSSelectorFromString(selectorName); class_addMethod(customClass, sel, (IMP)_MySetObjectValueAndNotify, "v@:@"); // 4.綁定觀察者 objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &ObserverKey, observer, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_ASSIGN); } @end 複製代碼
重要
使用objc_msgSendSuper時,可能編譯器會報錯:
Too many arguments to function call, expected 0, have 3
解決辦法:在Build Setting修改Enable Strict Checking of objc_msgSend Calls爲No。
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.p1 = [[Person alloc] init]; self.p2 = [[Person alloc] init]; self.p1.name = @"Tom"; NSLog(@"before kvo --- p2: %s", object_getClassName(self.p2)); NSLog(@"before kvo --- p1: %p p2: %p", [self.p1 methodForSelector:@selector(setName:)], [self.p2 methodForSelector:@selector(setName:)]); // [self.p2 addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"name" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil]; [self.p2 snx_addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"name" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew context:nil]; NSLog(@"after kvo --- p2: %s", object_getClassName(self.p2)); NSLog(@"after kvo --- p1: %p p2: %p", [self.p1 methodForSelector:@selector(setName:)], [self.p2 methodForSelector:@selector(setName:)]); self.p2.name = @"Jerry"; } // 輸出 before kvo --- p2: Person before kvo --- p1: 0x103514460 p2: 0x103514460 after kvo --- p2: CustomKVO_Person after kvo --- p1: 0x103514460 p2: 0x103513f90 new name: Jerry 複製代碼
若是以爲本文對你有所幫助,給我點個贊吧~ 👍🏻