所謂的原子量即操做變量的操做是「原子的」,該操做不可再分,所以是線程安全的。java
爲什麼要使用原子變量呢,緣由是多個線程對單個變量操做也會引發一些問題。在Java5以前,能夠經過volatile、synchronized關鍵字來解決併發訪問的安全問題,但這樣太麻煩。安全
Java5以後,專門提供了用來進行單變量多線程併發安全訪問的工具包java.util.concurrent.atomic,其中的類也很簡單。多線程
下面給出一個反面例子(切勿模仿):併發
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; /** * Java線程:新特徵-原子量 * * @author leizhimin 2009-11-6 9:53:11 */ public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); Runnable t1 = new MyRunnable("張三", 2000); Runnable t2 = new MyRunnable("李四", 3600); Runnable t3 = new MyRunnable("王五", 2700); Runnable t4 = new MyRunnable("老張", 600); Runnable t5 = new MyRunnable("老牛", 1300); Runnable t6 = new MyRunnable("胖子", 800); //執行各個線程 pool.execute(t1); pool.execute(t2); pool.execute(t3); pool.execute(t4); pool.execute(t5); pool.execute(t6); //關閉線程池 pool.shutdown(); } } class MyRunnable implements Runnable { private static AtomicLong aLong = new AtomicLong(10000); //原子量,每一個線程均可以自由操做 private String name; //操做人 private int x; //操做數額 MyRunnable(String name, int x) { this.name = name; this.x = x; } public void run() { System.out.println(name + "執行了" + x + ",當前餘額:" + aLong.addAndGet(x)); } }
運行結果:工具
李四執行了3600,當前餘額:13600
王五執行了2700,當前餘額:16300
老張執行了600,當前餘額:16900
老牛執行了1300,當前餘額:18200
胖子執行了800,當前餘額:19000
張三執行了2000,當前餘額:21000
Process finished with exit code 0this
張三執行了2000,當前餘額:12000
王五執行了2700,當前餘額:18300
老張執行了600,當前餘額:18900
老牛執行了1300,當前餘額:20200
胖子執行了800,當前餘額:21000
李四執行了3600,當前餘額:15600
Process finished with exit code 0atom
張三執行了2000,當前餘額:12000
李四執行了3600,當前餘額:15600
老張執行了600,當前餘額:18900
老牛執行了1300,當前餘額:20200
胖子執行了800,當前餘額:21000
王五執行了2700,當前餘額:18300
Process finished with exit code 0線程
從運行結果能夠看出,雖然使用了原子量,可是程序併發訪問仍是有問題,那究竟問題出在哪裏了?code
這裏要注意的一點是,原子量雖然能夠保證單個變量在某一個操做過程的安全,但沒法保證你整個代碼塊,或者整個程序的安全性。所以,一般還應該使用鎖等同步機制來控制整個程序的安全性。
對象
下面是對這個錯誤修正:
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; /** * Java線程:新特徵-原子量 * * @author leizhimin 2009-11-6 9:53:11 */ public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(false); Runnable t1 = new MyRunnable("張三", 2000,lock); Runnable t2 = new MyRunnable("李四", 3600,lock); Runnable t3 = new MyRunnable("王五", 2700,lock); Runnable t4 = new MyRunnable("老張", 600,lock); Runnable t5 = new MyRunnable("老牛", 1300,lock); Runnable t6 = new MyRunnable("胖子", 800,lock); //執行各個線程 pool.execute(t1); pool.execute(t2); pool.execute(t3); pool.execute(t4); pool.execute(t5); pool.execute(t6); //關閉線程池 pool.shutdown(); } } class MyRunnable implements Runnable { private static AtomicLong aLong = new AtomicLong(10000); //原子量,每一個線程均可以由操做 private String name; //操做人 private int x; //操做數額 private Lock lock; MyRunnable(String name, int x,Lock lock) { this.name = name; this.x = x; this.lock = lock; } public void run() { lock.lock(); System.out.println(name + "執行了" + x + ",當前餘額:" + aLong.addAndGet(x)); lock.unlock(); } }
執行結果:
張三執行了2000,當前餘額:12000 王五執行了2700,當前餘額:14700 老張執行了600,當前餘額:15300 老牛執行了1300,當前餘額:16600 胖子執行了800,當前餘額:17400 李四執行了3600,當前餘額:21000 Process finished with exit code 0
這裏使用了一個對象鎖,來控制對併發代碼的訪問。無論運行多少次,執行次序如何,最終餘額均爲21000,這個結果是正確的。 有關原子量的用法很簡單,關鍵是對原子量的認識。原子量操做的是原子性的,但整個程序不線程安全的